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This article takes the long-standing fact of deviations from the principle of representation by population in Canada as the starting point and asks whether the consequence is the dilution of visible minority votes. It calculates visible minority voting power and compares it to the voting strength of voters who are not visible minorities for the 2004 federal electoral map using 2006 Census data and for provincial electoral districts. We conclude that vote dilution exists and is concentrated in the ridings with the largest proportions of visible minorities. Visible minority vote dilution carries special significance in light of demographic, policy and constitutional considerations. The article concludes by offering some suggestions for how the electoral boundary commissions that set the contours of ridings can address visible minority vote dilution, as well as possible legislative amendments.

Dans cet article nous pointons deux types de tensions qui conduisent à une forme de dilution de l'analyse de l'action publique européenne : dans la littérature anglo-saxonne on peut constater un décalage entre des travaux empiriques renvoyant aux préoccupations et aux découpages institutionnels existants et ceux cherchant à appliquer des cadres théoriques généraux dans une logique de normalisation ; dans les travaux français la place prise par des travaux de sociologie politique permettant une meilleure connaissance des acteurs présent dans les arènes européennes a conduit à faire passer au second plan la question de leur action sur les enjeux de politiques publiques. C'est pourquoi nous plaidons ici pour un double décloisonnement : d'une part, entre différents modèles théoriques, d'autre part entre les perspectives dominantes de la littérature internationale (meso et macro) et celles des recherches françaises (plus micro).

This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, under Award No. DE-SC0015947 (scanning SQUID imaging and implementation of millikelvin microscopes) and the Cornell Center of Materials Research with funding from the NSF MRSEC program under Award No. DMR-1719875 (SQUID and microscope design). Fabrication of the microstructures was supported by the Max Planck Society and by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) (Grant No. MO 3077/1-1) and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant Agreement No. 715730). ; We report a scanning superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) microscope in a cryogen-free dilution refrigerator with a base temperature at the sample stage of at least 30 mK. The microscope is rigidly mounted to the mixing chamber plate to optimize thermal anchoring of the sample. The microscope housing fits into the bore of a superconducting vector magnet, and our design accommodates a large number of wires connecting the sample and sensor. Through a combination of vibration isolation in the cryostat and a rigid microscope housing, we achieve relative vibrations between the SQUID and the sample that allow us to image with micrometer resolution over a 150 µm range while the sample stage temperature remains at base temperature. To demonstrate the capabilities of our system, we show images acquired simultaneously of the static magnetic field, magnetic susceptibility, and magnetic fields produced by a current above a superconducting micrometer-scale device. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed