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Abstract: Contemporary international society is characterized, among other elements, by its progressive humanization, which situates human beings at the centre of all international concerns. This conceptual approach, and the capacity of global health to situate itself transversally across multiple dimensions, means that health is a material domain that can become a central axis of international action and of International Law. In this paper are discussed, fi rstly, the international notion of health and its global character in a globalized world; secondly, are analysed certain key aspects concerning health as an object of cooperation and international regulation, particularly as it involves the United Nations and the World Health Organization (WHO). Finally, are presented some of the principal substantive dimensions of current international action in matters of global health. Keywords : Global Health; United Nations; World Health Organisation; foreign policy; epidemic outbreaks; social determinants of health. ; Derecho Internacional y Salud Global: una panorámica Resumen: La sociedad internacional contemporánea se caracteriza, entre otros elementos, por su progresiva humanización, que ha situado a los seres humanos en el centro de todas las preocupaciones internacionales. Este planteamiento conceptual y la misma capacidad de la salud global para situarse transversalmente en múltiples dimensiones configuran a la salud como un ámbito material que puede convertirse en un eje central de la actuación internacional y del Derecho Internacional. En este artículo se presenta, en primer lugar, una aproximación a la noción internacional de salud y a su carácter global en un mundo globalizado; en segundo lugar, se analizan algunos aspectos clave en relación con la salud como objeto de cooperación y regulación internacional, en particular en torno a las Naciones Unidas y a la acción de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS); por último, se formula una rápida presentación de algunas de las principales dimensiones sustantivas de la actual actuación internacional en materia de salud global. Palabras clave: Salud global; Naciones Unidas; Organización Mundial de la Salud; política exterior; brotes epidémicos; determinantes sociales de la salud. ; Le Droit internacional et la santé mondiale : un aperçu Résumé: La société internationale contemporaine est caractérisée, entre autres éléments, pour leur humanisation progressive, qui a placé l'être humain au centre de toutes les préoccupations internationales. Cette approche conceptuelle et la même capacité de la santé mondiale à être placé transversalement dans des multiples dimensions confi gure la santé comme un domaine matériel qui peut devenir une pièce maîtresse de l'action internationale et du droit international. Cet article présente, en premier lieu, une approche à la notion de santé internationale et sa nature global dans un monde globalisé; deuxièmement, sont discutés certains aspects référées à la santé comme un objet pour la coopération et la réglementation internationale, en particulier autour de l'Organisation des Nations Unies et de l'action de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS); enfin, on fait une brève présentation de certaines des principales dimensions de fond de l'action internationale actuelle autour de la santé mondiale. Mots clés: Santé mondiale ; Nations Unies ; Organisation mondiale de la Santé ; politique extérieur ; flambées épidémiques ; déterminants sociaux de la santé.

Energy conservation is the responsibility of national governments, provincialgovernments, district / city governments, employers and society. In this regard, it is conducted in this study is to examine the extent to which local governments implement energy conservation policies applied in office buildings or government owned office buildings. The study results show that there are 3 (three) categories of the efforts made by the agency that became the target sample. The third category is the category minor, moderate and major. Policies, programs and energy saving measures carried out by UGM and PT. PAL is the major categories (innovative). While the energy saving measures undertaken by the agency PUP - ESDM provinces DIY is in the middle category. The results of the energy savings made by the agency that became the target sample benefits budget savings in the payment of electricity bills. Cost Benefit Analysis of results showed that the replacement of some facilities building electric-poweredoffice equipment with energy-efficient appliances provide financial benefits in the form of significant budget savings. The role of leadership commitment will determine the successful implementation of energy saving programs and water. Fossil energy savings will decrease the GHG emissions .keywords : global warming, cost benefit, energy conservation

We demonstrate that an interregional policy scheme featuring trading of carbon dioxide emissions, redistributive resource transfers and global participation, a scheme which we call 'Ideal Kyoto Protocol', yields an efficient equilibrium allocation for a global economy. An altruistic international agency-say, the Global Environment Facility-should operate the resource transfer mechanism. In addition, regional governments should be able to make independent policy commitments regarding how to control regional emissions of carbon dioxide in anticipation of the redistributive transfers. Our efficiency result suggests that the USA should be 'bribed' to reverse its decision of not participating in the Kyoto Protocol.

We demonstrate that an interregional policy scheme featuring trading of carbon dioxide emissions, redistributive resource transfers and global participation, a scheme which we call 'Ideal Kyoto Protocol', yields an efficient equilibrium allocation for a global economy. An altruistic international agency-say, the Global Environment Facility-should operate the resource transfer mechanism. In addition, regional governments should be able to make independent policy commitments regarding how to control regional emissions of carbon dioxide in anticipation of the redistributive transfers. Our efficiency result suggests that the USA should be 'bribed' to reverse its decision of not participating in the Kyoto Protocol.

