Suchergebnisse

To address security concerns, governments often implement trade barriers and restrictions on the movement of goods and people. These restrictions have negative economic consequences, possibly increasing the supply of political violence. To test this hypothesis, we exploit the restrictions imposed by Israel on imports to the West Bank as a quasi-experiment. In 2008 Israel started enforcing severe restrictions on the import of selected dual-use goods and materials, de facto banning a number of production inputs from entering the West Bank. We show that after 2008 (i) output and wages decrease in those manufacturing sectors that use those materials more intensively as production inputs, (ii) wages decrease in those localities where employment is more concentrated in these sectors, and (iii) episodes of political violence are more likely to occur in these localities. Our calculations suggest these effects account for 18% of the violent political events that occurred in the West Bank from 2008 to 2014.

This article reflects on the current role of European citizenship at the heart of European political and legal debate. Currently, the challenges that threaten and undermine the unity of the European Union inevitably affect his citizenship, moving to a second term and placing it in a position of "systemic arrest". On the 60th anniversary of the Rome Treaty and thirty years of Spain's entry into the EU and the relevant Declaration Schumann, we face a pending challenge, that citizens identify ourselves increasingly with European Union, developing public opinion, political consciousness and a European identity. ; Este trabajo invita a una reflexión sobre el papel actual de la ciudadanía europea en el corazón del debate político y jurídico europeo. Los retos y desafíos que amenazan y minan la unidad de la Unión Europea en la actualidad afectan indefectiblemente a su ciudadanía, desplazándola a un segundo plano y colocándola en una posición de "paro sistémico". En plena celebración del sesenta aniversario del Tratado de Roma y los treinta años de entrada de España en la Unión Europea y la relevante Declaración Schumann, hemos de afrontar un reto todavía pendiente: que los ciudadanos nos identifiquemos cada vez más con la Unión Europea, desarrollando una opinión pública, una conciencia política y una identidad europea.

In Italy, a series of reforms have been carried out in order to introduce concrete measures to stop violence against women. Some legislative measures have represented significant steps forward, including legislation against stalking, laws requiring allocation of financial resources and an extensive network of victim support services, special remunerated leave for workers who are victims of gender-based violence and protection of orphans affected by domestic crime. Regarding governance, integration measures are implemented by two ministries: The Ministry of Labour and Social Policy, and the Department for Equal Opportunities. Local governance is entrusted to the regions, which provide specific programmes and interact with the municipalities and prefectures, which function as guarantors of first reception projects (CAS) and integrated reception for migrant children and refugees (SIPROIMI). In Calabria, integration from a gender perspective is largely entrusted to dialogue between local administrations and third sector organisations, which manage reception projects, participate in the allocation of specific funds managed by the Region and execute reception programmes. In terms of housing, work integration and language learning, the local integration system is fully interconnected and linked to the SIPROIMI territorial projects and CAS centres, as well as to initiatives of the CPIA and employment offices. The prevention and management of victims of trafficking and gender-based violence is entrusted to the national reception system. Despite the progress achieved in promoting women's rights, gender equality is still met with resistance and lacks specialisation in dedicated staff; this is often addressed only in terms of family and maternity policies.

This paper presents a theoretical model exploring the effects of industrial policy (IP) when entrepreneurs are characterized by different ability levels and sectors are heterogeneous as for their profitability and social externalities generated. The optimal structure of IP in terms of monetary transfers is shown to crucially depend on the distribution of entrepreneurs abilities. Moreover, we find that IP increases aggregate welfare under very general conditions, also in the presence of Government failures. In an extension of the model, we consider the case in which the Government can use also the provision of business training to entrepreneurs as an additional instrument of IP. Based on these results, policy implication for industrial policy in developing countries are discussed.

This paper presents a theoretical model exploring the effects of industrial policy (IP) when entrepreneurs are characterized by different ability levels and sectors are heterogeneous as for their profitability and social externalities generated. The optimal structure of IP in terms of monetary transfers is shown to crucially depend on the distribution of entrepreneurs abilities. Moreover, we find that IP increases aggregate welfare under very general conditions, also in the presence of Government failures. In an extension of the model, we consider the case in which the Government can use also the provision of business training to entrepreneurs as an additional instrument of IP. Based on these results, policy implication for industrial policy in developing countries are discussed.

Integrated Deterministic and Probabilistic Safety Analysis (IDPSA) of dynamic systems calls for the development of efficient methods for accidental scenarios generation. The necessary consideration of failure events timing and sequencing along the scenarios requires the number of scenarios to be generated to increase with respect to conventional PSA. Consequently, their postprocessing for retrieving safety relevant information regarding the system behavior is challenged because of the large amount of generated scenarios that makes the computational cost for scenario postprocessing enormous and the retrieved information difficult to interpret. In the context of IDPSA, the interpretation consists in the classification of the generated scenarios as safe, failed, Near Misses (NMs), and Prime Implicants (PIs). To address this issue, in this paper we propose the use of an ensemble of Semi-Supervised Self-Organizing Maps (SSSOMs) whose outcomes are combined by a locally weighted aggregation according to two strategies: a locally weighted aggregation and a decision tree based aggregation. In the former, we resort to the Local Fusion (LF) principle for accounting the classification reliability of the different SSSOM classifiers, whereas in the latter we build a classification scheme to select the appropriate classifier (or ensemble of classifiers), for the type of scenario to be classified. The two strategies are applied for the postprocessing of the accidental scenarios of a dynamic U-Tube Steam Generator (UTSG).