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In recent years, financial inclusion has garnered widespread attention among academics and policymakers across developing countries, including India. This article aims to understand financial inclusion and analyse the factors that determine it using micro-level data from the Financial Inclusion Insight Survey 2018 for India. It applies a probit model to explore the influence of demographic and socio-economic factors on financial inclusion. The empirical findings of this study show that the probability of being financially included increases with education, income, property ownership, government welfare benefits, financial literacy and having a PAN card. Conversely, this study also reveals that females, individuals with lower socio-economic status, illiterate, those with no formal education, unemployed and homemakers are less likely to achieve financial inclusion. Hence, targeted policies and interventions are needed to overcome disparities and ensure improvement in the financial inclusion status for marginalised groups.

ABSTRACT: Extensive literature has shown that women's employment contributes to increasing rates of household savings and economic growth. Likewise, evidence has been reported that in an economic integration scheme, such as that of Central America, the strong economic interdependence existing between countries, because of their relatively high trade flows of imports and exports, gives rise to the spread of economic developments occurring in a country. This paper investigates the extent to which the increase in female employment in the countries of the Northern Triangle of Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras) leads to the increase in growth rates in the other countries (Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama). For this purpose, principal components, which is a data compression methodology, is used. The variables that are included in the vector of principal components are the female-to-male employment ratios in the industrial sectors of the Northern Triangle countries. All data used in the analyses were taken from the World Bank's World Development Indicators. The first principal component of these variables explains 77 percent of the variance, and its decrease represents the deindustrialization of the respective countries. The second principal component accounts for 17 percent of the variance, and its increase represents the expansion of the service sector in the countries. The estimation of error correction equations showed that the first principal component of the female-to-male employment ratios of the industrial sector in Guatemala, El Salvador, and Costa Rica, exerted positive impacts on the economic growth rates of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, while the second principal component exerted negative impacts. The results also showed that the ratios of female to male industrial employment, as well as the first principal component, fell as tariffs on imports were reduced, reflecting a process of deindustrialization which has led to losses in economic growth, and a decrease in trade flows, and rising youth unemployment and increases of the underground economy with adverse impacts on productivity. Likewise, trends towards economic stagnation and rising unemployment have led to increases in irregular emigration and remittances. Another important result is that the process of deindustrialization, fueled by the extreme openness of economies, has generated a substantial increase in the homicide rate. In summary, the results show that female employment generates increases in the economic growth rate of the respective country and in the other member countries. However, this process of regional employment induction is undermined by the extreme openness of economies, which means that the main beneficiaries of the economic dynamism imparted by the increase in female employment may be the countries from which it is imported. In other words, "globalization" or "openness" frustrates national efforts at economic and social development. It should be noted that in the 1960s and 1970s, when the model of import substitution prevailed, the Central American economies grew at rates twice as high as those prevailing after the "reforms." The economic policy recommendations are based on the promotion of women's employment by increasing the levels of female schooling, the establishment of national networks of childcare centers, combating discrimination against women in the workplace, etc. Efforts to increase women's employment will be better developed if they are structured within the framework of a national/regional employment strategy, in which objectives and targets would be established for each country, and the actions to be carried out in the areas of obtaining resources, identifying, approving and supervising projects would be outlined, and the results goals would be established with the respective indicators to be achieved in the medium and long term. But it should be pointed out that these actions cannot yield the results sought in the current structure of extreme openness of economies, which makes it necessary to design and implement policies to achieve the reindustrialization and re-agriculturalization of the economies, seeking, in addition to increasing economic dynamism, the increase of quality employment, and the reduction of violence and irregular emigration, the achievement of self-sufficiency and sustained increases in the production of goods of special importance. The results of this work have shown that in efforts to reignite economic growth, women's employment and Central American economic integration can play important roles.