Based on an empirical research on Foxconn plants in the Czech Republic, the aim of this article is to analyze how global production networks enable a time and space compression of the production process. In this way Foxconn is able to respond to the just-in-time requests of the market, while at the same time keeping the conflicts with the plant at minimum. We suggest that such a working of the global production networks is contingent on the socio-institutional context and on the composition of the workforce. These two aspects are key for the fulfilment of Foxconn's production needs as they offer necessary conditions for the compression of space and time of the workforce. The time-space compression is upheld by the international recruitment agencies that select, recruit and transport workers from their countries of origin to the Czech plants and manage the workforce both inside and outside the factories. The article examines three key nodes of this space-time compression: the recruitment of the workforce, the organization of production, and the management of reproduction.

We consider the fiscal multiplier and spillover-the extent to which one country's government expenditure increases production at home and also in another foreign country, when the two countries are caught simultaneously in a liquidity trap. Using a standa

American observers of international affairs are currently enmeshed in a debate on the future of global order and leadership. For at least a decade, it has been debated whether the global center of power and leadership is gradually shifting away from the 'declining' West towards 'rising' powers like the BRICS and what consequences this may have for global order, governance and leadership. This paper examines this ongoing debate on the future of global leadership among American observers of international affairs. It finds two main changes in this discourse. First, with the election of President Trump and Brexit—and the resulting uncertainties over the future of NATO, the EU, free trade and climate agreements—there is now a more urgent sense that we are not only witnessing the rise of new powers but the decline of the so-called 'liberal international order' installed after World War II. Second, and most remarkably, the order is collapsing by way of abdication rather than a hegemonic clash between rising and declining powers. Third, and as a consequence, the discourse on a global leadership vacuum, turmoil and world disorder is gaining prominence. The paper argues that diagnoses of the coming of a 'leaderless' or 'G-Zero' world are never only neutral observations of world politics, but also political moves. As such, the narrative of a leadership vacuum can be deployed politically to, variously, call for multilateral engagement, global governance, stronger unilateral leadership, containing aspiring leaders and so on. Moreover, the various diagnoses and prescriptions for a leadership vacuum embody more or less explicit notions of what (good) leadership is and it sees 'the world to be lead' from a distinct perspective. By examining these contemporary debates on global leadership among American intellectuals and policymakers, it sheds light on the broader politics of 'declinism' and a 'leaderless world'.

Brazil has consistently been seeking a more influential place at global decision-making tables in order to preserve its sovereignty and protect its national policy autonomy. The challenge for Brazilian diplomats is that their country lacks the economic or military muscle to force a way onto these tables. Subtler avenues for inclusion are thus needed. Seven of the main tactics employed in Brazilian foreign policy are outlined here, and range from the defensive/passive (avoiding mindless opposition, collectivisation) through the neutral (consensus creation, technocratic speak) to the assertive (building new organisations, propagating new thinking) and finally to the aggressive (principled presidential righteousness).

This article discusses the EU Seasonal Workers Directive alongside case study data of seasonal agricultural work in Spain. The conceptual contribution is to critically consider 'seasonality' and the related assumptions around temporary labour migration for agricultural work. This consideration informs an analysis of the directive's policy approach alongside its three global objectives. It is argued that this directive is likely to fail to meet all three of these objectives; the assumed time-frame for labour demands does not correspond with unmet seasonal challenges; the lack of options for undocumented workers already in the EU may compound their marginalisation; the policy approach of circular migration and limited worker protections does not do enough to prevent new seasonal workers from falling into situations of vulnerability and undocumented status.

Are international organizations using the issue of poverty reduction as a new way to approach global governmentality? This article recognizes that serious problems are involved in so approaching the idea of global governmentality, given the lack of success these strategies have. It is suggested here that such strategies operate not to improve the condition of populations but as a means for regulating states and their governments. Once states, not populations, are recognized as the main targets, it can be seen that features of governmentality are working from a distance to responsibilize state conduct through ownership, partnership, and continuous monitoring. KEYWORDS: governmentality, Foucault, poverty, PRSP, World Bank

This paper provides new theoretical and empirical insights into the reproduction of transnational corporate elites between firms' internal labour markets, rather than from expatriation. Theoretically, the paper advances understandings of the reproduction of transnational corporate elites by drawing on a pioneering engagement with the global talent, transnational elite and labour market intermediary discourses. These new theoretical insights are generated through an original case study of the role of global executive search firms in Singapore who create pipelines for the recruitment of transnational corporate elites between firms' internal labour markets. The findings also highlight the vital role of Singapore's neoliberal labour market practices and Foreign Talent programme to 'win the war for talent'. By situating this research on the agency of executive search in reproducing Singapore's transnational corporate elite, the paper's overarching contribution is to 'decenter' North American and 'Western' perspectives on the reproduction of knowledge on transnational corporate elites.

