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The world's oil reserves are running low, which makes the government also implement a mandatory B30 policy starting in early 2020. With this policy, it is necessary to develop energy by utilizing renewable energy such as vegetable oil that can be converted into biodiesel. Waste cooking oil is one of the vegetable oils that has the potential to be processed into biodiesel because the use of waste cooking oil in Indonesia is still not developed. In this study, we report the yield of biodiesel from waste cooking oil with variations in the ratio of the number of moles and weight of heterogeneous catalysts. Biodiesel is made by esterification and transesterification with a heterogeneous catalyst (CaO), then a separation process is carried out to separate the biodiesel produced from the by-product in the form of glycerol. The separated biodiesel is then analyzed for density, viscosity, flash point, and pour point. The results showed that the best biodiesel was at a mole ratio of 1:24 with 3% CaO catalyst. Based on the analysis data, this biodiesel has the largest yield of 72.49% with a viscosity value of 4.9806 cSt, a flash point value of 72.5 oC, a pour point value of 0 oC, and a density value of 0.8662 g/ml and calorific value. 8837,302 cal/gram. With the results of the analysis, that are in accordance with the quality standards of SNI 7182:2015.

ABSTRACTOver the past decade, sensors and compact spectrometers have emerged as a powerful means for real‐time monitoring of chemical and biochemical processes in the field of process analytical technologies (PATs). This is largely attributed to cost‐efficiency and their robustness in near‐line applications. In comparison to more sophisticated laboratory instruments, these devices exhibit limited sensitivity and resolution. In this study, a combination of near‐infrared, low‐field 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and compact Raman spectrometers were employed for the process monitoring of the acid‐catalyzed esterification of isoamyl alcohol and acetic acid to isoamyl acetate. The resulting real‐time data were transformed and visualized for interpretation using two‐dimensional heterocovariance spectroscopy. The data were also subjected to pretreatment, concatenation, and multivariate analysis in accordance with low‐ and mid‐level data fusion. The spectral interpretation derived from heterocovariance spectroscopy provided support for the data pretreatment during data fusion. By applying these computational techniques, the inherent limitations of sensitivity and resolution associated with compact spectroscopic instruments could be overcome, thereby facilitating the interpretation of data and yielding further insights into the process under study. A comparison of the process parameters resulting from the applied methods indicated that consistent data could be obtained. This study demonstrates that heterocovariance spectroscopy and data fusion allow to enhance compact, less expensive analytical instruments for process monitoring and to acquire process knowledge. This, in turn, enables material, financial, and energy resources to be conserved.

In this work, the detection of zinc (Zn) ions that cause water pollution is studied using the CSNPs- Linker-alkaloids compound that was prepared by linking extracted alkaloids from Iraqi Catharanthus roseus plant with Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) using maleic anhydride. This compound is characterized by an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) which shows that it has an orthorhombic structure with crystallite size in the nano dimension. Zeta Potential results show that the CSNPs-Linker-alkaloids carried a positive charge of 54.4 mV, which means it possesses high stability. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) shows a new distinct band at 1708.93 cm-1 due to C=O esterification. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show that the CSNPs- Linker- alkaloids compound have two shapes in the nano dimension: spherical particles and nanotubes, which may be due to nuclei and growth processes, respectively. The energy gap calculated from the photoluminescence spectrum is equal to 2.5 eV. The Hall effect measurements prove that the synthesized CSNPs- Linker-alkaloids compound is a p-type semiconductor. The cycle voltammetry technique was used to detect the Zn ions in different concentrations in the water by modifying the electrochemical system's glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with a CSNPs-Linker-alkaloids compound. The modified electrode was used to detect Zn ions in the range of (1-8) ppm, which causes water pollution. The best sensor sensitivity R² equals 0.997 for oxidation and 0.993 for reduction. This modified electrode (GCE /CSNPs- Linker-alkaloids) acts as a good biosensor for heavy metals detection in water as well as for biophysics applications.

