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Human natural languages use quantifiers as ways to designate the number of objects of a set. They include numerals, such as ``three'', or circumscriptions, such as ``a few''. The latter are not only underdetermined but also context dependent. We provide a cultural-evolution explanation for the emergence ofsuch quantifiers, focusing in particular on the role of environmental constraints on strategy choices. Through a series of situated interaction experiments, we show how acommunity of robotic agents can self-organize a quantification system. Different perceptions of the scene make underdetermined quantifiers useful and environments in which the distribution of objects exhibits some degree of predictability createsfavorable conditions for context-dependent quantifiers.

Cover -- Contents -- I. Introduction -- II. The Model Economy -- A. Technology -- B. Preferences and Endowments -- C. Market Arrangements -- D. The Dynamic Programming Problem of Households -- E. The Firm's Problem -- F. Government -- G. The Financial Institution's Problem -- H. Stationary Equilibrium -- III. Calibration -- A. Micro-level Data on Income and Wealth -- B. Preference and Production -- C. Monetary and Fiscal Policy -- D. Income Process -- E. Financial Market Frictions -- IV. Results -- A. Benchmark Calibration -- B. Counterfactual Experiments -- Changed Income Process -- Changed Inflation -- Changed Adjustment Cost -- Changed Borrowing Constraint -- Changed Fiscal Policy -- C. Accounting for Changes and Welfare Analysis -- V. Conclusion -- Appendix I - Computation of the model -- Appendix II - Date Description -- References -- List of Tables -- Table 1: Descriptive Statistics on Reported Incomes and Wealth -- Table 2: Estimation of Income Process, CHIPS 1995 and CHIPS 2002 -- Table 3: The transition matrix of the Discretized Income Process -- Table 4: Calibration of parameter values of the Chinese Economy in 1995 and 2002 -- Table 5: Key macroeconomic statistic based on model under benchmark calibration and data -- Table 6: Counter-Factual Experiments --- Effect at the aggregate level -- Table 7: Counterfactual Experiments --- Effect on wealth distributions -- Table 8: Accounting changes from 1995 to 2002 -- Table A1: Households Characteristics -- Table A2: Descriptive Statistics on reported incomes: CHIPS 1995 and CHIPS 2002 -- Table A3: Descriptive Statistics on Wealth distribution in 1995 and 2002 -- List of Figures -- Figure 1: The wealth distribution and Lorenz Curve, 1995 Calibrated Economy Vs 2002 Calibrated Economy.

Although there are compelling theoretical reasons to believe that unequal political representation in a legislature leads to an unequal distribution of funds, testing such theories empirically is challenging because it is difficult to separate the effects of representation from the effects of either population levels or changes. We leverage the natural experiment generated by infrequent and discrete census apportionment cycles to estimate the distributional effects of malapportionment in the U.S. House of Representatives. We find that changes in representation cause changes in the distribution of federal outlays to the states. Our method is exportable to any democratic system in which reapportionments are regular, infrequent, and nonstrategic.

AbstractConsider a class of discrete probability distributions with a limited support. A typical example of such support is some variant of a Likert scale, with a response mapped to either the $$\{1, 2, \ldots , 5\}$$

{
1
,
2
,
…
,
5
}

or $$\{-3, -2, \ldots , 2, 3\}$$

{
-
3
,
-
2
,
…
,
2
,
3
}

set. Such type of data is common for Multimedia Quality Assessment but can also be found in many other research fields. For modelling such data a latent variable approach is usually used (e.g., Ordered Probit). In many cases it is convenient or even necessary to avoid latent variable approach (e.g., when dealing with too small sample size). To avoid it the proper class of discrete distributions is needed. The main idea of this paper is to propose a family of discrete probability distributions with only two parameters that play the same role as the parameters of the normal distribution. We call the new class the Generalised Score Distribution (GSD). The proposed GSD class covers the entire set of possible means and variances, for any fixed and finite support. Furthermore, the GSD class can be treated as an underdispersed continuation of a reparametrized beta-binomial distribution. The GSD class parameters are intuitive and can be easily estimated by the method of moments. We also offer a Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) algorithm for the GSD class and evidence that the class properly describes response distributions coming from 24 Multimedia Quality Assessment experiments. At last, we show that the GSD class can be represented as a sum of dichotomous zero–one random variables, which points to an interesting interpretation of the class.

