Suchergebnisse

Selektiv aus dem Inhalt: + - Ressourcen-Basis + - Transport + - Düngemittel-Verluste + - Kapitalintensität + - Landwirtschaftsproduktion 1961-1978 + - Einkommensentwicklung + - Agrarpolitische Planung + - Konsumnachfrage + - Investitionen + - Maschinenausrüstung und Produktivität + - Infrastruktur auf dem Land

Russia's agricultural sector has experienced a significant rebound in production since 2000, becoming the leading wheat exporter in the world in six of the past agricultural years. Not only has Russia's role in the international food trade system become more important, as the world's population continues to increase Russia grain will become even more significant, especially to politically volatile regions where food riots have contributed to pressures for regime change. While analysts are cognizant of the effects of climate change and impacts on Russian agricultural production, little thought has been given to the pathways for a transition from industrial agriculture. The article identifies four vulnerabilities to the agricultural sector from climate change in the world and in Russia. The article discusses the dislocations that may occur during a transition from industrial agriculture. The final section considers alternative models for moving away from industrial agriculture, concluding that the market-driven approach in which private industry leads the transition by "going green" is the most politically viable in Russia.

Farm workers are the largest group of unorganised employees in New Zealand; but the 20,000 career farm workers could form one of the nation's largest trade unions. The absence of trade unions in agriculture and the consonant lack of collective regulation of conditions of employment has had major consequences for employer-employee relations in the industry and is a major gap in New Zealand industrial relations. The Agricultural Workers Act 1977 provides, for the first time, conciliation and arbitration arrangements, but continues the long established bias against the development of viable farm worker organisations.

SUMMARY The post World War II phase of rapidly increasing British agricultural productivity, based upon the substitution of capital for labour, and upon cheap fossil fuels and heavy chemical dressing, is coming to an end. The cost of inputs and the diminishing returns that result from these policies, as well as problems of soil exhaustion and water pollution, signal a change of pattern in British farming. This pattern, it is argued, could produce a variety of benefits, which might include higher productivity per hectare (though not necessarily per worker) greater national and regional self‐sufficiency in food, with consequent benefits to the British balance of payments, a net absorption rather than extrusion of labour, and even an improved dietary balance for the nation.RESUME L'agriculture en Grande‐Bretagne en tant que société industrielle mureL'ère de !a productivité agricole britannique dans la période postérieure à la deuxième guerre mondiale, dont l'augmentation rapide se fondait sur la substitution de ta main‐d'oeuvre par le capital, et sur les combustibles fossiles à bon marché et une lourde façon chimique, tire à sa fin. Le coût des engrais et le rendement décroissant qui résulte de ces mesures, ainsi que les problèmes de l'épuisement du sol et de la pollution de l'eau, signalent une nouvelle forme d'agriculture én Grande‐Bretagne. Cette transformation, prétend‐on, rapporterait toutes sortes de bénéfices, qui pourraient comporter une augmentation du rendement par hectare (mais pas nécessairement par travailleur), une plus grande mesure d'autonomie nationale et régionale en matière de denrées alimentaires, ce qui entrainerait une amélioration de la balance des paiements britannique, une absorption nette plutôt qu'une extrusion de la main‐d'oeuvre, voire même un meilleur équilibre alimentaire pour la nation.RESUMEN La agricultura en Gran Bretaña como sociedad industrial avanzada Brian Johnson y Michael AllanbyEstamos asistiendo al final del período que siguió a la Segunda Guerra Mundial, en que no había dejado de aumentarla productividad agrícola de Gran Bretaña, basada en la sustitución del trabajo por el capital, así como en combustibles baratos y en intensa preparación química. El coste de las inversiones y la disminución de los beneficios que resultaron de estas políticas, así como el problema del agotamiento del suelo y de la contaminación del agua, anuncian un cambio de estructura en la agricultura británica. Se quiere que esta nueva estructura produzca toda una serie de beneficios, en el sentido de una productividad mayor por hectárea (aunque no necesariamente por trabajador), mayor independencia nacional y regional en alimentos, con las consiguientes ventajas para la balanza de pagos británica, mejor empleo de la mano de obra e incluso mayor equilibrio dietético para el país.

