Suchergebnisse

Data on disability are collected in many statistical surveys, but the largest ones are censuses. The survey of disability based on census data in Poland has a long history dating back to 1921. During this period both the methodology of the survey and the scope of the data have been changing. The biggest modifications took place in 2011. NCP 2011 was the first census in Poland to be carried out by combing administrative data sources and the survey sampling method. The aim of the present study is to analyze and assess changes in the disability survey in NCP 2011 compared to NCP 2002 in terms of methodology and the scope of information.

Euthanasia has been a topical issue in both legal science and practice for several years now. Addressing the legalization or prohibition of euthanasia lies at the intersection of several areas, such as medicine, law and ethics. That is why it is pretty challenging to decide whether euthanasia is acceptable in a modern civilized society. Every country in the world has its own approach to this area. Many states prohibit euthanasia, proclaiming the importance of the right to live. Some other states consider humanism and the deprivation of human suffering to be a more important value, allowing euthanasia. Some researchers hope for scientific and technological progress, emphasizing that many diseases that have not been treated before are curable. Therefore, in their opinion, the disease incurable today, can be cured tomorrow. At the same time, euthanasia deprives a person not only of suffering, but also of hope to become healthy in the future.The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe calls euthanasia a violation of the human right to life. Instead, the European Court of Human Rights argues that there is no consensus in Europe yet. Accordingly, each state can decide whether to legalize or not euthanasia. The paper analyzes the legislation of several countries on euthanasia and the law of the Council of Europe (PACE resolutions and the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights). It is concluded that there are four types of states in terms of their attitude to euthanasia: 1) allow both active and passive euthanasia; 2) allow only passive euthanasia; 3) prohibit both active and passive euthanasia; 4) do not regulate the issue of euthanasia in their legislation. It is also concluded that the formation of a pan-European standard of attitude to euthanasia is desirable. ; Дискусії щодо легалізації евтаназії вже багато років поспіль тривають як в юридичній науці, так і в практиці. Вирішення питання легалізації чи заборони евтаназії лежить на перетині кількох сфер, таких як медицина, право та етика. Ось чому ...

Withdrawal of playwork qualifications is the latest episode in the dismantling of a sector, says expert

The paper is devoted to a comparative analysis of international developments in establishing the qualifications systems; the related experience of the European Union countries are examined along with the main trends of the European discourse. The author demonstrates the mechanisms, guaranteeing the international comparability and compatibility of qualifications, and credits accumulation and transfer in vocational and higher education. The special emphasis is placed on developing principles of the national qualifications framework regarded as a basis of qualifications systems, the importance of the state participation and regulation of the national qualifications systems development, maintenance and coordination is pointed out. The paper describes different models of the end-users participation in the national qualifications system formation, including the general public, employers, education administrations and employment bodies ; В статье дан обзор зарубежного дискурса в области формирования систем квалификаций. Представлен опыт ряда экономически развитых стран – членов Европейского Союза, а также главные направления общеевропейского дискурса. Показаны механизмы, обеспечивающие международную сравнимость квалификаций, возможности накопления и переноса зачетных единиц в профессиональном и высшем образовании. Поскольку основой национальных систем квалификаций является их рамка, особое внимание уделяется принципам ее создания, соответствующим тем, что существуют в Европейской рамке. Подчеркнуты значение государственного регулирования и поддержки процесса развития национальной системы квалификаций и роль государственных структур в координации взаимодействия субъектов данного процесса. Автор статьи демонстрирует модели совместного участия в формировании национальной системы квалификаций различных категорий заинтересованных сторон, включая граждан, работодателей, органы управления образованием и органы по труду и занятости