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[EN] A proper antibody immobilization on a biosensor is a crucial step in order to obtain a high sensitivity to be able to detect low target analyte concentrations. In this paper, we present an experimental study of the immobilization process of antibodies as bioreceptors on a photonic ring resonator sensor. A protein A intermediate layer was created on the sensor surface in order to obtain an oriented immobilization of the antibodies, which enhances the interaction with the target antigens to be detected. The anti-bovine serum albumin (antiBSA)-bovine serum albumin (BSA) pair was used as a model for our study. An opto-fluidic setup was developed in order to flow the different reagents and, simultaneously, to monitor in real-time the spectral response of the photonic sensing structure. The antiBSA immobilization and the BSA detection, their repeatability, and specificity were studied in different conditions of the sensor surface. Finally, an experimental limit of detection for BSA recognition of only 1 ng/mL was obtained ; Funding from Spanish government through grants TEC2015-63838-C3-1-R (MINECO/FEDER, UE), TEC2013-49987-EXP BIOGATE, and CTQ/2016/75749-R, and from the European Commission through project H2020-644242-SAPHELY is acknowledged. Raffaele Caroselli also acknowledges the Generalitat Valenciana for funding his grant through the doctoral scholarship GRISOLIAP/2014/109. ; Caroselli, R.; Garcia Castello, J.; Escorihuela Fuentes, J.; Bañuls Polo, M.; Maquieira Catala, Á.; García-Rupérez, J. (2018). Experimental Study of the Oriented Immobilization of Antibodies on Photonic Sensing Structures by Using Protein A as an Intermediate Layer. Sensors. 18(4):1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18041012 ; S ; 1 ; 15 ; 18 ; 4

Advances in Filament Yarn Spinning of Textiles and Polymers reviews the different types of spinning techniques for synthetic polymer-based fibers, and issues such as their effect on fiber properties, including melt, dry, wet, and gel spinning. Synthetic polymer-based fibers are used in a great variety of consumer and industrial textile applications ranging from clothing to home furnishings to surgical procedures. This book explores how a wide array of spinning techniques can be applied in the textile industry. Part one considers the fundamental structure and properties of fibers that determine their behavior during spinning. The book then discusses developments in technologies for manufacturing synthetic polymer films to produce different fibers with specialized properties. Part two focuses on spinning techniques, including the benefits and limitations of melt spinning and the use of gel spinning to produce high-strength and high-elastic fibers. These chapters focus specifically on developments in bi-component, bi-constituent, and electro-spinning, in particular the fabrication of nanocomposite fibers. The final chapters review integrated composite spinning of yarns and the principles of wet and dry spinning. This collection is an important reference for a wide range of industrial textile technologists, including spinners, fabric and garment manufacturers, and students of textile technology. It is also of great interest for polymer scientists. Reviews the different spinning techniques and issues such as their effect on fiber properties, including melt, dry, wet, and gel spinning Considers the fundamental structure and properties of fibers that determine their behavior during spinning Reviews integrated composite spinning of yarns and the principles of wet and dry spinning.

1 Introduction -- 1.1 The problem -- 1.2 Overall steps in protein biosynthesis -- 2 The molecules involved in protein biosynthesis -- 2.1 Messenger RNA -- 2.2 Ribosomes -- 2.3 Transfer RNA -- 2.4 Initiator tRNA -- 2.5 Amino-acyl-tRNA synthetases -- 2.6 Elongation factors -- 2.7 Peptidyl transferase -- 2.8 Initiation factors -- 2.9 Termination factors -- References -- 3 The mechanism of protein biosynthesis and its control -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 mRNA metabolism -- 3.3 Initiation complex formation -- 3.4 Elongation -- 3.5 Termination of protein biosynthesis and post-translational modification -- 3.6 RNA phage protein synthesis -- References.

Protein-based therapeutics are highly successful in clinic and currently enjoy unprecedented recognition of their potential. More than 100 genuine and similar number of modified therapeutic proteins are approved for clinical use in the European Union and the USA with 2010 sales of US$108 bln; monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) accounted for almost half (48%) of the sales. Based on their pharmacological activity, they can be divided into five groups: (a) replacing a protein that is deficient or abnormal; (b) augmenting an existing pathway; (c) providing a novel function or activity; (d) interfering with a molecule or organism; and (e) delivering other compounds or proteins, such as a radionuclide, cytotoxic drug, or effector proteins. Therapeutic proteins can also be grouped based on their molecular types that include antibody-based drugs, Fc fusion proteins, anticoagulants, blood factors, bone morphogenetic proteins, engineered protein scaffolds, enzymes, growth factors, hormones, interferons, interleukins, and thrombolytics. They can also be classified based on their molecular mechanism of activity as (a) binding non-covalently to target, e.g., mAbs; (b) affecting covalent bonds, e.g., enzymes; and (c) exerting activity without specific interactions, e.g., serum albumin. Most protein therapeutics currently on the market are recombinant and hundreds of them are in clinical trials for therapy of cancers, immune disorders, infections, and other diseases. New engineered proteins, including bispecific mAbs and multispecific fusion proteins, mAbs conjugated with small molecule drugs, and proteins with optimized pharmacokinetics, are currently under development. However, in the last several decades, there are no conceptually new methodological developments comparable, e.g., to genetic engineering leading to the development of recombinant therapeutic proteins. It appears that a paradigm change in methodologies and understanding of mechanisms is needed to overcome major challenges, including resistance to therapy, access to ...