1. Introduction : the industrialization and de-industrialization of agriculture -- 2. A concise history of agriculture : the advent of polarization -- 3. Markets and polarization -- 4. Food markets and polarization -- 5. Creative destruction and the cycle of polarization -- 6. Industrial agriculture and economies of scale -- 7. Externalities, public goods, and agricultural subsidies -- 8. Product bundling : bringing together divergent consumers -- 9. Trade, globalization, and localism -- 10. Negotiating resolution : game theory -- 11. The future of food and polarization.

In our work, the objective is to reflect on what elements affect the social construction of industrial agriculture as a socio-environmental conflict. The foregoing, given that this type of agriculture has experienced a considerable increase since 2004 and its practices entail serious environmental consequences such as pollution, deforestation and the intensive use of water. We start from the idea that industrial agriculture is a process of slow looting (slow violence) and that this, in addition to other elements, make it difficult to conceive it as an environmental problem and, therefore, as a socio-environmental conflict.

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; Diversity of urban agriculture (UA) in Britain could reduce food security impacts if a crisis occured in industrial food production systems. Industrial agriculture (IA) both causes and suffers from a lack of resilience: environmental, financial and structural. In Britain, the allotment system, previously an important form of UA, now grossly insufficient to replace the output of industrial agriculture, particularly in London. With these points identified, the relationship between diversity and resilience takes on a new clarity. Systems theory shows that diversity in any system is key to resilience. Some lessons can be learnt from international experiences of food crises ammeliorated by different forms of urban agriculture. Examples include : St. Petersburg's dachas, Milwaukee Growing Power farm and Havana permaculture. These examples are chosen to illustrate the potential to rediversify food production systems with urban agriculture. Finally, a discussion about applying aspects of these urban agriculture practices to London and other cities.

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; Diversity of urban agriculture (UA) in Britain could reduce food security impacts if a crisis occured in industrial food production systems. Industrial agriculture (IA) both causes and suffers from a lack of resilience: environmental, financial and structural. In Britain, the allotment system, previously an important form of UA, now grossly insufficient to replace the output of industrial agriculture, particularly in London. With these points identified, the relationship between diversity and resilience takes on a new clarity. Systems theory shows that diversity in any system is key to resilience. Some lessons can be learnt from international experiences of food crises ammeliorated by different forms of urban agriculture. Examples include : St. Petersburg's dachas, Milwaukee Growing Power farm and Havana permaculture. These examples are chosen to illustrate the potential to rediversify food production systems with urban agriculture. Finally, a discussion about applying aspects of these urban agriculture practices to London and other cities.

Along with mechanization and scientific plant breeding, modern forms of industrial agriculture are premised on the use of synthetic chemicals to sustain yield, irrigate fields, decrease erosion, and provide defense against pests and disease. Chemicalized agriculture has its origins in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as the presence of industrially produced chemicals became available on domestic and international markets, as crop production specialized, and as scientists, farmers, and policy makers turned to chemicals to "fix" fertility, pest, and labor issues. While the use of agricultural chemicals has created the conditions for astonishing yields, their generalized use has also resulted in the pollution and degradation of ecosystems, harmful effects on consumers and farm workers, and large greenhouse gas emissions. This dissertation investigates the relationships between the late 19th and early 20th century US mining, chemical, and petroleum refining industries, their waste byproducts, and the promotion and naturalization of economic poisons in US agriculture. Specifically, I explore the transition from the ad hoc use of economic poisons on US farms to the use of economic poisons as an agricultural necessity by focusing on the complex and multidirectional links between industrial and chemical waste and the use of a rapidly industrializing and specializing agriculture as an efficacious and profitable outlet for industrial byproducts. Drawing from fourteen archives across the US, I use the history of mining and smelting companies, chemical and petrochemical manufacturers, marketers and dealers, industrial R&D, governmental institutions, university scientists and extension agents, capital investment, environmental regulation, the military, along with politics of an inchoate toxicological science, to narrate the political economic thresholds of industrial waste's transmutation and US agriculture's chemicalization. In other words, I relay the historical and political economic origins of economic poisons in US agriculture from the mid 1860s to the end of WWII through the lens of industrial waste.