Suchergebnisse

In the article the matiraly medical and historical works of a foreign doctor for dominance of the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires Romanian, Ukrainian doctors and historians of medicine during the "Ukrainian revival" Diaspora physicians and independentUkraine. History of medicine as a branch of science in the lands ofUkrainehas passed a difficult and arduous journey. Description in the annals of the acts of the monks-healers Agapito, Panteleimon, Feodosiya and other can be considered one of the first rudiments for later "dictionaries of Ukrainian doctors," a similar description of the first leccy doctors are beginning of the world history of medicine. Materials on the history of folk medicine, the monastery, Cossack, craft of medicine are in the ancient manuscripts and peredryag. However, theUkraine, deprived of statehood, could not become the path of normal development of their culture, science and education. For centuries of enslavement academic institutions were in the hands of the authorities, mainly of the hostile attitude to the culture and language of the indigenous Ukrainian population. Recall Valuev and EMS decrees of the tsarist regime, the liquidation of the Polish sanation government Ukrainian chairs at LvivUniversityand the numerus clausus on the admission of Ukrainian students. Bukovina region, which during the years 1800-1900 was underAvsto,HungaryandRomania, had a rather stable development of medical industry and infrastructure. Despite the significant lack of doctors and medical personnel have been established system of sanitary-epidemiological surveillance, public health, including the provision of care in such professional groups as soldiers, artisans, etc., and System pregnant women during childbirth, working under the close supervision of regional councils and administatsiyi. The buildings of medical institutions, designed and built in the years and has been working as the hospitals of the city ofChernivtsiand Chernivtsi region. ; L'article décrit les travaux médico-historique matiraly d'autres nationalités médecins pour la domination des empires russe et austro-hongrois, roumain, les médecins ukrainiens et les historiens de la médecine au cours de la « renaissance ukrainienne des » médecins de la diaspora et de l'Ukraine indépendante. région de Bucovine, qui, dans la période de 1800-1900 ans était sous l'Autriche-Hongrie et la Roumanie, avait suffisamment le développement durable de l'industrie de la santé et des infrastructures connexes. La construction d'hôpitaux, conçu et construit dans les années et travaille actuellement comme les institutions médicales de la région de Tchernivtsi et Tchernivtsi. ; В статье рассмотрены матиралы медико-исторических трудов инонациональных врачей за господство Российской и Австро-Венгерской, Румынской империй, украинских врачей и историков медицины в период «украинского возрождения», врачей диаспоры и независимой Украины. Буковинский край, который в период 1800-1900 годов находился под Австро-Венгрией и Румынией, имел достаточно устойчивое развитие медицинской отрасли и соответствующей инфраструктуры. Здания лечебных учреждений, спроектированные и построенные в те годы, и по настоящее время работают как лечебные учреждения города Черновцы и Черновицкой области. ; У статті розглянуті матірали медико-історичних праць інонаціональних лікарів за панування Російської та Австро-Угорської, Румунської імперій, українських лікарів та істориків медицини в період «українського відродження», лікарів діаспори і незалежної України. Буковинський край, який в період 1800-1900 років перебував під Австро-Угорщиною і Румунією, мав досить сталий розвиток медичної галузі та відповідної інфраструктури. Будинки лікувальних закладів, спроектовані і побудовані в ті роки, і по теперішній час працюють як лікувальні установи міста Чернівці та Чернівецької області.

In the article the matiraly medical and historical works of a foreign doctor for dominance of the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires Romanian, Ukrainian doctors and historians of medicine during the "Ukrainian revival" Diaspora physicians and independentUkraine. History of medicine as a branch of science in the lands ofUkrainehas passed a difficult and arduous journey. Description in the annals of the acts of the monks-healers Agapito, Panteleimon, Feodosiya and other can be considered one of the first rudiments for later "dictionaries of Ukrainian doctors," a similar description of the first leccy doctors are beginning of the world history of medicine. Materials on the history of folk medicine, the monastery, Cossack, craft of medicine are in the ancient manuscripts and peredryag. However, theUkraine, deprived of statehood, could not become the path of normal development of their culture, science and education. For centuries of enslavement academic institutions were in the hands of the authorities, mainly of the hostile attitude to the culture and language of the indigenous Ukrainian population. Recall Valuev and EMS decrees of the tsarist regime, the liquidation of the Polish sanation government Ukrainian chairs at LvivUniversityand the numerus clausus on the admission of Ukrainian students. Bukovina region, which during the years 1800-1900 was underAvsto,HungaryandRomania, had a rather stable development of medical industry and infrastructure. Despite the significant lack of doctors and medical personnel have been established system of sanitary-epidemiological surveillance, public health, including the provision of care in such professional groups as soldiers, artisans, etc., and System pregnant women during childbirth, working under the close supervision of regional councils and administatsiyi. The buildings of medical institutions, designed and built in the years and has been working as the hospitals of the city ofChernivtsiand Chernivtsi region. ; L'article décrit les travaux médico-historique matiraly d'autres nationalités médecins pour la domination des empires russe et austro-hongrois, roumain, les médecins ukrainiens et les historiens de la médecine au cours de la « renaissance ukrainienne des » médecins de la diaspora et de l'Ukraine indépendante. région de Bucovine, qui, dans la période de 1800-1900 ans était sous l'Autriche-Hongrie et la Roumanie, avait suffisamment le développement durable de l'industrie de la santé et des infrastructures connexes. La construction d'hôpitaux, conçu et construit dans les années et travaille actuellement comme les institutions médicales de la région de Tchernivtsi et Tchernivtsi. ; В статье рассмотрены матиралы медико-исторических трудов инонациональных врачей за господство Российской и Австро-Венгерской, Румынской империй, украинских врачей и историков медицины в период «украинского возрождения», врачей диаспоры и независимой Украины. Буковинский край, который в период 1800-1900 годов находился под Австро-Венгрией и Румынией, имел достаточно устойчивое развитие медицинской отрасли и соответствующей инфраструктуры. Здания лечебных учреждений, спроектированные и построенные в те годы, и по настоящее время работают как лечебные учреждения города Черновцы и Черновицкой области. ; У статті розглянуті матірали медико-історичних праць інонаціональних лікарів за панування Російської та Австро-Угорської, Румунської імперій, українських лікарів та істориків медицини в період «українського відродження», лікарів діаспори і незалежної України. Буковинський край, який в період 1800-1900 років перебував під Австро-Угорщиною і Румунією, мав досить сталий розвиток медичної галузі та відповідної інфраструктури. Будинки лікувальних закладів, спроектовані і побудовані в ті роки, і по теперішній час працюють як лікувальні установи міста Чернівці та Чернівецької області.

Correction and resocialization of convicts today is a stable legal structure that has been repeatedly used in legal acts and leading research. Meanwhile, historically, "correction" has been used in domestic law alongside "re-education". "Rehabilitation" and "reintegration" are familiar to international law. The mixing and unsystematic application of the above and a number of other legal terms is not uncommon, which encourages a more detailed study of their essence and relationship between them.
The article is devoted to the research of the terms "correction", "education", "resocialization", "social adaptation", "social rehabilitation" and "reintegration". The authors set out to focus on a generalized study of: 1) the historical context, 2) the period of existence of legal relations, defined by the relevant term, 3) the essence and content, 4) features of regulation and based on analysis of the provisions of current legislation and views in the scientific literature to outline the boundaries of each of the above terms and indicate the features of their relationship.
To conduct the widest possible analysis, the authors used the current legislation of Ukraine, domestic and foreign scientific literature, dictionaries, draft laws, provisions of ECtHR decisions, and documents prepared by the UN Office on Drugs and Crime. The analysis was conducted taking into account not only the criminal-executive understanding of the above concepts, but also their philosophical, social, political, medical and so on.
According to the results of the research, a generalized understanding of each of these terms was formed and compared with each other. The authors came to the conclusion that the current legislation needs to be modernized and brought in line with international regulations, where instead of "correction" and "resocialization" of convicts use the terms "social rehabilitation" and "reintegration".

Correction and resocialization of convicts today is a stable legal structure that has been repeatedly used in legal acts and leading research. Meanwhile, historically, "correction" has been used in domestic law alongside "re-education". "Rehabilitation" and "reintegration" are familiar to international law. The mixing and unsystematic application of the above and a number of other legal terms is not uncommon, which encourages a more detailed study of their essence and relationship between them. The article is devoted to the research of the terms "correction", "education", "resocialization", "social adaptation", "social rehabilitation" and "reintegration". The authors set out to focus on a generalized study of: 1) the historical context, 2) the period of existence of legal relations, defined by the relevant term, 3) the essence and content, 4) features of regulation and based on analysis of the provisions of current legislation and views in the scientific literature to outline the boundaries of each of the above terms and indicate the features of their relationship. To conduct the widest possible analysis, the authors used the current legislation of Ukraine, domestic and foreign scientific literature, dictionaries, draft laws, provisions of ECtHR decisions, and documents prepared by the UN Office on Drugs and Crime. The analysis was conducted taking into account not only the criminal-executive understanding of the above concepts, but also their philosophical, social, political, medical and so on. According to the results of the research, a generalized understanding of each of these terms was formed and compared with each other. The authors came to the conclusion that the current legislation needs to be modernized and brought in line with international regulations, where instead of "correction" and "resocialization" of convicts use the terms "social rehabilitation" and "reintegration"

