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Bioenergy deployment offers significant potential for climate change mitigation, but also carries considerable risks. In this review, we bring together perspectives of various communities involved in the research and regulation of bioenergy deployment in the context of climate change mitigation: Land-use and energy experts, landuse and integrated assessment modelers, human geographers, ecosystem researchers, climate scientists and two different strands of life-cycle assessment experts. We summarize technological options, outline the state-of-theart knowledge on various climate effects, provide an update on estimates of technical resource potential and comprehensively identify sustainability effects. Cellulosic feedstocks, increased end-use efficiency, improved land carbon-stock management and residue use, and, when fully developed, BECCS appear as the most promising options, depending on development costs, implementation, learning, and risk management. Combined heat and power, efficient biomass cookstoves and small-scale power generation for rural areas can help to promote energy access and sustainable development, along with reduced emissions. We estimate the sustainable technical potential as up to 100 EJ: high agreement; 100–300 EJ: medium agreement; above 300 EJ: low agreement. Stabilization scenarios indicate that bioenergy may supply from 10 to 245 EJ yr 1 to global primary energy supply by 2050. Models indicate that, if technological and governance preconditions are met, large-scale deployment (>200 EJ), together with BECCS, could help to keep global warming below 2° degrees of preindustrial levels; but such high deployment of land-intensive bioenergy feedstocks could also lead to detrimental climate effects, negatively impact ecosystems, biodiversity and livelihoods. The integration of bioenergy systems into agriculture and forest landscapes can improve land and water use efficiency and help address concerns about environmental impacts. We conclude that the high variability in pathways, uncertainties in technological development and ambiguity in political decision render forecasts on deployment levels and climate effects very difficult. However, uncertainty about projections should not preclude pursuing beneficial bioenergy options. ; publishedVersion ; © 2015. This is the authors' accepted and refereed manuscript to the article. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ DOI:10.1111/gcbb.12205

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Prologue -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- Part I: Climate Change: Introduction, Models, Scenarios, Impact, and Scientific Evidence -- 1 Introduction to Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation -- Introduction -- Climate Change -- Most Recent IPCC Updates -- The Greenhouse Effect -- Anthropogenic Climate Change -- Effects of Climate Change -- Impact of Climate Change Mitigation Actions -- Climate Change Adaptation Versus Climate Change Mitigation -- Climate Change and the Public -- What´s Next? -- Motivation -- Why This Book Is Needed -- Audience of the Handbook -- Scope -- References -- 2 Global Climate Change and Greenhouse Gases Emissions in Terrestrial Ecosystems -- Introduction: Global Climate Change and Soil Greenhouse Gases Emissions -- Soil Greenhouse Gases Emissions -- Soil CO2 Emission -- Soil CH4 Emission -- Soil N2O Emission -- Measurement Methods of Soil Greenhouse Gases Emissions -- Soil Chamber Methods -- Closed Static Chamber -- Closed Dynamic Chamber -- Open Dynamic Chamber -- Micrometeorological Methods - Eddy Covariance Technique -- Advantages and Disadvantages of the Measurement Methods -- Research Approaches of Global Climate Change and Soil Greenhouse Gases Emissions: Laboratory Incubation, Field Experiment, Met... -- Laboratory Incubation -- Field Experiment -- Meta-Analysis -- Biogeochemical and Ecosystem Modeling -- The DNDC Model -- Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) -- Impacts of Global Climate Change on Soil Greenhouse Gases Emissions: Case Studies -- Laboratory Incubation and Field Experiment -- Laboratory Incubation -- Field Experiment -- Meta-Analysis -- Biogeochemical and Ecosystem Modeling -- Site and Stand Levels -- Regional and Global Scales -- Closing Remarks and Future Research -- Cross-References -- References.

Cities worldwide have taken the lead in addressing climate change; however, this does not tell the full story in understanding the puzzle of local climate action. Rather than in isolation, city actions occur in the context of a complex of other government arrangements. Whereas the majority of the literature concerning subnational responses to climate change in the US is addressed in the literatures of federalism and diffusion, we offer an explanation of climate actions through a multilevel governance approach. Multilevel governance allows us to consider the horizontal city-to-city influences on climate action while also considering the vertical influences of state-to-local action. We conduct a large quantitative study of climate actions in all US cities with populations greater than 50,000 people. We find that cities' and states' climate action efforts are complementary, rather than attenuating; however, we note that horizontal influences are generally stronger than vertical influences in motivating climate action at the local level. We conclude that, in spite of the potential for an increased role of federal and state governments in climate action in the United States, city-to-city networks are likely to remain important in motivating cities to mitigate climate change.

Through a dynamic model of energy system change the paper examines the role of innovation in bringing about a low carbon energy system. The processes of innovation and technological substitution are cumulative, dynamic, and highly non-linear processes such that how the energy system evolves in the long term is extraordinarily sensitive to the strength and duration of the initial policies. It is possible, under some policy assumptions, that energy systems would continue to depend on fossil fuels for so long as fossil fuels remain abundant and the least cost resource; and under other assumptions, after allowing for the unavoidable lags associated with investment and the building up of a new capital stock, that fossil fuels would become almost wholly displaced by the non-carbon alternatives. The implication is that the external benefits of innovation, which include the creation of options and the reduction of costs arising directly from innovation itself, and the reduction of environmental damage, are far greater, perhaps by orders of magnitude, than the traditional cost–benefit models used for the analysis of climate change mitigation. The analysis suggests why a focus on discovery and innovation offers a promising way forward for national and international policies on climate change.

Global institutions and national governments have failed to provide effective policy guidance or leadership on tackling climate change. The extraction and combustion of fossil fuels continues apace, resulting in continual rising of greenhouse gas emissions, which pose a threat to all life on earth. However, the global climate regime continues to underestimate the need for immediate, radical and powerful action. Dominant framings of the problem continue to emphasise behaviour change rather than system change, and fail to challenge the power of fossil-fuel capital. This failure makes it difficult to be optimistic about the future but there may be hope in a new kind of politics based on non-violent direct action and mass civil disobedience. This form of action is directed at delegitimising fossil fuels and stopping their extraction, and acting as a 'radical flank' in positively influencing political decision-making towards a democratically agreed just transition.

Chapter 1: Energy and Environmental Justice. By Elena V. Shabliy and Dmitry Kurochkin -- Chapter 2: The Forgotten Impacts of Waste Disposal and Intergenerational Justice. By Kelly Tzoumis and Cynthia Boyer -- Chapter 3: Nomadic Power: The Case of Solar Panels in Mongolia. By Allison Hahn -- Chapter 4: Semantics of Cleanliness. By Atsuhide Ito -- Chapter 5: Destined for Coal? A "Hierarchy of Harms" and the Prospects of Renewable Energy in Kosovo. By Bengü Aydın Dikmen and Didem Buhari Gülmez -- Chapter 6: Appraising the Sustainability Aspect in Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Discourse: The Case of Uganda -- By Alex Ronald Mwangu -- Chapter 7: Brazil's Green Energy: Today and Tomorrow. By Eugene M. Khartukov and Ellen E. Starostina -- Chapter 8: Trade Justice, Human Rights, and the Case of Palm Oil. By Irene Hadiprayitno and Sine Bağatur -- Chapter 9: Energy Justice Across Generations. By Chaitanya Motupalli -- Conclusion.

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Glossary -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- References -- Chapter 2: Salt Marshes -- 2.1 Dynamics of Soil Accretion and Carbon Accumulation -- 2.2 Soil Accretion and Carbon Sequestration -- 2.2.1 Methodological Advantages and Limitations -- 2.2.2 Carbon Sequestration Rates -- 2.3 Soil Carbon Stocks -- 2.4 Potential Losses of Carbon -- References -- Chapter 3: Mangrove Forests -- 3.1 Capturing and Accumulating Sediment and Carbon -- 3.1.1 Mechanisms of Capture -- 3.1.2 Rates of Soil Accretion and Carbon Sequestration -- 3.2 Carbon Sequestration Rates -- 3.3 Carbon Stocks -- 3.4 Potential Losses -- References -- Chapter 4: Seagrass Meadows -- 4.1 Fluid Dynamics: The Mechanism for Sediment and Carbon Accumulation -- 4.2 Carbon Sequestration -- 4.3 Carbon Stocks -- 4.4 Potential Losses -- References -- Chapter 5: Kelp Forests -- 5.1 Do Kelp Forests Sequester and Store Blue Carbon? -- 5.2 Kelp Carbon and Climate Change -- References -- Chapter 6: The Blue Economy: Mitigation and Adaptation -- 6.1 Ecological Economics -- 6.1.1 Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) -- 6.1.2 Regulatory and Policy Matters -- 6.2 Restoration and Management -- 6.2.1 Success or Failure: What Does and Doesn´t Work -- 6.3 Financing -- 6.3.1 UNFCCC-Related and Other Finance Mechanisms -- 6.3.2 The Voluntary Carbon Market -- 6.3.3 Investment Risk -- 6.3.4 Policy and Commodification -- References -- Chapter 7: Summary and Conclusions -- References.

This book explores the intricate interactions between humans and the environment, with an overview of the diverse fields of study related to sustainability. The aim is to pave the way for new collaboration on climate change, among scientists and among nations.

"Postcolonial Literatures of Climate Change investigates the evolving nature of postcolonial literary criticism in response to global, regional, and local environmental transformations brought about by climate change. It builds upon, and extends, previous studies in postcolonial ecocriticism to demonstrate how the growing awareness of human-caused global warming has begun to permeate literary consciousness, praxis and analysis. The breadth of the volume's coverage - the diversity of its focal locations, cultures, genres and texts - serves as a salient reminder that, while climate change is global, its impacts vary, effecting peoples from place to place unequally, and often in accordance with their particular historical experience of colonialism and neo-colonialism, as well as their ongoing marginalisations. "Demonstrating the urgency of invoking novel epistemological approaches combining the scientific and the imaginative, this book is a "must read" for those concerned about the present and potential impacts of climate change on formerly colonised areas of the world. The comprehensive and illuminating Introduction offers a crucial history and current state of postcolonial ecocriticism as it has been and is addressing climate crises." - Helen Tiffin, University of Wollongong "The broad focus on the polar regions, the Pacific and the Caribbean - with added essays on environmental justice/activism in India and Egypt - opens up rich terrain for examination under the rubric of postcolonial and ecocritical analysis, not only expanding recent studies in this field but also enabling new comparisons and conceptual linkages." - Helen Gilbert, Royal Holloway, University of London "The subject is topical and vital and will become even more so as the problem of how to reconcile the demands of climate change with the effects on regions and individual nations already damaged by the economic effects of colonisation and the subsequent inequalities resulting from neo-colonialism continues to grow." - Gareth Griffiths, Em. Prof. University of Western Australia"--