[EN] A postsynthetic treatment with diluted solutions of the inorganic HCl or H2SO4 acids was applied to functionalize the eight connected Zr-based metal-organic framework DUT-67 (DUT = Dresden University of Technology). During the treatment, it is possible to remove and exchange the pristine modulator (formate) by Cl(-)or SO(4)(2-)anions. The position of the chlorine in the crystal structure of DUT-67 after HCl treatment could be determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Moreover, by means of the acidic treatment the polarity of the network as well as its Bronsted acid strength are increased, which have a crucial impact on the catalytic performance. The improved catalytic activity of the acid-treated materials was demonstrated in the esterification of levulinic acid with ethanol. ; This project received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant No. 641887 (project acronym: DEFNET). The Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (program "Severo Ochoa"), the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Project No. MAT2014-52085-C2-1-P), and the German Research Foundation (Project No. KA 1698/19-1) are also acknowledged for financial support. ; Drache, F.; García Cirujano, F.; Nguyen, KD.; Bon, V.; Senkovska, I.; Llabrés I Xamena, FX.; Kaskel, S. (2018). Anion Exchange and Catalytic Functionalization of the Zirconium-Based Metal-Organic Framework DUT-67. Crystal Growth & Design. 18(9):5492-5500. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.8b00832 ; S ; 5492 ; 5500 ; 18 ; 9

33 Páginas; 2 Tablas; 2 Figuras ; 1 Scope The dietary intake of chlorophylls is estimated to be ≈50 mg d–1. However, their first pass metabolism and systemic assimilation is not well characterized. 2 Methods and results A group of 30 mice are fed a diet rich in chlorophylls, while 10 mice received a standard diet without chlorophylls (control group). Liver extracts are analyzed every 15 days by HPLC–ESI(+)/APCI(+)‐hrTOF– MS/MS to measure the accretion of specific chlorophyll metabolites. The chlorophyll profile found in the livers of mice fed a chlorophyll‐rich diet shows that the formation and/or absorption of pheophorbides, pyro‐derivatives, and phytyl‐chlorin e6 require the occurrence of a precise first‐pass metabolism. In addition, the apical absorption of pheorphorbide a‐rich micelles is significantly inhibited in Caucasian colon adenocarcinoma‐2 cells pre‐incubated with BLT1. 3 Conclusion Pheophorbide a absorption is, at least partly, protein‐mediated through SR‐BI. This active absorption process could explain the specific accumulation of pheophorbide a in the livers of animals fed a chlorophyll‐rich diet. A complementary mechanism could be the de‐esterification of pheophytin a in the liver, yielding pheophorbide a and phytol, which can explain the origin of phytol in the liver. Hence, the results suggest two molecular mechanisms responsible for the accumulation of the health‐promoting compounds pheophorbide and phytol. ; This work was supported by the Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología (CICYT‐EU, Spanish and European Government, grant number AGL 2015‐63890‐R). ; Peer reviewed

The legal environment and development conditions of transport biofuels were analyzed in this paper. Law conditions can be stimulating or inhibiting tool to develop new technologies, demand and supply. Authors also conducted the study about biofuels of 1st and 2nd generation. Great hopes are connected with the 2nd generation transport biofuels, which are produced from plants: non-energy or waste (e.g. FT-diesel, bio-DME spirit lignocellulosic bio-SNG). The 2 generation has better features for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions than biofuels of the 1st generation (i.e.: bioethanol formed by alcohol fermentation of esterification and biodiesel from rapeseed oil). Furthermore, National Indicative Target (NIT) linked with the reduction of CO2 were mentioned at this work. Only certified biofuels will be able to be taken into account for the calculation of national biofuel consumption NIT in transport in particular Union countries. ; У статті проаналізовані нормативно-правова база і умови розвитку транспортного біопалива. Автори також провели дослідження біопалива 1-го та 2-го покоління. Великі надії пов'язані з біопаливом 2-го покоління, яке виробляється з рослин або відходів, так як воно має кращі можливості для скорочення викидів парникових газів, ніж біопаливо 1-го покоління. ; В статье проанализированы нормативно-правовая база и условия развития транспортного биотоплива. Авторы также провели исследования биотоплива 1-го и 2-го поколения. Большие надежды связаны с биотопливом 2-го поколения, которое производится из растений или отходов, так как оно имеет лучшие возможности для сокращения выбросов парниковых газов, чем биотопливо 1-го поколения.

