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This paper, the second of two, summarises findings of a recent research project looking at the mobility and independence (M&I) needs of children with visual impairment who are educated in mainstream schools. The first paper (Pavey, Douglas, McLinden & McCall, 2003) outlined the development of a mobility and independence curriculum framework recommended to be the basis of provision by services in the UK. This second paper suggests ways that these mobility and independence skills could be delivered to children within and beyond mainstream education by outlining a number of recommendations intended for agencies and professionals involved in providing such a service (either directly or in managing the service). These particularly focus upon issues of funding, development of service delivery and policy documents, management of people and agencies, and the training of professionals.

This paper is an overview of the development strategies in Nigeria since independence. The paper discovered and observed that the politics of non-continuity and lack of accountability in public policies and programmes in Nigeria since independence as the major reasons of non-actualisation of these development strategies. The study relied essentially on secondary data, while personal observation was equally employed as a method of data generalization. Content analysis was used as a method of data analysis. Based on the data collected and analysed, the paper submits that the politics of non-continuity and lack of accountability of development policies and programmes hampered Nigeria development strategies. The commonest testimonies of these observations and findings are that the wide spread expectation, interest and debate exhibited before and after the inauguration of a government or administration is dampened because of the politics of non-continuity and lack of accountability. The study essentially recommends that government policies and programmes that are people-centred and people-oriented should be enhanced and continued as to create the greatest happiness for the greatest number. DOI:10.5901/ajis.2014.v3n6p391

AbstractTake n independent identically distributed (IID) observations from a continuous r‐variate population, and choose some order statistics from each of the r variates. These order statistics are used to construct a grid in r‐dimensional space. Under certain conditions, it is shown that as n increases we can choose an increasing number of order statistics in such a way that the asymptotic joint distribution of the chosen order statistics and of the frequencies of sample points falling in the cells of the grid can be assumed to be a normal distribution. An application to testing independence of random variables is given.

AbstractThe majority of states in the world today were created via secession, but a majority of secessionist movements have failed to gain independence. Counter‐secession is not only more successful than secession; it is also more common. There are over 300 nations today that lack sovereign states, as well as untold thousands more groups whose identities never became nationalist or who were never able to create robust movements in the first place. Nonetheless, counter‐secession is comparatively understudied, and a small but growing number of excellent analyses often focus on a single state strategy. Independence is rarely won quickly or cheaply, as existing states fight to maintain their borders across four phases of secession: identity formation, group mobilisation, (un)armed struggle and international recognition. This article presents the repertoire of states' counter‐secession strategies throughout the secessionist struggle, including cultural assimilation, administrative organisation, civilian displacement, banning secessionist political activity, fragmenting the secessionist movement, economic coercion, violent repression and blocking international recognition. This collective analysis of the causal logic and illustrative historical examples of state counter‐secession strategies lays the foundation for a more comprehensive research programme on counter‐secession across time and space.

The Palestine National Council met in Algiers, November 12-15, 1988, in its 19th Extraordinary Session, referred to as the session of the intifadah or uprising. The two documents reproduced below were adopted at that session, and have subsequently been circulated as an official document of the U.N. General Assembly, under agenda item 37, the Question of Palestine.A number of U.N. Resolutions are referred to in the Political Communique, and some have appeared in International Legal Materials. Security Council Resolutions 242 (1967) and 338 (1973) appear at 17 I.L.M. 1469 (1978), annexed to the Framework for Peace in the Middle East, concluded at Camp David. General Assembly Resolution 40/61 of 1985 appears at 25 I.L.M. 239 (1986). General Assembly Resolution 43/21 of 1988 appears in this issue at 27 I.L.M. (1988). Security Council Resolution 605 (1987) is reproduced in the Secretary-General's report in this issue at 27 I.L.M. (1988).

Achieving universal health coverage (UHC)—defined as access to needed health services to all and protection against financial risks arising from paying for health services —is among the top priorities of reform agendas across many countries. Provision of health services should be determined by individuals' need rather than their ability to pay and, at the same time, utilization of services by those seeking health care should not impose the risk of financial catastrophe. In addition, paying for health care should be administered in an equitable manner whereby individuals with a higher ability to pay contribute a relatively higher share of their income to health financing compared to those individuals with a lower ability to pay. Tanzania has been making efforts towards UHC starting with the abolition of user fees soon after independence in 1967, before their reintroduction in the early 1990s, and the introduction of health insurance schemes in early 2000.

