Suchergebnisse

The aim of this article is to explain educational reproduction in the Czech Lands between 1906 and 2003 from the perspective of educational mobility. Mobility trends in the intergenerational transmission of educational status identified in an analysis are presented in the context of findings on odds ratios in education and in a historical context. The analysis is based on observations of the intergenerational transmission of educational status, i.e. educational mobility, in two educational transitions between three educational levels (lower secondary, upper secondary, and higher education). Mobility tables and their log-linear analysis are used to help explain what mobility processes shape the educational inequalities that have proved stable over the long term and also odds ratios between the main levels of education. The article helps fill in the gap in knowledge about the long-term development of the educational structure in the historical Czech Lands and Czechoslovakia and provides information about typical mobility trajectories and varying mobility patterns in periods before 1948, between 1948 and 1989, and after 1989. An understanding of these structural contexts helps clarify what occurred in the past and what is occurring now in the area of unequal access to education and to explain one of the main findings from the analysis – that in Czech society the transmission of a family's educational status from one generation to the next continuously follows the same patterns.

Hauptmotive der gewanderten Personen im Bundesgebiet.

Themen: Bisheriger und künftiger Wohnort; Arbeitsort; Entfernung
zwischen neuem und letztem Wohnort; Beibehaltung der alten Wohnung;
Häufigkeit früherer Wohnortwechsel; Umzug anderer Familienmitglieder;
Familiengröße; Gründe des Wohnortwechsels; Pendlerverhalten.

Demographie: Alter (klassiert); Geschlecht; Familienstand;
Schulbildung; Berufsausbildung; Beruf; Berufstätigkeit; Haushaltsgröße;
Bundesland.

Zusätzlich verkodet wurden: Zentralitätsgrad der Gemeinde.

Black female (F) assertiveness began to develop with black migration to the cities. After the ghetto revolts of the late 1960s, it became associated with a growing gender shift in the urban black population. These phenomena are outlined historically & illustrated empirically. Data (not described) show that since the 1930s, black Fs have achieved relatively higher levels of education, entered more stable occupations, & been more active in social organizations than black males (Ms). Moreover, a study of leadership patterns & graduation rates in two small, predominantly black urban NJ school systems since the 1960s suggests a growing prominence & relative success of black F students. Similar trends are reported nationwide. They are deemed to greatly affect gender relations in the black urban population because they translate into differential access to "mobility regimes." Other factors contributing to the gender shift are differential socialization of black boys & girls, limited opportunity for Ms, & the ensuing disillusionment of single mothers with Ms failing to act as providers. 12 References. B. Convert

Introduction -- Railways and low-carbon mobility -- Part 1. Retrospect of the past: modal shift is important -- Railways and national carbon emissions from passenger travel in China -- Railways and regional carbon emissions from passenger travel in China -- Part 2. Current situation: competition and integration between railways and other transport modes -- Competition between railways and other transport modes -- Cooperation between railways and other transport modes -- Part 3. Prospects for the future: breaking institutional barriers -- Breaking institutional barriers in China -- Towards sustainable low-carbon mobility in China.

Abstract
One of the key concepts of the MIME (Mobility and Inclusion in Multilingual Europe) project is, obviously, 'inclusion'. However, precisely describing what the concept means is not as straightforward as it may seem. It has been used in different contexts in scientific literature. This paper attempts to contribute to the enfolding MIME-framework by critically reflecting upon the definition of 'inclusion'. Drawing upon theories of acculturation, three core concepts in minority literature, namely 'assimilation,' 'integration,' and 'inclusion' will be examined, and their differences demarcated. In the light of recent developments, such as transnationalism, it will be determined which concept is best suited to analyse contemporary accommodation processes of minorities in their countries of residence. After examining the trade-off between mobility and inclusion, a central topic in all MIMErelated research, some general conclusions about 'inclusion' and diversitymanagement will be drawn.

The 2004 reunification of Eastern and Western Europe and the subsequent economic crisis caused a surge in intra-European labour mobility and a profound shift in preceding patterns of migration in Europe. While previous decades of European integration brought very modest cross-border flows of labour, the past decade has engendered the largest European movements of labour in modern time mostly from East to West, but eventually also from South to North. In a situation of record high European unemployment, this has sparked controversy about the very notion of free movement, one of the basic foundations of the European Community, and has unleashed heated debates about the conditions, causes, and consequences of large-scale labour migration for receiving as well as sending societies. Against this background, this volume of Comparative Social Research will contribute to improve our understanding of the drivers, mechanisms, and effects of the past decade's surge in cross-border labour mobility and work related migration within Europe.

