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A field study of Navajos in Utah reveals many changes in their culture, some direct and some indirect results of Anglo-American social welfare programs

AbstractResearch on institutional care and its long‐term effect on life trajectories provides crucial and sometimes unexpected insights. In a qualitative study in Switzerland, we have conducted 37 narrative interviews with people who experienced residential care between 1950 and 1990. The analysis was based on a reconstructive life course perspective and grounded theory. The findings show a complex interplay of residential care context (here: narratives from expert discourses) and intersubjective experiences during and after care. Most interviewees learned from their experiences to be sceptical of social relationships and of all kinds of state interventions—even decades after having left. A few were able to take charge of their lives and steer them in an individually successful direction. In these cases too, results point to fragile concepts of success. Thus, critical questions about residential care in these decades remain. We suggest that rather than abolish residential care facilities, we need to gather more evidence about the factors that contribute to high‐quality out‐of‐home‐placements. As professional settings, they can enable young people individually. They need to avoid responding to children as 'objects of care', by neglecting all subjective dimensions and reproducing a pattern of powerlessness with a strong focus on formal, measurable goals.

Disappearance as a crime under international humanitarian law and international criminal law is comprised of a three-stage act: the arrest or detention of a person by State agents or by persons acting with the latter's support or acquiescence, followed by the refusal to acknowledge the detention or give information about the fate of the detainee, as a consequence removing such a person from the protection of the law. It is a complex phenomenon affecting both the victim and his or her family. Adapted from the source document.

Using responses from an unstructured interview with 198 French Ss, on the kind of standard of living they would like to have, and classifying the responses as to we or they, and favorable, unfavorable and factual; the frequency of groups referred to were in this order: class, family, occupation, age group, and social life (friends and colleagues). Few references were made to rural or urban groups, no references to religious groups and local communities. As income of Ss increased, the actual and desired income tended to be more equal. Analysis showed that the aim of Ss was to arrive at a harmonious continuance of social units. It is suggested that present reference group theory develop comparative rather than universal reference groups. L. P. Chall.

The relative contributions of work and nonwork variables to quality of life were studied with a sample of 311 employed, white, Hispanic, and black Americans and Mexican nationals. Multiple regression and hierarchical regression analyses found no significant relationship between ethnic group membership and quality of life. As hypothesized, home life and family nonwork variables accounted for more unique variance in quality of life than did the work variables of job satisfaction, job stress, and job level. Self-esteem explained unique variance in quality of life across the sample.

In this paper we propose a culture-based health promotion/disease prevention intervention model. This model, which is family-based, incorporates a life course perspective, which involves the identification of individual developmental milestones, and incorporates aspects of culture that have been widely used across cultures to influence behavior and mark important developmental transitions. Central among those cultural traits is the ritual, or rite of passage, which, for millennia, has been used to teach the skills associated with developmental task mastery and move individuals, and their families, through life stages so that they reach certain developmental milestones. Family rituals, such as eating dinner together, can serve as powerful leverage points to support health behavior change, and serve as unique intervention delivery strategies that not only influence behavior, but further strengthen families.