Abstract
Scientific, medical, and technological knowledge has transformed our world, but we still poorly understand the nature of scientific methodology. Science textbooks, science dictionaries, and science institutions often state that scientists follow, and should follow, the universal scientific method of testing hypotheses using observation and experimentation. Yet, scientific methodology has not been systematically analyzed using large-scale data and scientific methods themselves as it is viewed as not easily amenable to scientific study. Using data on all major discoveries across science including all Nobel Prize and major non-Nobel Prize discoveries, we can address the question of the extent to which "the scientific method" is actually applied in making science's groundbreaking research and whether we need to expand this central concept of science. This study reveals that 25% of all discoveries since 1900 did not apply the common scientific method (all three features)—with 6% of discoveries using no observation, 23% using no experimentation, and 17% not testing a hypothesis. Empirical evidence thus challenges the common view of the scientific method. Adhering to it as a guiding principle would constrain us in developing many new scientific ideas and breakthroughs. Instead, assessing all major discoveries, we identify here a general, common feature that the method of science can be reduced to: making all major discoveries has required using sophisticated methods and instruments of science. These include statistical methods, particle accelerators, and X-ray methods. Such methods extend our mind and generally make observing, experimenting, and testing hypotheses in science possible, doing so in new ways and ensure their replicability. This provides a new perspective to the scientific method—embedded in our sophisticated methods and instruments—and suggests that we need to reform and extend the way we view the scientific method and discovery process.

[EN] Globalization has dramatically increased the need of translating information from one language to another. Frequently, such translation needs should be satisfied under very tight time constraints. Machine translation (MT) techniques can constitute a solution to this overly complex problem. However, the documents to be translated in real scenarios are often limited to a specific domain, such as a particular type of medical or legal text. This situation seriously hinders the applicability of MT, since it is usually expensive to build a reliable translation system, no matter what technology is used, due to the linguistic resources that are required to build them, such as dictionaries, translation memories or parallel texts. In order to solve this problem, we propose the application of automatic post-editing in an online learning framework. Our proposed technique allows the human expert to translate in a specific domain by using a base translation system designed to work in a general domain whose output is corrected (or adapted to the specific domain) by means of an automatic post-editing module. This automatic post-editing module learns to make its corrections from user feedback in real time by means of online learning techniques. We have validated our system using different translation technologies to implement the base translation system, as well as several texts involving different domains and languages. In most cases, our results show significant improvements in terms of BLEU (up to 16 points) with respect to the baseline systems. The proposed technique works effectively when the n-grams of the document to be translated presents a certain rate of repetition, situation which is common according to the document-internal repetition property. ; Work partially supported by the European Union 7th Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under the CasMaCat Project (Grant Agreement No. 287576), by Spanish MICINN under Grant TIN2012-31723, and by the Generalitat Valenciana under Grant ALMPR ALMAMATER ...

