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This article is devoted to the history of the tradition of translations of the Qur'an into Russian from the nineteenth century to the translation by I. Yu. Krachkovsky. The article examines the background to the creation of these translations, their key features and their importance for the development of the Russian tradition of translation and interpretation of the Qur'an. Particular attention is paid to the importance of studying these translations of the Qur'an into Russian in the context of the development of the Russian tradition of Qur'anic interpretation and the Russian school of Islamic studies. The purpose of this study is also to attract Russian and foreign Islamologists and Qur'anologists to a thorough study of the heritage of the Russian tradition of Qur'anic translation and to consider the prospects of its development in the twenty- fi rst century.

Preface -- Introduction -- Thinkers Standing on the Threshold of the Century -- The Sensual Culture in Commercialized Civilization -- Rallying Call of the 20th Century – War,Revolution and the Downfall of Fascism -- The Impact of Science and Technology on Culture -- Clashes between Eastern Culture and Western Culture -- Social Mobility, Women's Liberation and Globalization -- From"Modernism" to "Post-Modernism" – Fission of Literature, Arts and Society -- Harbinger of the Digital Era -- Today's Afterglow and Tomorrow's Aurora -- Prophetic Contemplation on the Eve of a New Century -- Bibliography

This article is a general description of Spain's history of education and how it evolved in the 20th century. I analyze the characteristics of the educational system designed during the 19th century and the changes that took place during the country's political stages. I review the objectives and development of each teaching level, the school curricula, the professors, and their education. I also go over the extracurricular initiatives of this period and how they affected the student community. The review helps us understand the achievements that have been made and the limitations we face in the 21st century