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THE ARTICLE EXAMINES THE CURRENT--OFTEN HYSTERICAL--CLAIMS ABOUT GLOBAL WARMING, THE "GREENHOUSE EFFECT." IT CONCLUDES THAT THE THREAT OF GLOBAL WARMING IS SIGNIFICANTLY EXAGGERATED AND POSSIBLY DUE TO OTHER FACTORS THAN INCREASED "GREENHOUSE GASSES" IN THE ATMOSPHERE. HOWEVER, THE POSSIBILITY OF THE DEVASTATING CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBAL TEMPERATURE RISE DO JUSTIFY U.S. MEASURES TO REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF CO2 ADDED TO THE ATMOSPHERE.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Summary -- Review Statement -- Introduction -- General Comments -- Conclusions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methodology -- 2.1 Collaborative stakeholder cooperation -- 2.2 Literature review -- 2.3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) -- 2.4 System boundaries -- 2.4.1 Included materials -- 2.4.2 Definition of amounts -- 2.4.3 System expansion -- 2.4.4 Impact assessment -- 3. Investigation context -- 3.1 General assumptions -- 3.2 Other impact categories -- 3.3 Selected studies -- 3.3.1 Studies from Norway, Denmark and Sweden -- 3.3.2 Studies from other European countries -- 3.3.3 Studies from the United States of America -- 4. Investigated materials -- 4.1 Paper and cardboard -- 4.2 Glass -- 4.3 Plastics -- 4.4 Steel -- 4.5 Aluminium -- 4.6 Organic waste -- 4.7 Other metals -- 5. Results -- 5.1 Paper and cardboard -- 5.2 Glass -- 5.3 Plastics -- 5.4 Steel -- 5.5 Aluminium -- 5.6 Organic waste -- 5.7 Collected results -- 6. Discussion -- 6.1 Comparison with previous recommendations -- 6.2 Impact of energy use and energy mix -- Which primary and secondary processes have high energy demand for processing the materials? -- How is the relationship between renewable and fossil energy use for different materials? -- How is the relationship between the use of electricity and fuels for different materials? -- How to account for the use of waste energy from the processes in, for example, district heating? -- 6.3 Geographical differences -- 6.4 Quality of materials for secondary production -- 6.5 Data availability and uncertainty -- 7. Conclusions -- 8. Further work -- References -- Svensk sammanfattning -- Appendices -- A. Rejected studies -- B. Provisional list of materials -- C. Reference group -- University of Gävle -- Technical University of Denmark (DTU) -- Återvinningsindustrierna (Sweden) and member erpresentatives.

Since the introduction of an EC-directive on stronger demands on covering and lining oflandfills, the Swedish Parliament has adopted new legislation on waste deposition.Within a near future, a large number of landfills in Sweden have to be closed down due tothese stronger demands. Covering of landfills has traditionally been carried out with tillas covering material. The use of till causes depletion of a natural resource and in addition,high costs for transportation might arise. Alternative materials have thus been sought for.Two potential materials are sludge and ash. Their behaviour with regard to leaching is notvery well known and the focus of this work is to further investigate this issue. A pilotscale area on a closed-down part of the Gryta landfill site in Viistenis, Sweden; was partlycovered with composted sewage sludge mixed with mineral soil, partly with ash. The aimwas to find out whether the leachate from the covered areas had to be subject for furthertreatment before being discharged into the recipient. The leachate was analysed fornitrogen and phosphorus. The results from the first three months of the experimentshowed high concentrations of both nitrogen and phosphorus in the leachate, probablydue to a washing effect. It is expected that the nutrient concentrations will decrease in thefuture when the content of nutrients in the covering materials have been washed out andwhen vegetation has been established. Further investigations of the leachate will confirmthis. Based on these findings and the fact that the materials fulfil other requirements forcovering materials, it was concluded that both sludges and ashes could be regarded assuitable materials for a sustainable landfill covering. Further investigations on the subjectare however suggested. ; Since the introduction of an EC-directive on stronger demands on covering and lining oflandfills, the Swedish Parliament has adopted new legislation on waste deposition.Within a near future, a large number of landfills in Sweden have to be closed down due tothese stronger demands. Covering of landfills has traditionally been carried out with tillas covering material. The use of till causes depletion of a natural resource and in addition,high costs for transportation might arise. Alternative materials have thus been sought for.Two potential materials are sludge and ash. Their behaviour with regard to leaching is notvery well known and the focus of this work is to further investigate this issue. A pilotscale area on a closed-down part of the Gryta landfill site in Viistenis, Sweden; was partlycovered with composted sewage sludge mixed with mineral soil, partly with ash. The aimwas to find out whether the leachate from the covered areas had to be subject for furthertreatment before being discharged into the recipient. The leachate was analysed fornitrogen and phosphorus. The results from the first three months of the experimentshowed high concentrations of both nitrogen and phosphorus in the leachate, probablydue to a washing effect. It is expected that the nutrient concentrations will decrease in thefuture when the content of nutrients in the covering materials have been washed out andwhen vegetation has been established. Further investigations of the leachate will confirmthis. Based on these findings and the fact that the materials fulfil other requirements forcovering materials, it was concluded that both sludges and ashes could be regarded assuitable materials for a sustainable landfill covering. Further investigations on the subjectare however suggested.

Intro -- REDUCING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AVAILABLE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES -- REDUCING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AVAILABLE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 AVAILABLE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR REDUCING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM COAL-FIRED ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS* -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Electric Power Generation Using Coal -- 2. Coal-Fired Electric Generating Units -- 2.1. Coals Burned in U.S. EGUs -- 2.2. Coal Utilization in U.S. EGUs -- 2.2.1. Stoker-Fired Coal Combustion -- 2.2.2. Pulverized-Coal Combustion -- 2.2.3. Cyclone Coal Combustion -- 2.2.4. Fluidized-Bed Combustion -- 2.2.5. Coal Gasification -- 2.3. GHG Emissions from Coal-Fired EGUs -- 2.4. Factors Impacting Coal-Fired EGU CO2 Emissions -- 2.4.1. Impact of Coal Rank on CO2 Emissions from EGUs -- 2.4.2 Impact of Coal-Fired EGU Efficiency on CO2 Emissions -- 2.4.3. Impact of SO2 Controls on Coal-Fired EGU CO2 Emissions -- 3. Coal-Fired EGU CO2 Control Technologies -- 3.1. Coal-Fired EGU CO2 Emissions Control Approaches -- 3.1.1. Efficiency Improvements -- 3.1.2. Carbon Capture and Storage -- 3.2. Efficiency Improvements for Existing Coal-fired EGU Projects -- 3.3. Efficiency Improvements for New Coal-Fired EGU Projects -- 3.3.1. Steam Cycle -- 3.3.2. Coal Drying -- 3.3.3. Boiler Feedwater Heating & -- Hot-Windbox -- 3.4. Combined Heat and Power Plant -- 3.5. Oxygen Combustion -- 4. Coal-Fired EGU Technology Alternatives Analysis -- 4.1. Site-Specific Coal-Fired EGU Technology Alternatives Analysis Example -- 4.2. EPA GHG Mitigation Database -- References -- Chapter 2 AVAILABLE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR REDUCING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM THE PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY* -- 1.0. Introduction -- 2.0. Petroleum Refining -- 2.1. Overview of Petroleum Refining Industry.