Social research on recent technological developments, such as "big data" or artificial intelligence, point to a certain ambivalence or bipolarity in the different spheres of communication where they are referred to, or even in the common sense of the different social groups. Thus, for example, there is a rhetoric favorable to these technologies that identifies them with some opportunities for different commercial sectors, such as industry 4.0, or with the benefits that they could bring in the medical field; At the same time, a critical discourse points out the risks involved in terms of advancing privacy, media and political manipulation, or the origin of new inequalities or situations of injustice. In this paper we propose a polarity analysis on a corpus of sentences that include the term "big data", constructed from news collected from Argentine online newspapers. In particular, we propose two approaches that combined will allow a more robust analysis: Analysis through the use of lexicons and dictionaries, another through the use of classifiers. This work will allow us to classify the sentences to deepen the understanding of this topic. Keywords: Big data, classifiers, artificial intelligence. ; Investigaciones sociales en torno a desarrollos tecnológicos recientes, tales como el "big data" o la inteligencia artificial, señalan una cierta ambivalencia o bipolaridad en los distintos ámbitos de comunicaciones donde los refieren, o incluso en el sentido común de los distintos grupos sociales. Así, por ejemplo, hay una retórica favorable a estas tecnologías que las identifica con algunas oportunidades para distintos sectores comerciales, tales como la industria 4.0, o con los beneficios que podría aportar en el campo médico; a la vez que un discurso crítico señala los riesgos que con llevan en materia de avance sobre la privacidad, manipulación mediática y política, o en el origen de nuevas desigualdades o situaciones de injusticia. En este trabajo proponemos un análisis de polaridad sobre un corpus de oraciones que incluyen el término "big data", construido a partir de noticias recogidas de periódicos online argentinos. Particularmente, proponemos dos abordajes que combinados permitirán un análisis más robusto: Análisis por medio del uso de lexicones y diccionario, otro por medio del uso de clasificadores. Este trabajo permitirá clasificar las oraciones para profundizar el entendimiento de esta temática. Palabras clave: Big data, clasificadores, inteligencia artificial.

The article covers the study of industry-specific vocabulary in Ukrainian translated lexicography of the early twentieth century (post-revolutionary era). The analysis is based on the "Moscow-Ukrainian Dictionary" (1918) written by V.Dubrovskyi. Sector-specific vocabulary in the analyzed source has its remarks as most lexicographical works have. We selected all marked units with the help of a specially created lexicographic system. The previously published article has its detailed description. The studied material thus, counts around 4 % of industry-specific words. According to our calculations, the most numerically predominant dictionary units are the units of both biology (including botanical, zoological and anatomical terms) and medicine. The most numerous nomenclature is the botanical one. To one Russian word, we can find multiple Ukrainian equivalents including various dialectal, regional, folk names, etc. Generally speaking, synonymy is a prevailing phenomenon to many fields of knowledge. The zoological nomenclature is quite frequent in the analyzed dictionary too. There are many names of animals (mostly non-local) that cannot be found in the Ukrainian language today. They are absent in modern lexicographical works too. Many of them even cannot be found in the dictionaries of the post-revolutionary era. Many little-known, colloquial, dialectal and even stylistically reduced names are can be found in the field of anatomy. Numerous names of diseases that are recorded in the "Moscow-Ukrainian Dictionary" are not part of the common medical terminology. Comparing to the above mentioned fields, the analyzed work presents fewer terms from the field of grammar, mineralogy, mathematics, chemistry, music, military affairs, and technology. The biggest number of words that belong to the modern Ukrainian scientific language can be found in the fields of grammar, mathematics and chemistry. Few single terms that were mentioned in the dictionary belong to such sciences as veterinary medicine, hunting, construction, etc. Consequently, the "Moscow-Ukrainian Dictionary" contains a number of industry-specific vocabulary that is not registered in the modern Ukrainian scientific language. Moreover, synonymy is considered to be a prevailing phenomenon, despite being not typically used in all industries. Largely as a result of the analysis made, the author indeed desires to choose Ukrainian terms that would be as different as possible from the Russian equivalents. ; Статтю присвячено дослідженню української галузевої лексики, зафіксованої у «Словнику московсько-українському» (1918 р.) В.Дубровського. Відбір її здійснено за допомогою спеціально створеної програми. Підраховано й подано приблизну кількість усіх маркованих одиниць. З'ясовано характерні особливості фахових слів у досліджуваній праці, зроблено порівняння із сучасними відповідниками.

Correction and resocialization of convicts today is a stable legal structure that has been repeatedly used in legal acts and leading research. Meanwhile, historically, "correction" has been used in domestic law alongside "re-education". "Rehabilitation" and "reintegration" are familiar to international law. The mixing and unsystematic application of the above and a number of other legal terms is not uncommon, which encourages a more detailed study of their essence and relationship between them. The article is devoted to the research of the terms "correction", "education", "resocialization", "social adaptation", "social rehabilitation" and "reintegration". The authors set out to focus on a generalized study of: 1) the historical context, 2) the period of existence of legal relations, defined by the relevant term, 3) the essence and content, 4) features of regulation and based on analysis of the provisions of current legislation and views in the scientific literature to outline the boundaries of each of the above terms and indicate the features of their relationship. To conduct the widest possible analysis, the authors used the current legislation of Ukraine, domestic and foreign scientific literature, dictionaries, draft laws, provisions of ECtHR decisions, and documents prepared by the UN Office on Drugs and Crime. The analysis was conducted taking into account not only the criminal-executive understanding of the above concepts, but also their philosophical, social, political, medical and so on. According to the results of the research, a generalized understanding of each of these terms was formed and compared with each other. The authors came to the conclusion that the current legislation needs to be modernized and brought in line with international regulations, where instead of "correction" and "resocialization" of convicts use the terms "social rehabilitation" and "reintegration". ; Статья посвящена исследованию исторического контекста, временного промежутка существования, сущности, содержания и особенностей нормативного закрепления терминов «исправление», «воспитание», «коррекция», «ресоциализация», «социальная адаптация», «социальная реабилитация» и «реинтеграция». На основе анализа положений действующего законодательства и взглядов в научной литературе определяются границы каждого из указанных выше терминов и указываются особенности их соотношения между собой. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню історичного контексту, часового проміжку існування, сутності, змісту та особливостей нормативного закріплення термінів «виправлення», «виховання», «корекція», «ресоціалізація», «соціальна адаптація», «соціальна реабілітація» і «реінтеграція». На підставі положень чинного законодавства та поглядів у науковій літературі окреслено межі кожного із зазначених вище термінів та вказано на особливості їх співвідношення між собою.

The article covers the study of industry-specific vocabulary in Ukrainian translated lexicography of the early twentieth century (post-revolutionary era). The analysis is based on the "Moscow-Ukrainian Dictionary" (1918) written by V.Dubrovskyi. Sector-specific vocabulary in the analyzed source has its remarks as most lexicographical works have. We selected all marked units with the help of a specially created lexicographic system. The previously published article has its detailed description. The studied material thus, counts around 4 % of industry-specific words. According to our calculations, the most numerically predominant dictionary units are the units of both biology (including botanical, zoological and anatomical terms) and medicine. The most numerous nomenclature is the botanical one. To one Russian word, we can find multiple Ukrainian equivalents including various dialectal, regional, folk names, etc. Generally speaking, synonymy is a prevailing phenomenon to many fields of knowledge. The zoological nomenclature is quite frequent in the analyzed dictionary too. There are many names of animals (mostly non-local) that cannot be found in the Ukrainian language today. They are absent in modern lexicographical works too. Many of them even cannot be found in the dictionaries of the post-revolutionary era. Many little-known, colloquial, dialectal and even stylistically reduced names are can be found in the field of anatomy. Numerous names of diseases that are recorded in the "Moscow-Ukrainian Dictionary" are not part of the common medical terminology. Comparing to the above mentioned fields, the analyzed work presents fewer terms from the field of grammar, mineralogy, mathematics, chemistry, music, military affairs, and technology. The biggest number of words that belong to the modern Ukrainian scientific language can be found in the fields of grammar, mathematics and chemistry. Few single terms that were mentioned in the dictionary belong to such sciences as veterinary medicine, hunting, construction, etc. Consequently, the "Moscow-Ukrainian Dictionary" contains a number of industry-specific vocabulary that is not registered in the modern Ukrainian scientific language. Moreover, synonymy is considered to be a prevailing phenomenon, despite being not typically used in all industries. Largely as a result of the analysis made, the author indeed desires to choose Ukrainian terms that would be as different as possible from the Russian equivalents. ; Статтю присвячено дослідженню української галузевої лексики, зафіксованої у «Словнику московсько-українському» (1918 р.) В.Дубровського. Відбір її здійснено за допомогою спеціально створеної програми. Підраховано й подано приблизну кількість усіх маркованих одиниць. З'ясовано характерні особливості фахових слів у досліджуваній праці, зроблено порівняння із сучасними відповідниками.

Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are more present than ever in our society's collective discourse. CEOs, politicians, and fellow citizens all put incredibly high hopes and expectations into AI's future capabilities. In many applications, ranging from the medical field to autonomous robots such as self-driving cars, we are starting to entrust human lives to decisions made by algorithms and machines. With credit scoring algorithms and hiring practices now adopting these new technologies, machine learning can have a profound impact on people's lives. The expectation of inherent fairness, accuracy, and consistency we have of these algorithms goes beyond even what we expect from fellow humans. Indeed, these expectations are driven by the desire to improve everyone's quality of life. Many current machine learning models focus on providing the highest possible accuracy. However, these models are often black boxes that are hard to examine. They are mostly discriminative models that focus on modeling decisions based on the training data, but do not create a model for the data itself. This is important, as we are interested in questioning the training data to detect systematic biases. Furthermore, we are also highly interested in asking the model whether the current data it is processing fits the training data. In other words, is it qualified to make decisions and "knows what it is talking about", or whether it simply "does not know". Therefore, we require a generative model that can answer these, and other, questions. In this thesis, we focus on deep generative models based on probabilistic circuits; a family of statistical models that allows us to answer a wide range of normalized probability queries with guarantees on computational time. We can then ask these generative models about biases, including how confident they are about a particular answer, as they "know when they do not know". We develop models for count data, extend them to non-parametric models, and models based on dictionaries of distributions. They cover a large variety of use-cases. We then make connections to Deep Neural Networks and show how to build generative models from them with inference guarantees. All these models cover a wide range of use cases, including hybrid domains. Moreover, we present a model that learns from the data making most decisions automatically so that non-experts can also benefit from these powerful tools. This will contribute to the democratization of machine learning.

Tujuan penelitian ini yakni untuk mengetahui pengaturan pernikahan poligami di Indonesia serta memiliki batasan syarat poligami terkhusus pada Pasal 4 ayat (2) poin (a) dan (b) yang batasannya sumir dan multitafsir. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode normative dengan melalui pendekatan perundang undangan serta pendekatan konsep hukum dengan bahan hukum yang digunakan yakni perundang undangan sebagai bahan hukum primer, jurnal hukum dan kamus hukum sebagai bahan hukum sekunder. Serta pada teknik penelusuran bahan hukum yang dipakai adalah teknik studi terhadap dokumen–dokumen yang ada serta analisis kajiannya merupakan analisis kualitatif. Hasil yang diperoleh bahwa pernikahan poligami diatur dalam Undang-Undang Perkawinan, dan juga peraturan peraturan pelaksana lainnya batasan dari syarat pada pasal 4 ayat (2) poin (a) dan (b). Batasan mengenai syarat poligami terkhusus pada poin (a) dan (b) pada Pasal 4 ayat (2) tersebut merujuk pada kewajiban mengurus rumah tangga dengan baik serta ketidakmampuan istri untuk memenuhi kebutuhan biologis yang disebabkan karena faktor usia lanjut ataupun penyakit yang telah jelas diterangkan dengan surat keterangan medis atas adanya penyakit tertentu yang selanjutnya akan diperiksa oleh Pengadilan Agama. Rumusan syarat poligami harus dipertegas dalam peraturan perundang-undangan guna menjamin kepastian hukum dan keadilan bagi para pihak yang terlibat dalam pernikahan poligami. Kata Kunci : Poligami, Hukum Perkawinan, Hukum Keluarga ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to determine the arrangement of polygamous marriages in Indonesia and to have polygamy requirements, especially in Article 4 paragraph (2) points (a) and (b), which are summarized and multiple interpretations. This study uses a normative method through a statutory approach and a legal concept approach with legal materials used, namely legislation as primary legal material, legal journals and legal dictionaries as secondary legal materials. As well as the legal material tracing technique used is the study technique of existing documents and the analysis of the study is a qualitative analysis. The results obtained are that polygamous marriage is regulated in the Marriage Law, as well as other implementing regulations. (2) points (a) and (b). The limitations regarding the requirements for polygamy especially in points (a) and (b) in Article 4 paragraph (2) refer to the obligation to take care of the household properly and the inability of the wife to fulfill biological needs due to factors of old age or disease that have been clearly explained by a medical certificate regarding the presence of certain diseases which will then be examined by the Religious Court. The formulation of the terms of polygamy must be emphasized in the laws and regulations to ensure legal certainty and justice for the parties involved in a polygamous marriage. Keywords : Polygamy, Marriage Law, Family Law

