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Two main problems have characterised the energy situation in the SADCC region over the last decade: cost and availability of petroleum supplies ; depletion of woodfuel recources. The SADCC energy programmes seek to address these priority concerns and to develop regional programmes aimed improving the ability of member states to meet these, and other important challenges

Within the foreseeable future, refrigerators will be using 30% less electricity in some countries. Homes in the United States will be emitting 4% less carbon dioxide. Dozens of other common energy-using products will have become cleaner and more energy efficient. And all because of the growing use of energy labels and standards in industrialised countries. Energy labels and standards are only one way in which governments can diminish energy use, improve performance and slash greenhouse gas emissions. But they have proved remarkably effective, and their use is steadily spreading. This report by

UID/CPO/04627/2013, PTDC/IVC-CPO/1295/2014. ; This publication reproduces presentations made at a workshop hosted by the PortugueseNational Defense Institute (IDN), under the framework of the project Geo4GER– Geopolitics of Gas and the Future of Euro-Russian Relations. This project, funded by thePortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and developed by the PortugueseInstitute of International Relations of Nova University of Lisbon (IPRI-UNL)in partnership with IDN, aims to analyse the complex and multidimensional relationshipgeopolitics of Euro-Russian gas, and develop alternative scenarios possible on thehorizon of the next twenty years. Starting from the idea that there is an multidirectionalinteraction between international policy, security environment, and energy, the Geo4GERaims to: (1) identify the political, economic and geopolitical trends that in the comingdecades can commit or facilitate the increased consumption and production of gas inEurope and in Russia; (2) predict the impact of these geopolitical changes, their implicationsfor gas production and consumption in Europe and Russia, and their consequencesfor the gas market; and (3) assess how changes in the gas market could affect the futureof Euro-Russian relations.Given the complexity of the vectors to consider in the analyses of this complexissue, the editors invited specialists to treat, in a rigorous and synthetic way, some of theaspects which they believe to represent the basic points the project aims to develop.These authors, with very different origins, experiences and academic backgrounds,brought greater diversity and richness to the "ways of seeing" this reality. In a context ofrapid changes, we believe their contribution will assure greater and more informedinformation about one major challenge in the coming decades, that energy security andEuro-Russian relations will bring to European societies, namely in what refers to naturalgas. ; publishersversion ; published

Prepared at the direction of the Special Task Force on Energy of the National Conference of State Legislatures with the support and cooperation of the Federal Energy Administration. ; Mode of access: Internet.

With increased awareness in the importance of energy to economic and social development, the need to attain energy security has increasingly become a paramount factor in the energy agenda of countries. To expand their energy options and reduce dependence on fossil fuel resource countries are exploiting and including renewable energy into their energy mix. This is especially pertinent for countries that are heavily dependent on fossil fuels and have poor energy access like Nigeria. Despite its huge resources, its energy sector is grossly underdeveloped, thereby creating an energy security gap. As such, this study examines the share of renewable energy in its current mix and analyses the possible effect of renewables on Nigeria's energy security if fully exploited. The study uses qualitative methods to assess the state of energy security, the renewable energy potential and integration level as well as its effect the energy security of the Nigeria. An energy security assessment framework was developed to tailor the peculiarities of the Nigerian energy system and this serves as a guide for this study. Existing literature focus on analyzing the state of energy security in Nigeria with focus on how all source of energy can by utilized, however, this study gives an updated status of energy security, renewable energy integration in Nigeria and most importantly projects the possible impacts renewable energy integration can have on its energy security. The study reveals that the Nigerian government is conscious of the challenge of energy security faced by the nation and there are attempts made by the government and private individuals and institution to increase the share of renewable energy in the energy mix. This is met by several challenges identified by this study, hence renewable energy integration has been too slow. The study argues that the government lacks implementation of renewable energy policies and need to include more renewable energy incentives. It also suggests the need to increase renewable energy incentives and ensure rapid completion of renewable energy projects in the nation. ; submittedVersion ; M-DS

