Suchergebnisse

Der Beitrag stellt mit Albert O. Hirschman (1915) einen Vertreter der Neuen Politischen Ökonomie vor. Nach der Skizzierung seiner Biographie wird sodann das Profil des Gesamtwerks dargestellt, das sich in drei Phasen unterteilen lässt: (1) in den 1940er Jahren Analysen zur Außenhandelspolitik bzw. zum Verhältnis von staatlicher Handlungsautonomie und Strukturen des zunehmend integrierten Außenhandels, (2) in den 1950er und 1960er Jahren Studien zur Entwicklungsökonomie sowie (3) 1970 sein zentrales Werk 'Exit, Voice and Loyality' für die Verbändetheorien. Ferner werden Hirschmans Verbändestudien beschrieben, welche die Reaktionsmöglichkeiten (1) der Abwanderung und (2) des Widerspruchs des Verbandsmitglieds sowie (3) dessen Loyalität zu einer Organisation analysieren. Die Ausführungen schließen mit einer Rezeption und Kritik: So ist durch Hirschman das Verhältnis Mitglied-Organisation neu definiert worden. Durch die Überwindung der Grenze zwischen Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften bewirkte Hirschman eine Rückbesinnung der Politikwissenschaft auf ihre ureigene Stärke, die komparative Methodik. Gerade in den USA konnte er damit ihre graduelle Autonomie steigern. (ICG2)

Der Beitrag zu dem Werk des US-amerikanischen Soziologen und Volkswirt A. O. Hirschman (1915) diskutiert seine Schrift 'Leidenschaften und Interessen' (1977, 1980). Dabei gliedern sich die Ausführungen in folgende Punkte: (1) die Zähmung der Leidenschaften als Zivilisation, (2) die Interpretation des Hirschmanschen Diskurses von P. Fischer, (3) die physiokratische Vorgeschichte der Leidenschaften und Interessen, (4) Naturrecht, Politik und Ökonomie, (5) die Marktökonomie von A. Smith, (6) das System der natürlichen Freiheit sowie (7) der Umschlag von Interessen in Wachstumsprämien. Hirschman untersucht die Formierung der modernen Welt des Kapitalismus, die anderen Diskursen folgt als wie wir sie gewohnt sind. Schon bevor A. Smith eine politische Ökonomie begründete, die auf ungehindertem Streben nach privatem Gewinn basierte, gab es Überlegungen, die eine Legitimation des privaten Gewinnstrebens begründen halfen. Denn in der aristotelisch geprägten Tradition der vormodernen Ökonomik war privates Gewinnstreben erst einmal eine Störung der Ordnung. Hirschman erörtert die vielfältigen Konzeptionen und Theoreme des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts, die die Leidenschaften durch Interessen ausbalanciert sahen, so dass die Leidenschaften (als Begierden) zu einem positiven Element der neuen Politik und Ökonomie werden konnten, gleichsam ihre 'Triebstruktur', die sich wechselseitig blockiert. Die Vernunft ist dann das Ergebnis zweier wechselseitig sich blockierender Laster, als ein Modus der 'widerspenstigen Zähmung'. Das Ergebnis ist, mit einem anderen Wort, aus einem anderen Diskurs: Zivilität, Zivilisation. (ICG2)

En se mettant à distance des polémiques entre économistes orthodoxes et hétérodoxes, cette étude propose une relecture des travaux de Albert Hirschman, qui s'appuie sur la biographie récemment publiée par Adelman (2013). Trois axes principaux sont identifiés : l'économie du développement, l'histoire politique des idées économiques et l'action collective. Or, plus qu'une convergence entre ces thèmes, qui aurait abouti au projet d'une nouvelle Économie politique, ce sont leur faible articulation et ainsi le caractère fragmenté de cette œuvre qui sont ici discutés. Le rapport complexe de Hirschman à la pensée économique, fait d'adhésion et d'évitement, a certainement pesé sur ce constat. Ses contributions les plus marquantes portent davantage sur la conduite de la réforme ou du projet de développement. Donc sur les conséquences non anticipées de l'action intentionnelle et sur la possibilité d'un projet collectif dans un monde imprévisible où l'adhésion et la renégociation sont toujours menacées par l'abandon et l'opportunisme.

"Worldly Philosopher" chronicles the times and writings of Albert O. Hirschman, one of the twentieth century's most original and provocative thinkers. In this gripping biography, Jeremy Adelman tells the story of a man shaped by modern horrors and hopes, a worldly intellectual who fought for and wrote in defense of the values of tolerance and change. Born in Berlin in 1915, Hirschman grew up amid the promise and turmoil of the Weimar era, but fled Germany when the Nazis seized power in 1933. Amid hardship and personal tragedy, he volunteered to fight against the fascists in Spain and helped many of Europe's leading artists and intellectuals escape to America after France fell to Hitler. His intellectual career led him to Paris, London, and Trieste, and to academic appointments at Columbia, Harvard, and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. He was an influential adviser to governments in the United States, Latin America, and Europe, as well as major foundations and the World Bank. Along the way, he wrote some of the most innovative and important books in economics, the social sciences, and the history of ideas. Throughout, he remained committed to his belief that reform is possible, even in the darkest of times. This is the first major account of Hirschman's remarkable life, and a tale of the twentieth century as seen through the story of an astute and passionate observer. Adelman's riveting narrative traces how Hirschman's personal experiences shaped his unique intellectual perspective, and how his enduring legacy is one of hope, open-mindedness, and practical idealism.