The legal environment and development conditions of transport biofuels were analyzed in this paper. Law conditions can be stimulating or inhibiting tool to develop new technologies, demand and supply. Authors also conducted the study about biofuels of 1st and 2nd generation. Great hopes are connected with the 2nd generation transport biofuels, which are produced from plants: non-energy or waste (e.g. FT-diesel, bio-DME spirit lignocellulosic bio-SNG). The 2 generation has better features for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions than biofuels of the 1st generation (i.e.: bioethanol formed by alcohol fermentation of esterification and biodiesel from rapeseed oil). Furthermore, National Indicative Target (NIT) linked with the reduction of CO2 were mentioned at this work. Only certified biofuels will be able to be taken into account for the calculation of national biofuel consumption NIT in transport in particular Union countries. ; У статті проаналізовані нормативно-правова база і умови розвитку транспортного біопалива. Автори також провели дослідження біопалива 1-го та 2-го покоління. Великі надії пов'язані з біопаливом 2-го покоління, яке виробляється з рослин або відходів, так як воно має кращі можливості для скорочення викидів парникових газів, ніж біопаливо 1-го покоління. ; В статье проанализированы нормативно-правовая база и условия развития транспортного биотоплива. Авторы также провели исследования биотоплива 1-го и 2-го поколения. Большие надежды связаны с биотопливом 2-го поколения, которое производится из растений или отходов, так как оно имеет лучшие возможности для сокращения выбросов парниковых газов, чем биотопливо 1-го поколения.

Persimmon fruit (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) production suffers great losses (15–20%) due to the inefficient overripening process. In order to valorise this waste, a compositional characterization of different fruit stages of the residues was done, and immature fruit was selected due to its high pectin and very high polyphenol content. A 3-level full factorial design was carried out to study the effect of temperature (70–95 °C) and low pH (0.5–1.5), on yield, degree of esterification, carbohydrate constituents, phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of the extracted pectin, and a complete polyphenol profile (UPLC-MS/MS) was performed on selected extracts. All responses could be accurately adjusted to the models (R2 > 80; lack of fit). Pectin yield, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity ranged from 1.4 to 4.5%, 53.3 ± 2.27 to 111.7 ± 9.74 mg GAE/g pectin and 0.29 ± 0.01 to 2.77 ± 0.04 TEAC (Trolox μmol/mg pectin), respectively. A strong pectin-polyphenol interaction was found, which significantly enhanced acid resistance of both the pectin and polyphenol constituents, with optimum yield and polyphenol content at pH 1 and 95 °C. These new pectin-based ingredients might have a great potential as functional foods or natural food ingredients enhancing the quality and shelf-life. ; This work was funded by grant RTI-2018-094268-B-C21 and RTI2018-094268-B-C22 (MCIU, AEI; FEDER, UE) . Mendez D. A. is supported by the Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation of the Colombian Government (783-2017) . A. Martinez-Abad is recipient of JdC (IJDC-2017-31255) contract from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness.

Watermelon is the second largest fruit crop worldwide, with great potential to valorise its rind waste. An experimental design was used to model how extraction parameters (temperature, pH, and time) impact on the efficiency of the process, purity, esterification degree, monosaccharide composition and molar mass of watermelon rind pectin (WRP), with an insight on changes in their structural properties (linearity, branching degree and extraction severity). The models for all responses were accurately fitted (R2 > 90%, lack of fit p ≥ 0.05) and experimentally validated. At optimum yield conditions, WRP yield (13.4%), purity (540 µg/g galacturonic acid) and molar mass (106.1 kDa) were comparable to traditional pectin sources but showed a higher branching degree with longer galactan side chains and a higher protein interaction. Harsher conditions (pH 1) generated purer homogalacturonan fractions with average molar masses (80 kDa) at the expense of yield, while mild extraction conditions (pH ≥ 2) produced highly branched entangled pectin structures. This study underlines novel compositional features in WRP and the possibility of producing novel customized pectin ingredients with a wider potential application scope depending on the targeted structure. ; This research was funded by the grant RTI-2018-094268-B-C22 (MCI/AEI/FEDER, EU). Mendez D. A. is supported by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (Minciencias) of the Colombian Government (783-2017). M. J. Fabra and A. Martinez-Abad are recipients of Ramon y Cajal (RYC-2014-158) and Juan de la Cierva (IJDC-2017-31255), respectively, from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness. ; Peer reviewed