Die Einführung neuartiger Energietechnologien wird allgemein als der Schlüssel zur Senkung klimaschädlicher Treibhausgase angesehen. Allerdings ist die Abbildung derartiger Technologien in numerischen Modellen zur Simulation und ökonomischen Analyse von energie- und klimaschutzpolitischen Maßnahmen vielfach noch rudimentär. Die Dissertation entwickelt neue Ansätze zur Einbindung von technologischen Innovationen in energie-ökonomische allgemeine Gleichgewichtsmodelle, mit dem Ziel den Energiesektor realitätsnäher abzubilden. Die Dissertation adressiert einige der Hauptkritikpunkte an allgemeinen Gleichgewichtsmodellen zur Analyse von Energie- und Klimapolitik: Die fehlende sektorale und technologische Disaggregation, die beschränkte Darstellung von technologischem Fortschritt, und das Fehlen von einem weiten Spektrum an Treibhausgasminderungsoptionen. Die Dissertation widmet sich zwei Hauptfragen: (1) Wie können technologische Innovationen in allgemeine Gleichgewichtsmodelle eingebettet werden? (2) Welche zusätzlichen und politikrelevanten Informationen lassen sich durch diese methodischen Erweiterungen gewinnen? Die Verwendung eines sogenannten Hybrid-Ansatzes, in dem neuartige Technologien für Stromerzeugung und Eisen- und Stahlherstellung in ein dynamisch multi-sektorales CGE Modell eingebettet werden, zeigt, dass technologiespezifische Effekte von großer Bedeutung sind für die ökonomische Analyse von Klimaschutzmaßnahmen, insbesondere die Effekte hinsichtlich von Technologiewechsel und dadurch bedingten Änderungen der Input- und Emissionsstrukturen. Darüber hinaus zeigt die Dissertation, dass Lerneffekte auf verschiedenen Stufen der Produktionskette abgebildet werden müssen: Für regenerative Energien, zum Beispiel, nicht nur bei der Anwendung von Stromerzeugungsanlagen, sondern ebenso auf der vorgelagerten Produktionsstufe bei der Herstellung dieser Anlagen. Die differenzierte Abbildung von Lerneffekten in Exportsektoren, wie zum Beispiel Windanlagen, verändert die Wirtschaftlichkeit und die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und hat wichtige Implikationen für die ökonomische Analyse von Klimapolitik. ; Energy technologies and innovation are considered to play a crucial role in climate change mitigation. Yet, the representation of technologies in energy-economy models, which are used extensively to analyze the economic, energy and environmental impacts of alternative energy and climate policies, is rather limited. This dissertation presents advanced techniques of including technological innovations in energy-economy computable general equilibrium (CGE) models. New methods are explored and applied for improving the realism of energy production and consumption in such top-down models. The dissertation addresses some of the main criticism of general equilibrium models in the field of energy and climate policy analysis: The lack of detailed sectoral and technical disaggregation, the restricted view on innovation and technological change, and the lack of extended greenhouse gas mitigation options. The dissertation reflects on the questions of (1) how to introduce innovation and technological change in a computable general equilibrium model as well as (2) what additional and policy relevant information is gained from using these methodologies. Employing a new hybrid approach of incorporating technology-specific information for electricity generation and iron and steel production in a dynamic multi-sector computable equilibrium model it can be concluded that technology-specific effects are crucial for the economic assessment of climate policy, in particular the effects relating to process shifts and fuel input structure. Additionally, the dissertation shows that learning-by-doing in renewable energy takes place in the renewable electricity sector but is equally important in upstream sectors that produce technologies, i.e. machinery and equipment, for renewable electricity generation. The differentiation of learning effects in export sectors, such as renewable energy technologies, matters for the economic assessment of climate policies because of effects on international competitiveness and economic output.

Abstract
In the first half of 2022 renewable energy electricity grew phenomenally across the world enabling decreases in electricity generation from fossil fuels and nuclear power. However, even this extraordinary growth has been insufficient to trigger a deep decarbonization of the power sector – a prerequisite for carbon neutrality. This means further accelerating renewable energy expansion is necessary. To achieve this new acceleration, taking even more advantage of renewable energy's strengths (economics and energy security) – magnified by the ongoing global energy crisis – and overcoming obstacles slowing down progress (integration challenges and public support) is critical.

Increase of energy efficiency remains as one of the major strategic objectives in Lithuania. Effective use of existing energy saving potential increases energy security and reduces emissions of greenhouse gas and other pollutants. In order to meet the growing energy demand and to reduce the negative impact of the energy sector on environment, increase of the role of renewable energy sources in the country's primary energy balance, as well as larger deployment of energy-efficient and smart technologies in all areas, including military structures, are required. When analysing energy security and energy efficiency, as the two interrelated aspects of the Lithuanian energy policy, assessment of the global energy trends in the world, the EU and neighbouring countries, expected developments in the modern technologies, as well as global aspirations to neutralize the threat of climate change was performed. The paper provides an overview of energy consumption trends in the European Union and Lithuania, energy policy in the NATO alliance, as well the current status of energy consumption in the Lithuanian National Defence System.