Preface -- Contents -- About the Author -- Acronyms -- 1 Introduction -- Abstract -- 2 Literature Review -- Abstract -- 2.1 Theories of International Labor Mobility -- 2.1.1 Early Work of Theory of International Labor Mobility -- 2.1.2 Theories of Reasons for International Labor Mobility -- 2.1.2.1 Neoclassical Economics: Macro Theory -- 2.1.2.2 Neoclassical Economics: Micro-theory -- 2.1.2.3 New Economics of Migration -- 2.1.2.4 Dual Labor Market Theory -- 2.1.2.5 World System Theory -- 2.2 Features of Current International Labor Mobility -- 2.2.1 Shift from Construction to Manufacturing, also to Services -- 2.2.2 Feminization of International Labor Mobility -- 2.2.3 The Effect of Unskilled Labor Mobility to the Employment of Host Country -- 2.3 Features of Labor Mobility in Asia -- 2.3.1 Non-permanent Mobility -- 2.3.2 Features of the Work Migrants Perform in Destination Countries in Asia -- 2.3.3 Feminization of Labor Mobility in Asia -- 2.3.4 Importance of the Role of Migration Agents -- 2.4 Skilled Migration -- 2.4.1 Brain Drain -- 2.4.1.1 Commencement of the Concept of "Brain Drain" -- 2.4.1.2 Negative Impact of Brain Drain to the Home Countries -- 2.4.1.3 Positive Switchover of "Brain Drain" -- 2.4.2 Brain Circulation -- 2.5 International Labor Mobility of Taiwan -- 2.5.1 About Unskilled Labor Mobility to Taiwan -- 2.5.2 Brain Circulation in Taiwan -- 2.5.3 Skilled Migration Around Taiwan and Policy Changes in the Twenty-First Century -- 2.5.4 Shortage of Highly Skilled Personnel in Taiwan in the Twenty-First Century -- 2.5.5 Migration Between Taiwan and China -- 2.6 Research Question -- References -- 3 Background of the Foreign Worker Introduction -- Abstract -- 3.1 The History of Introducing Foreign Workers into Taiwan -- 3.2 Supply and Demand in the Taiwanese Labor Market in Twenty-First Century -- 3.2.1 Condition of Labor Shortage

This book analyses the multifaceted ways law operates in the context of human mobility, as well as the ways in which human mobility affects law.

Migration law is conventionally understood as a tool to regulate human movement across borders, and to define the rights and limits related to this movement. But drawing upon the emergence and development of the discipline of mobility studies, this book pushes the idea of migration law towards a more general concept of mobility that encompass the various processes, effects, and consequences of movement in a globalized world. In this respect, the book pursues a shift in perspective on how law is understood. Drawing on the concepts of 'kinology' and 'kinopolitics' developed by Thomas Nail as well as 'mobility justice' developed by Mimi Sheller, the book considers movement and motion as a constructive force behind political and social systems; and hence stability that needs to be explained and justified. Tracing the processes through which static forms, such as state, citizenship, or border, are constructed and how they partake in production of differential mobility, the book challenges the conventional understanding of migration law. More specifically, and in revealing its contingent and unstable nature, the book reveals how human mobility is itself constitutive of law.

This interdisciplinary book will appeal to those working in the areas of migration and refugee law, citizenship studies, mobility studies, legal theory, and sociolegal studies.

The 2004 reunification of Eastern and Western Europe and the subsequent economic crisis caused a surge in intra-European labour mobility and a profound shift in preceding patterns of migration in Europe. While previous decades of European integration brought very modest cross-border flows of labour, the past decade has engendered the largest European movements of labour in modern time mostly from East to West, but eventually also from South to North. In a situation of record high European unemployment, this has sparked controversy about the very notion of free movement, one of the basic foundations of the European Community, and has unleashed heated debates about the conditions, causes, and consequences of large-scale labour migration for receiving as well as sending societies. Against this background, this volume of Comparative Social Research will contribute to improve our understanding of the drivers, mechanisms, and effects of the past decade's surge in cross-border labour mobility and work related migration within Europe.