The paper analyses the impact of communication about fairness on individual distribution decisions, and it focuses on three fairness ideals; strict egalitarianism, liberal egalitarianism, and libertarianism. A dictator game experiment with production and two treatments, one with and one without pre-play communication, is run. In the communication phase the individuals face three hypothetical distribution situations involving three fairness ideals. They are asked to choose the fairness ideal they think will imply the fairest distribution in the hypothetical situations. The decision is communicated to the opponents in the distribution phase.The study compares data from the two treatments and tests if communication about fairness has an effect, and how this effect works. Three models of how communication affects distribution are estimated; the integrity model, the compromise model and the self-serving model. The information exchange has an impact on both the weight individuals attach to fairness considerations and on their overall fairness considerations. The weight individuals attach to fairness considerations increases and there is a certain degree of heterogeneity in the population with respect to how most people process information.

The authors offer works using the MMF INR RAS neutron channel to study the cluster structures in light
nuclei, in particular, 𝛼-4n-𝛼 and 8Be-4n in the highly excited state 12Be*. This needs the registration of
charged particles from the 12Be* 𝛽-decay during its formation in the 𝑛+13C reaction in the intervals between
cascade neutron pulses. The paper presents the first results of an experiment on measuring the spectra and
time distributions of gamma-quanta and neutrons using a proton beam of 50 Hz and a duration of 0.3 𝜇s.

We combine the choice data of proposers and responders in the ultimatum game, their expectations elicited in the form of subjective probability questions, and the choice data of proposers (dictators) in a dictator game to estimate a structural model of decision making under uncertainty. We use a large and representative sample of subjects drawn from the Dutch population. Our results indicate that there is considerable heterogeneity in preferences for equity in the population. Changes in preferences have an important impact on decisions of dictators in the dictator game and responders in the ultimatum game, but a smaller impact on decisions of proposers in the ultimatum game, a result due to proposer's subjective expectations about responders' decisions. The model which uses subjective data on expectations has better predictive power and lower noise level than a model which assumes that players have rational expectations.

The enlargement of the European Union in 2004 caused a large migration wave from Central Europe to Ireland and the UK. This paper addresses the question whether such an emigration wave changes the wage distribution in the source country. In a theoretical model of a labor market I show that some groups of stayers gain, while others lose from emigration. This outcome depends on the degree of subsitutability between different groups of workers, as well as on skill distribution of emigrants. Using microdata from Lithuania, I simulate the post-2004 emigration wave based on the theoretical model and calculate the resulting changes in wages for different groups of workers. I nd that the wages of young workers increased by around 6% while the wages of older workers decrease by around 2%. The wage increase for young workers is the result of the supply shift: most of the emigrants were young, so that young workers who stay behind become a more scarce resource in the labor market. At the same time, the emigration of young workers decreases the labor demand for older workers, which results in a decrease of their wages.

A widely used modification of probability sampling techniques involves the use of quotas at the last level of a multistage area probability sample. This technique, known as 'probability sampling with quotas' (PSQ), avoids many problems of the heavily-criticized quota samples of two decades ago. Studied was whether bias results from the nonprobability aspects of PSQ designs. National survey data from the 1975/76 General Social Surveys, which were conducted with a split sample design for this purpose, were examined using crosstabulations & differences of means. Each survey included over 200 variables & about 1,500 interviews, 50% of which were conducted with PSQ methods & 50% with the more rigorous area-probability designs, as used on the GSS, yield different distributions of household size measures, men's employment status, & some characteristics (including sex) related to response rates. Otherwise, statistical significance estimates, corrected for the effects of cluster sampling, were compatible with the hypothesis that the two techniques produce the same distributions on the broad range of questions examined. 3 Tables. AA.

We examine the predictive validity of survey-measured left-right political ideology by testing whether this measure is able to explain observed choices regarding equality versus efficiency. We study this in a real-effort distribution experiment, in which decision-makers allocate money equally or efficiently. We distinguish between decision-makers that receive 'manna-from-heaven' and decision-makers that have earned the money to be distributed in a real effort task. We find that, conditional on entitlement concerns, self-reported right-wing ideology significantly predicts preferences for efficiency. Reported left-wing ideology does not have predictive value in explaining preferences for equality.