This study is part of the program of the interdisciplinary research group Profetas (protein foods, environment, technology and society). Profetas consists of technological, environmental and socio-economic research projects on protein food systems which result in the development of scenarios and strategies for guiding a shift towards a more plant protein based diet. The different research projects focus on the goal of identifying viable options for a more sustainable food system. Profetas arose from a concern with the increasing impact of food production and consumption on the environment and a desire to restrain human pressure on the environment.

The sarcomere-based structure of muscles is conserved among vertebrates; however, vertebrate muscle physiology is extremely diverse. A molecular explanation for this diversity and its evolution has not been proposed. We use phylogenetic analyses and single-molecule force spectroscopy (smFS) to investigate the mechanochemical evolution of titin, a giant protein responsible for the elasticity of muscle filaments. We resurrect eight-domain fragments of titin corresponding to the common ancestors to mammals, sauropsids, and tetrapods, which lived 105-356 Myr ago, and compare them with titin fragments from some of their modern descendants. We demonstrate that the resurrected titin molecules are rich in disulfide bonds and display high mechanical stability. These mechanochemical elements have changed over time, creating a paleomechanical trend that seems to correlate with animal body size, allowing us to estimate the sizes of extinct species. We hypothesize that mechanical adjustments in titin contributed to physiological changes that allowed the muscular development and diversity of modern tetrapods. ; Research has been supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) grant BIO2016-77390-R, BFU2015-71964 to R.P.-J., BIO2014-54768-P and RYC-2014-16604 to J.A-C., and CTQ2015-65320-R to D.D.S., and the European Commission grant CIG Marie Curie Reintegration program FP7-PEOPLE-2014 to R.P.-J. A.A.-C. is funded by the predoctoral program of the Basque Government. R.P.-J. and D.D.S., thank CIC nanoGUNE and the Ikerbasque Foundation for Science for financial support. CNIC is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) and the Pro-CNIC Foundation and is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence (MINECO award SEV-2015-0505). Plasmid pQE80-(I91-32/75) 8 was a kind gift from J. Fernandez (Columbia University). We thank R. Zardoya (National Museum of Natural Sciences, Madrid) for helpful discussions and comments. The authors acknowledge technical support provided by IZO-SGI SGIker of UPV/EHU and European funding (ERDF and ESF) for the use of the Arina HPC cluster and the assistance provided by T. Mercero and E. Ogando. ; Sí

AbstractIntermediate cities have experienced economic dynamism in recent years, but, with the focus firmly on large metropoles and sprawling megacities, the development potential of intermediate cities has stayed out of the limelight. This paper upholds the relevance and potential of intermediate cities, arguing that they can play as important a role – if not a more important one – than the large metropoles that, until now, have been the focus of attention. Intermediate cities hold considerable advantages, in particular for poverty reduction and as more efficient ecosystems to live and work. Untapping the potential of intermediate cities requires, however, more territorially balanced, place‐sensitive strategies.

This textbook offers a complete course in applied macroeconomics at the intermediate level that emphasizes the application of economic theory to real-world data and policy.

This textbook offers a complete course in applied macroeconomics at the intermediate level that emphasizes the application of economic theory to real-world data and policy. Topics covered include national and international income, financial accounts, business cycles, financial markets, economic growth, labor markets, aggregate supply and demand, inflation, and monetary and fiscal policy. The text is unique in developing a detailed toolkit of elementary statistics and graphical techniques for economic data. A strength is its detailed treatment of national and international financial markets and the institutions of monetary and fiscal policy, which makes it especially helpful in understanding recent economic crises. The website for the text is found at http://www.appliedmacroeconomics.com.

In the Second Intermediate Period (late 13th to 17th Dynasty), the territories that had been ruled by the centralized Egyptian state—including Lower Nubia—were divided between the kingdom of Kerma, the Theban kingdom, the kingdom of Avaris, and possibly other little known political entities. A gap in the written documentation calls for a wide use of sigillographic and archaeological evidence in the reconstruction of the history of this period. Material culture, art, and administration developed independently in different parts of Egypt due to a lack of a centralized state. In the Theban kingdom, the local administration of the Late Middle Kingdom persisted in a reduced form, as attested by private stelae, statues, and tomb inscriptions.

In the Second Intermediate Period (late 13th to 17th Dynasty), the territories that had been ruled by the centralized Egyptian state—including Lower Nubia—were divided between the kingdom of Kerma, the Theban kingdom, the kingdom of Avaris, and possibly other little known political entities. A gap in the written documentation calls for a wide use of sigillographic and archaeological evidence in the reconstruction of the history of this period. Material culture, art, and administration developed independently in different parts of Egypt due to a lack of a centralized state. In the Theban kingdom, the local administration of the Late Middle Kingdom persisted in a reduced form, as attested by private stelae, statues, and tomb inscriptions.

In the Second Intermediate Period (late 13th to 17th Dynasty), the territories that had been ruled by the centralized Egyptian state—including Lower Nubia—were divided between the kingdom of Kerma, the Theban kingdom, the kingdom of Avaris, and possibly other little known political entities. A gap in the written documentation calls for a wide use of sigillographic and archaeological evidence in the reconstruction of the history of this period. Material culture, art, and administration developed independently in different parts of Egypt due to a lack of a centralized state. In the Theban kingdom, the local administration of the Late Middle Kingdom persisted in a reduced form, as attested by private stelae, statues, and tomb inscriptions.