A new alternative method for the production of biodiesel from rendered fat, including animal by‐product (ABP) Category 1 tallow, was evaluated. The method consists of a conversion phase, based on esterification and transesterification in a single step (at temperature ≥ 200°C, pressure ≥ 70 bar with a retention time ≥ 15 min), using MgO as a catalyst and in the presence of methanol (10–15%), followed by vacuum distillation (at ≥ 150°C, ≤ 10 mbar) of the end‐product, biodiesel and the co‐product, glycerine. Prions (PrPSc), which are abnormal isoforms of the prion protein, were considered by the applicant to be the most resistant hazard. In accordance with previous EFSA Opinions and current expert evaluation, a reduction in prion infectivity, or detectable PrPSc, of at least 6 log10 should be achieved for the process to be considered equivalent to the processing method laid down in the Regulation (EU) No 142/2011. Published data from an experimental replication of the conversion step of the biodiesel production process under consideration were provided, which showed an at least 6 log10 reduction in detectable PrPSc, by Western blot, in tallow that had been spiked with murine and human prion strains. In addition, it was demonstrated that the presence of methanol does not affect the recovery or detection of PrPSc from a biodiesel substrate. Based on scientific literature, the vacuum distillation step has been shown to be capable of achieving an additional 3 log10 reduction in PrPSc. Therefore, the proposed alternative method is considered to be at least equivalent to the processing method laid down in the legislation for the production of biodiesel from raw materials including Category 1 ABP. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Free-standing polyesters films from mono and polyhydroxylated fatty acids (C16 and C18) have been obtained by non-catalyzed melt-condensation polymerization in air at 150°C. Chemical characterization by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 13C Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (13C MAS–NMR) has confirmed the formation of the corresponding esters and the occurrence of hydroxyl partial oxidation, which extent depends on the type of hydroxylation of the monomer (primary or secondary). Generally, polyester films obtained are hydrophobic, insoluble in common solvents, amorphous and infusible as revealed by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. In ω-polyhydroxy acids, esterification reaction with primary hydroxyls is preferential and, therefore, the structure can be defined as linear with variable branching depending on the amount of esterified secondary hydroxyls. The occurrence side oxidative reactions like the diol cleavage are responsible for chain cross-linking. Films are thermally stable up to 200–250°C though this limit can be extended up to 300°C in the absence of ester bonds involving secondary hydroxyls. By analogy with natural occurring fatty polyesters (i.e., cutin in higher plants), these polymers are proposed as biodegradable and non-toxic barrier films or coatings to be used, for instance, in food packing. ; Funding is provided by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad under project CTQ2011-24299 and by the Consejería de Economía, Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo of the Andalussian Government (Junta de Andalucía-FEDER) grant TEP-7418. JH-G acknowledges the support of the Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship (BIOPROTO project). ; Peer reviewed ; Peer Reviewed

A new alternative method for the production of biodiesel from rendered fat, including animal by‐product (ABP) Category 1 tallow, was evaluated. The method consists of a conversion phase, based on esterification and transesterification in a single step (at temperature ≥ 200°C, pressure ≥ 70 bar with a retention time ≥ 15 min), using MgO as a catalyst and in the presence of methanol (10–15%), followed by vacuum distillation (at ≥ 150°C, ≤ 10 mbar) of the end‐product, biodiesel and the co‐product, glycerine. Prions (PrP(S) (c)), which are abnormal isoforms of the prion protein, were considered by the applicant to be the most resistant hazard. In accordance with previous EFSA Opinions and current expert evaluation, a reduction in prion infectivity, or detectable PrP(S) (c), of at least 6 log(10) should be achieved for the process to be considered equivalent to the processing method laid down in the Regulation (EU) No 142/2011. Published data from an experimental replication of the conversion step of the biodiesel production process under consideration were provided, which showed an at least 6 log(10) reduction in detectable PrP(S) (c), by Western blot, in tallow that had been spiked with murine and human prion strains. In addition, it was demonstrated that the presence of methanol does not affect the recovery or detection of PrP(S) (c) from a biodiesel substrate. Based on scientific literature, the vacuum distillation step has been shown to be capable of achieving an additional 3 log(10) reduction in PrP(S) (c). Therefore, the proposed alternative method is considered to be at least equivalent to the processing method laid down in the legislation for the production of biodiesel from raw materials including Category 1 ABP.