"For more than a decade now, the issue of Scottish independence has been one of the key features in British politics and has raised questions as to the likely survival of the United Kingdom in the post Brexit era. In Scotland, the SNP has been in government since 2007 and has established a political hegemony that makes it the most successful political party in terms of electoral politics in Europe. Yet, the political philosophy of this movement has not been studied in any great depth and a number of basic questions remain unanswered, such as why is the movement non-violent and constitutional? Why does it believe that Scotland as a nation should exercise its right to self-determination and how does it square a largely outward-looking and cosmopolitan vision of society with nationalism? This book answers these important questions. By examining the evolution of nationalist ideas on Scottish history, its relationship to the philosophy of nationalism, as well as how the Treaty of Union between Scotland and England created an unusual legal and constitutional framework, this book offers new insights into Scottish history and Scotland's place within the Union and relates it to wider international and imperial British history"

The Catalan secessionist parties, if added together, have won all the elections to the Parliament of Catalonia from 2010 to 2021. Their voters have been increasingly mobilized since the start of the controversial reform process of the Statute of Autonomy (2004–2010). The aim of this article is twofold. First, it intends to test whether language is the strongest predictor in preferring independence in two separate and distinct moments, 1996 and 2020. And second, to assess whether its strength has changed—and how—between both years. Only the most exogenous variables to the dependent variable are used in each of two logistic regressions to avoid problems of endogeneity: sex, age, size of town of residence, place of birth of the individual and of their parents, first language (L1), and educational level. Among them, L1 was—and still is—the most powerful predictor, although it is not entirely determinative. The secessionist movement not only gathers a plurality of Catalan native speakers, but it receives a not insignificant level of support among those who have Spanish as their L1. Conversely, the unionist group, despite being composed primarily by people who have Spanish as their L1 and have their family origins outside Catalonia, has a native Catalan-speaking minority inside. This imperfect division, which is based on ethnolinguistic alignments—and whose relevance cannot be neglected—alleviates the likelihood of an ethnic-based conflict.

This study analyses the economic impact of Open Source Software (OSS) and Hardware (OSH) on the European economy. It was commissioned by the European Commission's DG CONNECT. It is estimated that companies located in the EU invested around €1 billion in OSS in 2018, which resulted in an impact on the European economy of between €65 and €95 billion. The analysis estimates a cost-benefit ratio of above 1:4 and predicts that an increase of 10% of OSS contributions would annually generate an additional 0.4% to 0.6% GDP as well as more than 600 additional ICT start-ups in the EU. Case studies reveal that by procuring OSS instead of proprietary software, the public sector could reduce the total cost of ownership, avoid vendor lock-in and thus increase its digital autonomy. The study also contains an analysis of existing public policy actions in Europe and around the world. The scale of Europe's institutional capacity related to OSS, however, is disproportionately smaller than the scale of the value created by OSS. The study therefore gives a number of specific public policy recommendations aimed at achieving a digitally autonomous public sector, open R&D enabling European growth and a digitised and internally competitive industry.

Bibliography: pages 372-383. ; This dissertation constitutes a study of all issues relevant to South West Africa/Namibian independence, from 1915 to June 1983. The method employed is primarily of a descriptive, historical and analytical nature, which brings together in a concise study a variety of primary research materials, particularly with extensive use of newspaper resources. Due to the limited available material on South West Africa/ Namibia, it was necessary to rely upon these journalistic sources to a large extent. It was, therefore, necessary to assume that: 1. newspaper references are correct and valid, and that articles by relevant authorities and political figures are a true expression of the writers' political beliefs; 2. that in terms of books, journals and other published materials in relation to South West Africa/Namibia, the facts have been accurately researched and verified, and 3. that personal conversations with relevant authorities are genuine as to the thoughts expressed. A number of hypotheses are put forward: 1. that independence will come about as the result of a process of negotiation and not because of military victory or defeat; 2. that the South West Africa People's Organisation is bound to be part of any true settlement; 3. that this organisation cannot claim to be the 'sole authentic representative' of the Territory's population, and, 4. as a result of this, there is a definite need for the accommodation of other internal parties in a genuine settlement as well.

Two students received 3 months of training at a community job site where they received minimum wage for performing clerical tasks (e.g., photocopying and mail sorting). In addition to documenting the students' improved performance on the job tasks, the students' independent demonstration of incidental behaviors was also evaluated within a case study design. Incidental behaviors were defined as any behavior that might increase independence in a job setting, but which did not receive direct instruction from staff. The results indicated that both students demonstrated increased independence in the work setting based on three qualitatively different measures of their incidental behavior. First, both students demonstrated substantial increases in their number of appropriate incidental behaviors across work days, suggesting that they were beginning to interact more appropriately with the work environment. Second, both demonstrated over 20 new incidental behaviors, suggesting that experience in the work environment resulted in collateral changes in behavior. Third, both students demonstrated a higher ratio of appropriate versus inappropriate behavior over time. The potential benefits of documenting incidental behaviors are discussed, as are limitations with the current approach.