This study is a first attempt to examine the part of women in the social networking at the court. My starting point is the thesis, that only a new phrasing of the concept of the distinction between "public" and "privacy" will adduce an useful model for interpretation of the role of women in the courtly society.
This is the background of my examination of a group of women of the courtly society, the female officeholders at the court of Vienna in the first half of the 17th century. In the description of this group, I began with the study of motivations for the service in the Empress's entourage. Also I examined the regional and familial background of these women, the official duties and the everyday life at court. Finally I can show backed by many examples scopes of action for these women and their possibilities to make careers. As a result of my study I can make four major points:
Firstly, I can observe at European courts at least two different types of entourages of princesses (Frauenhofstaate). Therein, the Viennese court was representative for the courts of the Holy Roman Empire and some others such as Denmark and Sweden. Secondly, I can demonstrate that the entourage of the Empress was included in the developing process of a Habsburgian courtly aristocracy (habsburgischer Hofadel) with regard to the families and to the regional origins of the female officeholders. Thirdly, the study describes for the first time the responsibilities of female officeholders and their place in the courtly norms system. Fourthly, I am able to describe the female officeholders in different forms of activity in family networks which were constitutive for the courtly society and for the protection of family careers, too.
To complete my study, I have included an appendix of sources with the aim to stimulate further comparative researches. Besides this, the book includes short biographies for the 193 female officeholders whom I could identify for the first half of the 17th century. With these biographies I want to document the base of sources for the study and to make available this material for other researches about the Viennese court. The illustrations - many among them are now published for the first time - show some of the protagonists, but principally they show as a source sui generis the place of women in the frame of manifestations of the courtly society like celebrations, coronations or processions. In this way, this work has the nature of a pilot study for all European courts in early modern times. - Erstmals wird mit dieser Studie der Versuch unternommen, Handlungsspielräume von Frauen innerhalb der höfischen Adelsgesellschaft gezielt zu untersuchen. Ausgangspunkt ist dabei die Auffassung, dass nur eine Neuformulierung des - in der historischen Wissenschaft lange einseitig auf das bürgerliche Zeitalter bezogenen - Konzepts der Trennung von "Öffentlichem" und "Privatem" sinnvolle Erklärungsmuster für die Rolle von Frauen in der höfischen Gesellschaft erbringen kann.
Vor diesem Hintergrund wird eine Gruppe dieser Frauen, die der Amtsträgerinnen am Wiener Hof in der ersten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts, genauer untersucht. Die Darstellung beginnt mit Motivationen für den Hofdienst, es folgen familiärer und regionaler Hintergrund der Frauen, deren Amtsobliegenheiten und der Alltag bei Hof, um schließlich anhand zahlreicher Beispiele auf Handlungsspielräume dieser Frauen sowie deren Karrieremöglichkeiten zurückzukommen. Als Ergebnisse der Untersuchung sind vier Aspekte besonders hervorzuheben:
Zum einen die Beobachtung, dass sich an den europäischen Höfen mindestens zwei sehr unterschiedliche Typen von Frauenhofstaaten feststellen lassen, wobei der Wiener Hof als repräsentativ für die Höfe des Alten Reiches sowie mit diesen verbundene Höfe wie die in Dänemark und Schweden gelten muss. Zum zweiten wurde herausgearbeitet, dass das kaiserliche Frauenzimmer direkt in den Prozess der Herausbildung eines habsburgischen Hofadels einbezogen war, was die regionale und familiäre Zusammensetzung der Amtsträgerinnen betrifft. Zum dritten konnten erstmals Zuständigkeiten von Amtsträgerinnen sowie deren Position innerhalb des höfischen Normensystems differenziert beschrieben werden. Zum vierten wird das aktive Wirken von Amtsträgerinnen in familialen Netzwerken herausgearbeitet, die für das Funktionieren der höfischen Gesellschaft sowie für die Sicherung familialer Karrieren konstitutiv waren.
Ergänzt wird die Darstellung durch einen Quellenanhang, der vor allem der Anregung weiterer, vergleichender Forschungen dienen soll. Außerdem enthält der Band Kurzbiographien der 193 ermittelten Amtsträgerinnen, mit denen die prosopographisch erfasste Materialgrundlage dokumentiert und das gesammelte Material für weitere Forschungen zur Wiener Hofgesellschaft zugänglich gemacht wird. Die Abbildungen, von denen viele noch nie publiziert wurden, stellen nicht nur einzelne der Akteurinnen vor, sondern visualisieren als Quelle sui generis den Platz von Frauen im Rahmen von Manifestationen der höfischen Gesellschaft wie Festen, Krönungen oder Prozessionen.
In diesem thematischen und inhaltlichen Zuschnitt bildet die Arbeit eine Pilotstudie, wie sie für keinen anderen Hof Europas bislang vorliegt.

Variance components estimates of political and social attitudes suggest a substantial level of genetic influence, but the results have been challenged because they rely on data from twins only. In this analysis, we include responses from parents and nontwin full siblings of twins, account for measurement error by using a panel design, and estimate genetic and environmental variance by maximum‐likelihood structural equation modeling. By doing so, we address the central concerns of critics, including that the twin‐only design offers no verification of either the equal environments or random mating assumptions. Moving beyond the twin‐only design leads to the conclusion that for most political and social attitudes, genetic influences account for an even greater proportion of individual differences than reported by studies using more limited data and more elementary estimation techniques. These findings make it increasingly difficult to deny that—however indirectly—genetics plays a role in the formation of political and social attitudes.

Campylobacter jejuni is the most common bacterial cause of foodborne zoonosis in the European Union. Infections are often linked to the consumption and handling of poultry meat. The aim of the present study was to investigate the caecal microbiota of birds infected with C. jejuni at different ages. Therefore, a total of 180 birds of the laying hybrid Lohmann Brown-Classic were housed in 12 subgroups of 15 animals each in three performed repetitions. Three birds per subgroup were experimentally infected with C. jejuni at an age of about 21 days and about 78 days (4.46 ± 0.35 log10 CFU/bird). Twenty-one days after experimental infection, microbiome studies were performed on 72 caecal samples of dissected birds (three primary infected and three further birds/subgroup). Amplification within the hypervariable region V 4 of the 16S rRNA gene was performed and sequenced with the Illumina MiSeq platform. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS® Enterprise Guide® (version 7.1) and R (version 3.5.2). Both factors, the experimental replication (p < 0.001) and the chickens' age at infection (p < 0.001) contributed significantly to the differences in microbial composition of the caecal samples. The factor experimental replication explained 24% of the sample's variability, whereas the factor age at infection explained 14% thereof. Twelve of 32 families showed a significantly different count profile between the two age groups, whereby strongest differences were seen for seven families, among them the family Campylobacteraceae (adjusted p = 0.003). The strongest difference between age groups was seen for a bacterial species that is assigned to the genus Turicibacter which in turn belongs to the family Erysipelotrichaceae (adjusted p < 0.0001). Correlation analyses revealed a common relationship in both chicken ages at infection between the absolute abundance of Campylobacteraceae and Alcaligenaceae, which consists of the genus Parasutterella. In general, concentrations of particular volatile fatty acids (VFA) demonstrated a negative correlation to absolute abundance of Campylobacteraceae, whereby the strongest link was seen for n-butyrate (-0.51141; p < 0.0001). Despite performing consecutive repetitions, the factor experimental replication contributed more to the differences of microbial composition in comparison to the factor age at infection.