The paper analyses the reasons for a special attitude towards patriotism in Russian culture. It studies works of foreign and domestic scientists on patriotism, and considers the history of Russian patriotism. The author points out that in Russia, the concept "patriot" comes into general use in the 18th century. Since the reign of Peter I, patriotism takes on a form of a state ideology. In the epoch of Catherine and in the 19th century, patriotic ideas receive a new impetus due to the domestic and foreign policy pursued at that time.The events of the 20th century – the revolution, the Civil War, the building of a new socialist society – made their amendments in the content of patriotic ideas. The split in Russian culture following the revolution revealed itself in different understanding of patriotism and its implementation. Using all means available, culture and art played an important part in instilling love for the motherland in young people. During perestroika and later, the collapse of the Soviet Union, the attitude towards the motherland and patriotism began to change; it was inappropriate to write or talk about them. The term "patriotism" disappeared from dictionaries and encyclopedias.Today, a solution to a lot of domestic issues is needed to accomplish the objective of patriotic education. There are a lot of factors that prevent patriotism strengthening in Russia: growing corruption in the top government echelons, absence of social fairness, a colossal split in the levels of income of the population, unavailability of high quality medical care to the majority of people, unemployment, especially among young people, etc. ; В статье анализируются причины особого отношения к патриотизму в России. Анализируются труды зарубежных и отечественных ученых о патриотизме, рассматривается история российского патриотизма. Отмечается, что в России понятие «патриот» входит в обиход с XVIII в. Со времени царствования Петра I патриотизм принимает форму государственной идеологии. В Екатерининскую эпоху и в XIX в. идеи патриотизма в связи с проводимой внутренней и внешней политикой получат новый импульс.События ХХ в. — революционные события, Гражданская война, строительство нового социалистического общества — внесли свои коррективы в содержание идей патриотизма. Разлом в русской культуре, произошедший после революции, проявился и в разном понимании патриотизма и его реализации. Важную роль в воспитании у молодежи любви к Родине сыграли литература и искусство, которые всеми доступными средствами способствовали этому. В период перестройки, а затем и распада Советского Союза стало меняться отношение к Родине, патриотизму, о них неприлично было писать, говорить. Из словарей, энциклопедий исчез и сам термин «патриотизм». Сегодня для успешной реализации задач по патриотическому воспитанию потребуется решение многих внутренних проблем. Укреплению патриотизма в России мешает рост коррупции в высших эшелонах власти, отсутствие социальной справедливости, колоссальный разрыв в уровнях доходов населения, невозможность для большинства людей получать бесплатную высококвалифицированную медицинскую помощь, безработица, особенно среди молодежи и т. д.

This paper aims to present and discuss the results of a survey study concerning the notion of SZACUNEK ("esteem"). The survey was conducted in a group of students from Lublin universities: Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Medical University of Lublin and Lublin University of Technology. The participants of the study included male and female students pursuing both STEM and liberal arts degrees.The present paper is situated within the research on the language of values, which has its framework in the context of the five-volume Leksykon aksjologiczny Słowian i ich sąsiadów ("Axiological Lexicon of Slavs and Their Neighbours") published under the scholarly and editorial direction of Jerzy Bartmiński as part of the international conference EUROJOS. The analyses discussed by the author were carried out in accordance with the methodological approach adopted in the report Język – wartości – polityka. Zmiany rozumienia nazw wartości w okresie transformacji ustrojowej w Polsce ("Language, Values, Politics. Evolution of the Understanding of Names of Values during the System Transformation in Poland") published under the direction of Jerzy Bartmiński. The survey study made use of the Axiological Dictionary Questionnaire. All respondents were obligatorily asked the following question: "What – in your view – constitutes the essence of esteem?". The analysis and discussion of questionnaire results was based on 100 responses (N) and 142 "mini-responses" (W). This allowed to distinguish 28 descriptors (D), 15 of which had only single occurrences. Descriptor characteristics (along with the corresponding phrases) were ordered according to the number of occurrences and assigned to appropriate aspects. Six aspects characteristic for the students' view of ESTEEM were distinguished. ; Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wyników badań ankietowych dotyczących rozumienia pojęcia szacunku, zgodnie z ujęciem metodologicznym przyjętym w raporcie Język – wartości – polityka. Zmiany rozumienia nazw wartości w okresie transformacji ustrojowej w Polsce wydanym pod kierunkiem Jerzego Bartmińskiego (JWP 2006). W przeprowadzonym badaniu empirycznym posłużono się schematem lubelskiej ankiety ASA. Adekwatnie do przyjętej procedury wszystkim studentom obligatoryjnie zadano jedno pytanie: "Co – według Ciebie – stanowi o istocie prawdziwego szacunku?".Do grupy respondentów włączono 100 studentów 5 lubelskich uczelni: Uniwersytetu Marii Curie -Skłodowskiej, Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego, Uniwersytetu Medycznego i Politechniki Lubelskiej. W gronie ankietowanych byli przedstawiciele obu płci (kobiety i mężczyźni), wśród nich studiujący zarówno kierunki ścisłe, jak i humanistyczne. The data gathered from the students of Lublin universities point out to the profoundly social nature of ESTEEM – it was the social aspect (S) that had the most occurrences. On this level, the essence of esteem lies mainly in: 1) acceptance and empathy toward others (the trait most frequently mentioned by the respondents) – strongly linked to the respect for difference, tolerance, understanding and kindness, and thus clearly correlated with subjective treatment of other people; 2) courteous manners manifested through appropriate behaviour toward others (understood as positive treatment of others, proper wayof addressing people, or wearing occasion-appropriate attire), and appropriate treatment of animals and objects; 3) recognizing the other's authority, clearly correlated with showing admiration/respect. The psychological (P), ethical (E) and psychosocial (A) aspects ranked second, third and fourth in the occurrence hierarchy, respectively. According to the respondents, the existential (B) and cultural (K) aspects are characterised by the lowest occurrence. The data gathered in the course of the survey is in agreement with the subjective denotation of the word szacunek, recorded in the primary position in all newer dictionaries of the Polish language: "recognition of the value of someone / something, consideration, regard", or "particular regard or respect shown to someone / something".

