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Internet censorship is a widely studied and important field of research with implications for society, politics, and business. However, little focus has been spent on cross‐country comparisons of online content control. This article aims at reducing this research gap by performing a comparative literature review of Internet censorship practices in France, Turkey, and Iran. The historic development and current status of each country is studied, focusing on censorship levels, institutional characteristics, legislative environments, and current challenges. The assessment discloses several similarities and differences across the countries and allows for the identification of five key driving forces for online content control across France, Turkey, and Iran; namely, the ruling system, institutional setup, national identity, technical ability, and political opportunity. These findings will support future research and political debate on the freedom of expression and unrestricted access to content.

The growing interest in cross-national comparisons of income inequality is primarily a result of the establishment of the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) database and the wide range of studies on income inequality based on LIS data. The majority of these studies suffer, however, from a major weakness since sampling errors are neither reported nor taken into account when nations are ranked according to estimates of the Gini coefficient or some alternative measure of inequality. This paper discusses the impact of accounting for sampling errors when making comparisons of income inequality across nations.

The significance of cultural factors in economic development is analyzed. Culture here refers to values, behaviors, and beliefs. Culture alone cannot explain development, but there are some factors that help us understand why some countries develop faster than others. The study makes use of the World Values Survey as a road map for analysis using cross-cultural comparisons. The analysis focuses on two key core values: trust and achievement. This is applied to two regions: East Asia (Japan and Korea) and Latin America (Mexico and Peru). The aim is to examine how aspects of culture help accelerate or impede development.

This paper compares recent developments in income inequality in Canada, Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In addition to descnbing cross- national variation in changes in income inequality, the paper examines different explana tory factors for these recent developments The findings reported indicate that there is substantial cross-national variation, not only with regard to the level of inequality, but furthermore with regard to changes in inequality. The results indicate that the equalizing effect of welfare state redistribution did not decrease in all countries By contrast, in all countries there was a universal tendency towards increased inequality in the pre-tax and transfer distribution, although the magnitude of the change differs from country to country. Even though a polarization of the earnings distribution is reported, the results still give no support to cross-national convergence with regard to income inequality during the 1980s.

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Henry, C., Orser, B. & Coleman, S. & Foss, L. (2017). Women's entrepreneurship policy: a 13 nation cross-country comparison. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship , 9(3), 206-228. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-07-2017-0036, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-07-2017-0036 . ; Purpose : Government attention to women's entrepreneurship has increased in the past two decades; however, there are few cross-cultural studies to inform policy development. This paper aims to draw on gender and institutional theory to report on the status of female-focused small and medium-sized enterprises/entrepreneurship policies and to ask how – and to what extent – do women's entrepreneurship policies differ among countries? Design/methodology/approach : A common methodological approach is used to identify gaps in the policy-practice nexus. Findings : The study highlights countries where policy is weak but practice is strong, and vice versa. Research limitations/implications : The study's data were restricted to policy documents and observations of practices and initiatives on the ground. Practical implications : The findings have implications for policy makers in respect of support for women's entrepreneurship. Recommendations for future research are advanced. Originality/value : The paper contributes to extant knowledge and understanding about entrepreneurship policy, specifically in relation to women's entrepreneurship. It is also one of the few studies to use a common methodological approach to explore and compare women's entrepreneurship policies in 13 countries.

Much is being said about the comparative productivity of the industrialised countries. This study looks at the development and introduction of new products in a single manufacturing industry in four countries — the United Kingdom, West Germany, the United States and Japan. Data were collected from 54 companies in the scientific instrument industry concerning 65 new product design projects. These data show that there are significant differences in investment in R&D, in firm productivity, in R&D rewards and motivation, in project manager openness to new ideas, in project team ability, and in the communication of problem definitions and design data among the companies in the industry in the four countries. The factors important to project and company success in this industry vary from country to country and from stage to stage of the development process. Communications at the production/R&D interface and lack of CEO involvement are the particular problems of the US companies.

This paper seeks to explain within- and between-country variation in redistributive preferences in terms of self-interest concerns and an input-based concept of fairness, which we examine by looking at the effects of beliefs regarding the causes of income differences. Results of estimations based on data for 25 countries indicate that both factors are indeed important determinants of redistribution support, in line with hypothesised patterns. We find that while differences in beliefs on what causes income differences seem to be important for explaining within-country variation in redistributive preferences, they do little to explain between-country differences. Differences in the effects of holding certain beliefs, however, are important for explaining between-country variation in redistributive preferences, suggesting considerable heterogeneity across societies in what is considered as fair.

The European Community Household Panel (ECHP) is a very ambitious project whose main purpose is to collect comparable economic, social and demographic information at the individual and the household level throughout the European Union (EU). An attractive feature of the ECHP is its comparability across countries and over time. Indeed, a great deal of effort was devoted to harmonizing the survey characteristics. Nevertheless, the design and the organization of the survey are not completely standardized across countries. This paper exploits the variability of the survey characteristics, both across countries and over time, in order to identify the effects of various features of the data collection process on survey participation. We focus attention on survey nonparticipations caused by ineligibility, contact failure or lack of cooperation. We analyze cross-country differences in participation rates trying to disentangle the role played by differences in the socio-demographic composition of the national populations and the differential characteristics of the data collection process.