4 Figuras.- 7 Tablas.- Material suplementario disponible en línea en http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/9/12/992/s1 ; The catalytic co-pyrolysis of grape seeds and waste tyres for the production of high-quality bio-oils was studied in a pilot-scale Auger reactor using different low-cost Ca-based catalysts. All the products of the process (solid, liquid, and gas) were comprehensively analysed. The results demonstrate that this upgrading strategy is suitable for the production of better-quality bio-oils with major potential for use as drop-in fuels. Although very good results were obtained regardless of the nature of the Ca-based catalyst, the best results were achieved using a high-purity CaO obtained from the calcination of natural limestone at 900 °C. Specifically, by adding 20 wt% waste tyres and using a feedstock to CaO mass ratio of 2:1, a practically deoxygenated bio-oil (0.5 wt% of oxygen content) was obtained with a significant heating value of 41.7 MJ/kg, confirming its potential for use in energy applications. The total basicity of the catalyst and the presence of a pure CaO crystalline phase with marginal impurities seem to be key parameters facilitating the prevalence of aromatisation and hydrodeoxygenation routes over the de-acidification and deoxygenation of the vapours through ketonisation and esterification reactions, leading to a highly aromatic biofuel. In addition, owing to the CO2-capture effect inherent to these catalysts, a more environmentally friendly gas product was produced, comprising H2 and CH4 as the main components. ; This research was funded by MINECO and FEDER for their financial support (Project ENE2015-68320-R) and the Regional Government of Aragon (DGA) under the research groups call. ; Peer reviewed

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Molecular. Fecha de lectura: 29-10-2014 ; The need for updating the existing processes, or finding new methods to meet environmental and legislation requirements, is an imminent task for all Chemical Industries. The path towards sustainability encourages the interest to find alternatives to traditional methods; this way, biocatalysis appears as a potential alternative to cope with the basis of a 'greener' chemistry. The use of enzymes as catalysts includes important advantages: mild operational conditions (temperature, pressure and pH), the possibility of shortening the steps of synthesis using high efficient, and selective transformations, as well as, obtaining safer and purer chiral products. Nevertheless, to call the attention of industrial transformations, enzymes must gather a set of improvements before their application. In this concern, in the last decades, a wide research in different enzimatical, biological and engineering fields, has been developed and definitely, contributed to the emergence of the first biotransformations in the Industry. Immobilization is a powerful tool that when carefully designed, could deal with some of the drawbacks of enzymes as biocatalists for industrial applications, and improve interesting properties; this tool is the simplest way for to reduce the cost of the enzymatic biocatalists, making them reusable; but it also may stabilize the enzyme or change its specificity. In this thesis, a group of lipases were immobilized in different hydrophobic supports. This is an easy-­‐to-­‐perform method that gathers immobilization and purification. The pool of immobilized lipases prepared, and other commercial available biocatalists, were studied and compared in terms of stability against several inactivating media and activity using different substrates. Two important biotransformations were also studied using these biocatalysts; esterifications, employed for the ...

PUBLISHED ; We report on the modification of graphene oxide (GO) with polyvinylalcohol (PVA) leading to the mechanical improvement of GO based materials. First, GO was covalently functionalised with PVA by esterification of carboxylic groups on GO with hydroxyl groups of PVA resulting in functionalised f-(PVA)GO. This was carried out for PVA of six different molecular weights. This functionalised graphene oxide could be formed into a paper-like material by vacuum filtration. Papers prepared from f-(PVA)GO showed significant increases in mechanical properties compared to those prepared with GO or with simple mixtures of GO and PVA. The best performance was achieved for PVA functional groups with molecular weights between 50 and 150 kg/mol. Improvements in Young?s moduli of 60% and tensile strength of 400% were observed relative to GO-only paper. The improved mechanical properties are attributed to enhanced inter-flake stress transfer due to the covalently bonded PVA. Second, functionalised f-(PVA)GO was used as filler in PVA-based composites. The application of a pre-selection method allowed the use of only the largest functionalised f-(PVA)GO flakes. This resulted in substantially reinforced PVA-f-(PVA)GO composites. Both modulus and strength increased by 40% relative to the pure polymer for f-(PVA)GO loadings below 0.3 vol.%. ; The authors would like to acknowledge Science Foundation Ireland, (grant number 07/IN.7/I1772), Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) under project MAT2010-15026, Spanish Research Council CSIC under project 201080E124 and the Government of Aragon (DGA) under Project DGA-T66 CNN. M.C. thanks MICINN for her PhD contract and funding for research stay at TCD under FPI Programme BES-2008-003503.