Este trabajo intenta desarrollar nuevos marcos teóricos para la rigurosa práctica de la historia de los conceptos políticos en los tiempos globales. Expandiendo la elaboración de Reinhart Koselleck sobre la construcción de los fundamentos metodológicos de la historia conceptual –lo que implica el reconocimiento por parte del historiador del carácter localizado del punto de vista por el cual la noción misma de "historia" se ha establecido como el efecto autorreflexivo de la experiencia moderna de la temporalidad–, este ensayo aspira a radicalizar los alcances de la Begriffgeschichte frente a las transformaciones definitivas de la composición conceptual que ha determinado los límites de la modernidad europea. La categoría de "límite" es, de hecho, crucial para la comprensión de lo que está en juego en una historia conceptual global: en la medida en que los límites temporales, geopolíticos, económicos y también lingüísticos se encuentran habitados cada vez más por tensiones recíprocas que siempre están sujetas a ser politizadas o despolitizadas, es la tarea del historiador conceptual el cruzarlos y objetarlos con el propósito de rastrear su origen en la conflictiva naturaleza de su genealogía global. Una práctica de este tipo requiere, ante todo, problematizar el privilegio atlántico que continúa caracterizando el escrutinio historiográfico de los conceptos políticos y descolonizarlos del sesgo teórico del Estado moderno europeo. Palabras clave: Historia de los conceptos políticos, Koselleck, Chladenius, historia global. ABSTRACT This paper aims to develop new theoretical frameworks for the rigorous practice of a history of political concepts in global times. By further elaborating on Reinhart Koselleck's construction of the methodological foundations of conceptual history – which imply the historian's awareness of the situated character of the standpoint whereby the very notion of "history" has been established as the self-reflective effect of the modern experience of temporality –, this essay aspires to radicalize the scopes of Begriffgeschichte vis-à-vis the definitive transformations of the conceptual arrangements that have determined the boundaries of European modernity. The category of "boundary" is indeed crucial as to the comprehension of the stakes of a global conceptual history: as far as temporal, geopolitical, economic as well as linguistic borders are increasingly inhabited by reciprocal tensions that are always liable to be politicized or de-politicized, it is the task of the historian of concepts to cross or challenge them in order to trace them back to the conflictual nature of their global genealogy. Such a practice requires first and foremost problematizing the Atlantic privilege that continues to characterize the historiographic scrutiny of political concepts and de-colonizing them from the theoretical bias of the modern European state. Keywords: Historia de los conceptos políticos, Koselleck, Chladenius, historia global.

In this systematic review, a total of 45,143 publications on block copolymers, issued between 1952 and 2019, are analyzed in terms of number, source, language, institution, country, keywords, and block copolymer type, to find out their evolution and predict research trends. The number of publications devoted to block copolymers has been growing for over six decades, maintaining a consistent level throughout the last few years. In their majority, documents came out of the United States, although more recently, Chinese institutions are those displaying the largest production. Keywords analysis indicated that one-third of the publications concerned synthesis, around 20% explored self-assembly and morphological aspects, and another 20% referred to block copolymer applications in solution. In particular, 2019 confirmed the expansion of studies related to drug delivery, and in minor extent, to a deeper view of self-assembling. Styrene–butadiene–styrene block copolymer was the most popular in studies covering both basic and industrially oriented aspects. Other highly investigated copolymers are PEO-b–PPO-b–PEO (Pluronic©) and amphiphilic block copolymers based on polycaprolactone or poly(lactic acid), which owed their success to their potential as delivery vehicles. Future trending topics will concern nanomedicine challenges and technology-related applications, with a special attention toward the orientation and ordering of mesophase-separated morphologies ; This research was funded by the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (PGC2018-101047). M.L. also acknowledges the Xunta de Galicia (Grupo con Potencial de Crecemento ED431B 2018/1 and Centro singular de investigación de Galicia accreditation 2019-2022, ED431G 2019/03) and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund-ERDF) ; SI

With the global human population set to exceed 10 billion by 2050, its collective energy consumption to rise from 400 to over 500 EJ/yr and with the natural environment under increasing pressure from these sources as well as from anthropogenic climate change, political solutions such as the creation of an efficient carbon price and trading scheme may arrive too late. In this context, the scientific community is exploring technological remedies. Central to these options is artificial photosynthesis--the creation, particularly through nanotechnology, of devices capable to doing what plants have done for millions of years - transforming sunlight, water and carbon dioxide into food and fuel. This article argues that a Global Artificial Photosynthesis (GAP) project can raise the public profile and encourage the pace, complexity and funding of scientific collaborations in artificial photosynthesis research. The legal structure of a GAP project will be critical to prevent issues such as state sovereignty over energy and food resources and corporate intellectual monopoly privileges unduly inhibiting the important contribution of artificial photosynthesis to global public health and environmental sustainability. The article presents an introduction to the scientific and legal concepts behind a GAP project.