To promote sustainable urban development, transport policies need to change from a car-oriented mobility planning paradigm to an accessibility-based paradigm, integrating land-use and transport policies. This paper uses the concept of planning paradigms to describe the current status of municipal transport planning and problem framing. The dominant transport planning paradigm of 172 Dutch municipalities is determined, based on a conceptual framework with 24 mobility and accessibility planning criteria. Statistical analysis is then conducted to find linkages between the planning paradigm and transport, land-use, and institutional characteristics of the municipalities. We show that the mobility planning paradigm still dominates Dutch municipal transport planning, and the accessibility planning paradigm is mostly found in large cities and highly urban municipalities. However, we do find indications of slow change in the transport planning paradigms in Dutch municipalities, as older policy documents are more (car) mobility focused than newer policy documents. Further research is necessary to examine the evolution of the paradigm shift in municipal transport planning over time and what factors promote the realization of such a paradigm shift.

Intro -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- List of Acronyms -- 1: Studying Migration and Mobility in the European Union -- Migration and EU population -- Key questions -- The EU's role -- Multilevel politics -- The paradox of Europe's borders -- The politicisation of migration -- The complexities of European migration politics and policy -- Organisation of the book -- 2: Migration and Migration Policy in Europe -- Migration and refugee flows in Europe since World War II -- Making sense of migration -- Labour migration -- The core dilemma -- Family migration -- The core dilemma -- Irregular migration -- The core dilemma -- Asylum and refugee flows -- The core dilemma -- Intra-EU mobility -- The core dilemma -- Integration -- The core dilemma -- Understanding the policy process: policy failure or securitisation? -- Policy failure -- Securitisation -- Understanding migration policymaking -- A framework for analysis of European migration politics -- 'Talk', 'decision' and 'action' -- Deliberate malintegration -- The policy stream -- Summary -- 3: The EU Dimension of Migration and Asylum Policy -- Stability and change -- The multilevel setting of EU policy -- EU institutions -- Schengen -- The Commission's role -- The JHA Council -- The European Council -- The European Parliament -- Relocation, relocation, relocation -- Spatial relocations of competence and capacity to act -- Temporal shifts in the making and operation of European migration policy -- A social relocation and its effects on migration and mobility in the EU -- Europeanisation -- Analysing the effects of EU migration and asylum policy -- Narratives and ideas -- Politics and political mobilisation -- Public administration -- Implementation -- Summary -- 4: Labour Migration -- Explaining labour migration policy -- Narratives -- Economic arguments -- Political debate.

The city of Yangon is home to over 5 million people, hosts Myanmar's largest port and produces a disproportionate share of national output. But a mobility crisis is undermining the city's economic potential and contributing to a deteriorating quality of life for its residents. The most obvious symptom of this crisis is acute traffic congestion. The proximate causes are clear: growing demand for journeys, a surge in vehicle numbers, a modal shift away from buses, and myriad 'flow disruptions'. However, solving this mobility crisis requires recognizing the underlying causes, including a 'congestion incentive spiral' fuelled by rapid liberalisation of vehicle imports in a context where there are few viable alternatives to buses and private automobiles. This situation is a direct consequence of systematic failures in urban planning, investment and regulation linked to active neglect from successive military regimes and dysfunctional institutional arrangements. To preserve its rich urban heritage, Yangon will need to embrace 21st century integrated planning practices that seek to maximise accessibility and mobility for all people rather than minimise traffic congestion for those who use cars.

AbstractThe Social Mobility Commission's most recent annual report is entitled State of the Nation 2022: A Fresh Approach to Social Mobility. We examine what in the report is new, whether explicitly or implicitly, and how far the newness serves to enhance our understanding of social mobility in Britain today and is of relevance to problems and policy issues that arise. We find that the supposed greater attention to the findings of academic research is selective and, overall, quite limited; that the proposed new focus on 'small steps upwards' shifts attention away from what are the most serious and enduring instances of inequality of opportunity in British society; that the emphasis on individual agency as a means of overcoming disadvantaged social origins neglects the role of agency in maintaining inequality in mobility chances; and that the determinedly upbeat tone of the report raises questions of the independence of the Social Mobility Commission, under its present leadership, as a body charged with holding governments to account in their efforts to ensure that 'the circumstances of birth do not determine outcomes in life'.

Examines the crucial events, shifts, & discontinuities that characterize Iraq's changing position within the world system over the past half century. These elements cannot be studied independent of transformations in the historic weak state/strong bourgeoisie configuration, nor can they be examined apart from world conditions. The outcome of Iraq's attempts at semiperipheral mobility is also determined by the global petroleum hunger & geopolitical situation. 53 References. Adapted from the source document.