"Worldly Philosopher" chronicles the times and writings of Albert O. Hirschman, one of the twentieth century's most original and provocative thinkers. In this gripping biography, Jeremy Adelman tells the story of a man shaped by modern horrors and hopes, a worldly intellectual who fought for and wrote in defense of the values of tolerance and change. Born in Berlin in 1915, Hirschman grew up amid the promise and turmoil of the Weimar era, but fled Germany when the Nazis seized power in 1933. Amid hardship and personal tragedy, he volunteered to fight against the fascists in Spain and helped many of Europe's leading artists and intellectuals escape to America after France fell to Hitler. His intellectual career led him to Paris, London, and Trieste, and to academic appointments at Columbia, Harvard, and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. He was an influential adviser to governments in the United States, Latin America, and Europe, as well as major foundations and the World Bank. Along the way, he wrote some of the most innovative and important books in economics, the social sciences, and the history of ideas. Throughout, he remained committed to his belief that reform is possible, even in the darkest of times. This is the first major account of Hirschman's remarkable life, and a tale of the twentieth century as seen through the story of an astute and passionate observer. Adelman's riveting narrative traces how Hirschman's personal experiences shaped his unique intellectual perspective, and how his enduring legacy is one of hope, open-mindedness, and practical idealism.

This essay analyzes three contributions of Albert Hirschman that are important to understand the Latin American industrialization process.The first are the features of this process vis-à-vis the "late industrialization" cases in the European continent analyzed by Alexander Gerschenkron. The second relates to the application of his theories ofthe dynamics of development, particularly the concepts of linkages and imbalanced growth. The third is his reflection on the rise and decline of classical development economics, which seem particularly useful to understand the crisis and eventual dismantling of the importsubstitution strategy in Latin America. (Desarrollo y Sociedad/ GIGA)

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The study was conducted from May to September in 1994 to investigate applicability of the Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly-Screening version(HHIE-S) in parallel with the pure-tone audiometer to the initial screening test of noise-induced hearing loss(NIHL) in some noise-exposed workers. Subjects were selected by systemic sampling that took every fifth person from 6, 700 workers taking the annual occupational health examination by the department of Health Maintenance of Dongsan Hospital Keimyung University in Taegu. The authors administered the pure-tone audiometric test and self-reported questionnaire of HHIE-S including items of sociodcmographic and job-rclatcd variables concurrently. The final subjects analysed were 1,019(488 males and 531 females) excluding fourteen persons who had many missing values in their questionnaires. The reliability coefficients of HHIE-S scale by Cronbach's alpha were 0.84. In the univariate analysis of hearing handicap measured by the HHIE-S, work duration, military service and the hearing threshold loss at 1KHz and 4KHz by the initial audiometer were significant in males while age, work duration and hearing threshold loss at 1KHz and 4KHz were significant in females. In the stepwise linear regression analysis, hearing threshold loss at 1KHz and 4KHz was the only selected variable explaining the hearing handicap in males and hearing threshold loss at 1KHz and 4KHz, age, and work duration were selected in females. In ROC curves for HHIE-S scores against NIHL as gold standard which was defined by the follow-up audiogram as more than 3dB of the average of 0.5/1/2KHz and 50dB at 4KHz, the optimal cutoff for the parallel HHIE-S appeared to be 8. The results suggest that HHIE-S appeared to have some reliability and validity in this data and might be used in screening NIHL in parallel with pure-tone audiometer in noise-exposed workers. ; 이 연구는 1994년도 5월부터 9월까지 동산병원 건강 관리과에서 소음특수건강진단을 받은 근로자 중 일부를 대상으로 하여 1차 선별 순음청력검사에 난청선별 설문지(HHIE-S)의 적용가능성을 점검해 보기 위히여 시행 되었다. 대상자는 이 기간중의 특수검진 수진자들로서 총 6,700명 중 계동적 표본추출법에 의하며 매 5빈째의 근로자가 추출되었다. 최종분석 대상은 자료가 미비한 14명을 제외한 1,019명으로 남자 488명,여자 531명이 었다. 소음성 난청의 1차 선별검사로 순음청력검사와 HHIE-S를 포함한 설문지검사를 실시하였다. 청력검사 의 1차 선별기준은 양쪽 어느 귀의 청력손실이 4000Hz 에서 40dB 이상인 자로 하였고 2차 정밀검사에서 난청의 기준은 3분법으로 계산히여 30dB 이상이면서 4000Hz에서 50dB 이상의 청력손실이 있는 자로 하였다. 설문지의 신뢰도는 0.84였다. 청력장애와 관련된 변 수들의 단일변량분석에서 유의한 차이를 보인 항목은 남자에서 HHIE-S 총척도와사회적/상황적 소척도에서 근무기간,군복무력,1000Hz 및 4000Hz에서의 청력역 치였으며 여자에서 총척도와 소척도 모두에서 연령, 근무기간, 1000Hz 및 4000Hz에서의 청역역치였다. 다 단계 다중회귀분석에서 남자에서 1000Hz 및 4000Hz에 서의 청력역치가 선택되었으며 여자에서는 총척도와 사회적/상황적 소척도에서 100Mz 및 400Mz에서의 청력역치, 근무기간,연령이 선택되었다. 2차 순음청력 검사를 황금기준으로 하여 1 차 선별청력검사와 HHIE-S점수를 기준으로 한 ROC곡선을 그린 결과,최적의 타당도는 병행검사에서 HHIE-S점수 8을 기준으로 하 였을 때였으며 민감도와 특이도가 각각 85%와 67%이 었0며 위음성이 15%로 최소였다. 이러한 견과는 HHIE-S가 우리나라에서 신뢰도 및 타당도가 비교적 적절하며 소음성 난청 1차선별검사에순음청력검사와 함께 병행해서 사용하면 민감도를 높이고 위음성을 떨 어 뜨림으로써 순음청력검사의 병행 검사로 적용가능성 이 있음을 시사해 순다. ; open