La discriminación contra la mujer ha sido objeto de disímiles instrumentos internacionales. La investigación plantea una reflexión en torno a la violencia de género y los esfuerzos para contrarrestarla. En 1948 la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) mediante la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos reconoce los derechos y libertades de hombres y mujeres sin distinción de raza, sexo, idioma o religión. En el caso de las mujeres rurales la Convención establece que los Estados Parte tendrán en cuenta los problemas especiales a que hace frente la mujer rural. Asumir la información como recurso productivo que atraviesa transversalmente todos los sectores de desarrollo de un país con el objetivo de conducirlo de forma proactiva al progreso es la piedra angular que sustenta la sociedad de la información y el conocimiento. La Unesco, a través de sus diferentes programas ha sido uno de los organismos internacionales preocupados porque cada uno de los países del mundo cuente con políticas y sistemas de información científica y técnica. Ecuador le otorga gran importancia a las tecnologías de información y la comunicación digital y en especial al internet. No obstante, persiste un alto porcentaje de población que se le considera analfabeta digital. A pesar de las normativas y políticas elaboradas por el gobierno, refrendada en la Constitución y el Plan del Buen Vivir, todavía es insuficiente para lograr un verdadero empoderamiento de la mujer que permita eliminar la violencia de género que aún subsiste en general y en particular en las regiones rurales, confirmado en el diagnóstico realizado. Su causa es multifactorial: brechas educacionales, de empleo, culturales, de información, salariales, y generan conflicto entre hombres y mujeres. ; Discrimination against women has been the object of dissimilar international instruments. The research raises a reflection on gender violence and the efforts to counteract it. In 1948 the United Nations (UN) through the Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognizes the rights and freedoms of men and women without distinction of race, sex, language or religion. In the case of rural women, the Convention establishes that the States Parties will consider the special problems faced by rural women. Assuming information as a productive resource that cuts across all sectors of development of a country with the aim of proactively driving it to progress is the cornerstone that sustains the information and knowledge society. Unesco, through its different programs, has been one of the international organizations concerned that each of the countries of the world has policies and systems of scientific and technical information. Ecuador attaches great importance to information technologies and digital communication and especially to the internet. However, a high percentage of the population that is considered digitally illiterate persists. In spite of the regulations and policies elaborated by the government, endorsed in the Constitution and the Plan of Good Living, it is still insufficient to achieve a true empowerment of women that allows to eliminate the gender violence that still persists in general and in particular in the rural regions, confirmed in the diagnosis made. Its cause is multifactorial: educational, employment, cultural, information, wage gaps, and generate conflict between men and women.

AbstractThis paper examines the effect of financial inclusion on women's empowerment. We contribute to the growing interest in financial inclusion effectiveness literature by conducting an empirical analysis of 42 African countries to examine the role of financial inclusion in empowering women. We also examine and compare the effectiveness of the three dimensions of financial inclusion viz. usage, access, and quality, and the first most influential indicators, based on their PCA score, of these dimensions. Our findings suggest that financial inclusion has a significantly positive effect on women's empowerment‐measured by females' human development index. Examining the relative importance of financial inclusion dimensions, we find access to financial services has a higher effect on women's empowerment. These results are robust to alternative measures of women's empowerment and financial inclusion, and alternative estimation procedures. We also find that the effect of financial inclusion on women's empowerment is higher in low and lower‐middle‐income countries compared with upper‐middle‐income countries in the region. This study provides evidence of one of the channels through which financial inclusion contributes to reducing gender inequality, and thereby enhancing economic development.

Financial inclusion refers to the rendering of financial services at an affordable cost to the vast sections of disadvantaged & low-income groups. Access to finance by the vulnerable groups especially by poor women is necessary for the eradication of poverty, employment, upliftment of socio-status and economic growth. Financial inclusion has become one of the most instinct and important aspects in the context of inclusive growth and sustainable development in the developing countries like India, as "without a sound financial system a nation is like a pen without ink". The Government of India and the RBI have been making coalescent efforts to promote financial inclusion as one of the important national objectives. Despite India leading the way, with popular banks in both the public and private sector being headed by female, access to finance by women in India has remained low. This paper focuses on the progress of financial inclusion, as a powerful instrument to empower women, initiatives taken by RBI and government of India and why women are lagging behind especially the poor women are excluded Is there any gender related barriers exist and its reasons.Key words: Financial Inclusion, Gender Inequality, Poverty Alleviation, Access, Women Empowerment, Labor Market.

Abstract Objectives: To describe the circumstances of inclusion of female nurses in the Second World War through the Brazilian Air Force, and discuss the challenges faced by and the achievements of these nurses. Methods: Socio-historical study developed with textual and photographic sources, in addition to oral sources through interviews with war veterans. Data were treated according to the historical method and discussed with concepts support from the theory of social world, by Pierre Bourdieu. Results: The research has demonstrated that the inclusion of female nurses to the Air Force was characterized by social and symbolic effects of war demands and gender boundaries. Conclusion: The great challenge was the official incorporation of women by the Brazilian Air Forces in the post-war period. For this purpose, the organization of a flight female nurses cadre during the conflict was fundamental. Moreover, the record of this history reiterates the Nursing's legacy and the necessity of preparation for care in chaos situations.