This paper examines the Serb resistance in northern Kosova. A number of studies, over the last decade, have been performed that scrutinize the case of Kosova and look into the strained relations between Kosova Albanians and Kosova Serbs. Yet, no study has been carried out to explain the Serb resistance, and more importantly, its nature and its underpinning mechanisms. This paper intends to just that. The central argument it makes is that the Serb resistance in northern Kosova is a Serbian elite construct, made of and crammed with anti-Americanism sentiments. This Serb anti-Americanism is a recent phenomenon, constructed as a consequence of specific developments that are occurring in Kosova and the region, such as the stationing of the American troops in Kosova, the American policy towards the region, and the American political and diplomatic support for the new state. To formulate this argument, the paper adopts the framework of anti-Americanism as its foundation while comparing it with the socio-biological, cultural, and rationalist approaches to resistance. The paper supports the gist of the argument by drawing on recent scholarship and analyzing official documents, executive statements, and intellectual observations

In 2014, a referendum was held in Scotland in order to decide the country's constitutional future. The referendum was the climax of years of campaigning that gave rise to a rich body of political discourse. This compilation thesis attempts to show how an independent Scotland was discursively constructed, and how these constructions impacted on Scottish identity. The thesis consists of four original research papers which employ a number of complementary approaches in order to analyse a rich and diverse data set. The first article examines how the Scottish government looked at small European states in order to construct a vision of a future independent Scotland. This was achieved by discursively constructing small states as economically successful and democratically progressive and then by emphasizing Scotland's role as a small country. The second article analyses the many new metaphorical personifications of Scotland, notably as a woman, that appeared during the campaign. The article finds that traditional, gendered metaphors were largely reworked in order to function in a modern political context. The third article maps the central topics and the ideological morphology of discourses on Scottish independence produced by the Scottish National Party and the intellectual and artistic movement National Collective. Unlike previous research, the results of the analysis suggest that these organizations as complementary but labels the former politically nationalist and the latter culturally nationalist. The fourth article analyses image tweets published by the official Yes and No campaigns in order to ascertain how the two campaigns legitimated their own standpoints and how they delegitimated their opponents online. The analysis finds that the Yes campaign balanced between promoting its own visions whilst criticizing their opponents, in contrast to the No campaign which almost entirely focused on delegitimating its opponents, thus failing to offer alternative visions. Collectively, the thesis paints a picture of a diverse independence movement with different aims and different rationales for advocating independence. Besides making a contribution to the literature on nationalism in general and Scottish nationalism in particular, the thesis further integrates the fields of political theory and discourse studies.

This article examines how the prospects for building a sustainable peace, establishing a democratic polity and consolidating sovereignty in Kosovo are constrained by a number of endogenous and exogenous factors. The article highlights how the fragmentation of sovereignty is affected by Serb parallel structures and an overlapping and divided international presence, and how social emancipation is obstructed by weak governance, ethnic power-sharing and social injustice. The article argues that building sustainable peace is more likely when there is sufficient local autonomy and ownership of processes, an effective functioning of democracy and state institutions, as well as social emancipation and a locally-owned transformation of ethnic hostilities and differences.

Up to the reclaiming Independence, there was censorship in every activity related to the spread of information in Lithuania. In these times, there were many publications published in Russian language. This way, the government of Soviet Union tried to spread soviet ideology to the society. After the collapse of Soviet Union, there were social, political, and economical changes in Lithuania, which consequences were also felt in the area of publishing. After Lithuania reclaimed independence, bookstores in Lithuania started to supply bigger variety of books every year. One of today's urgent things is publishing of publications in minority languages. The problem, stated in this final master of science work is research of decreasing publishing indexes of literature in Russian language, published in Lithuania. Literature in Russian language is also mentioned in these publications. These publications examine quantitative indicators, repertoire of Russian literature. However, there was no luck finding academic works and articles, which analyze books in Russian language, published after Lithuania reclaimed independence. The research objects of this final master work are the books and brochures in Russian language published after reclaiming independence in Lithuania. Manuals, monographies and other scientific works, corresponding the topic of printed book and brochure, are also stated as objects of this work. The purpose of this final master work is to find out how many books in Russian language are among the publications published in Lithuania, and to carry out the quantitative and quality analysis of Russian books. Main goals of this final master work: analyze publishing dynamical indicators of books and brochures in Russian language, released in Lithuania; analyze repertoire of books published in Russian language: assort books and brochures in Russian language by subjects, assort books and brochures in Russian language by purpose, carry out classification of publication in Russian language by variety; find out publishers of books and brochures in Russian language. Statistical method, selected for final master work: gathering, sorting and analyzing statistical data. Using analysis methods of scientific literature, applying statistical and tipological classifications methods, analysis came to conclusion, that there were more books and brochures published in Russian language at the first year of independence than other years. At the first years of Lithuania's independence, number of published publications in russian language was several times bigger, while yearly editions where bigger some ten times. Using typology of publications, books, where sorted by topic, purpose, publishers, printing places, types and types of publications. Analysing repertoire of books and brochures, publications where sorted by topic. Analysing serve the purpose of publications in russian language by topic, study came to conclusion, that biggest variety of topic where at first years (1991) after reclaiming Lithuanian independence. Smallest variety of topics was in the year 1995. Largest number of books and brochures in russian language where published topics of language learning and science, popular literature and science of literature, mathematics and natural sciences. Analysing books and brochures in russian language by their most important classification method in books science. When classification of publications was carried out, study came to conclusion, that learning literature for middle school. Analysing publications qualities, was using topologic methods. It's was helping to establish, that there were more printing books and brochures published in russian language. Writing final master work, was ascertain, which Lithuanian publishing house was published books and brochures in russian language after reclaiming independence.