BackgroundGeneration Scotland (GS) is large family-based cohort study established as a resource for research into the genetic and environmental determinants of physical and mental health. Participants completed a baseline questionnaire and clinic visit in 2006-2011.
24,084 Participants
5,501 Families

NHS data linkage 22,402 (93%)
Genotype array data 20,026 (83%)
DNA methylation data 18,876 (78%)

In 2019 funding was obtained to expand the existing GS cohort. By 2025 NextGenScot aims to:

Recruit 20,000 new participants online
Expand eligibility to 12-17 year olds
Collect saliva samples by post for genotyping
Linkage to NHS and other administrative data

Details on how to join at www.gen.scot
Participants consented to linkage to NHS Scotland medical records which offer longitudinal phenotype information. Linkage is conducted using the Community Health Index (CHI).
IntroductionGS receives 30-40 requests for access to data and/or samples every year, and has been included in over 380 publications. Research proposals are subject to review by the GS Access Committee. Details of the application process terms and conditions for access are available on the GS website, and now on the new research access website.
The previous GS access process was based on an application form in Word, downloaded from the main GS website. We are replacing this with a new online research access system, adhering to transparency standards1, helped by HDR Alliance Transparency funding.
After researchers publish their results, a link to the publication and a lay summary is currently posted on the GS website, with a spreadsheet listing papers. We will now make this information available and searchable for researchers, participants and the public on the new research access website.
MethodsWe are developing a website, using in-house staff, with HDR Alliance Transparency contributing to their salaries. The system coding uses Django (a Python tool) linked to a MySQL database, a platform widely used for such projects, enabling faster development in a secure environment.
Transparent access to GS data for registered users

View summary of data available
Query the summary data to see if it fits research requirements
Select data requested from data dictionaries
Get a detailed quote for access charges
Complete application form showing the project complies with the Five Safes2
Upload supporting documentation (e.g. protocol, DPIA, ethics, etc)
Track progress of their application review, approval and delivery
Researchers will be required to submit a lay summary of their application

GS participants, researchers and the public can view:

List of approved applications with lay summaries
Summaries of ongoing projects which will link to eventual publications
Searchable list of publications

ResultThe new system is undergoing internal testing, using data imported from previous and ongoing access requests (May 2024). We will then pilot it with selected external researchers and GS participants (June 2024), with a plan to launch it for public access in July/August 2024.
The GS Access Committee and admin team will be able to streamline the review and approval process, giving an improved turnaround time.
ConclusionsWe were already planning to develop a new online application system, but the Transparency grant funding has enabled us to extend the functionality beyond a simple form-filling system. The new access website will give researchers more information about the application process, the data and samples available, see what other research has been approved in their area of interest, and track the progress of their project from enquiry through to publication.
By adding a participant/public access area, with lay summaries of projects and publications, GS participants will be able to see how their data is being used for public benefit, as can potential new volunteers or other interested parties.
NotesThe URL for the new website is www.gsaccess.orgThe main GS website is at www.generationscotland.org
References

Transparency Standards https://zenodo.org/record/8262453
Five Safes https://ukdataservice.ac.uk/help/secure-lab/what-is-the-five-safes-framework/