Suchergebnisse

1. Introduction (Russia as a part of Europe).

Virtually all European countries are in the midst of a massive multi-year project intended to dramatically restructure higher education in Europe. This project, which is known as the Bologna Process or Sorbonne-Bologna, began less than ten years ago when four European Union (EU) countries signed a relatively vague agreement. The Bologna Process has now grown to forty-six countries, including all of the EU Member States and nineteen non-EU countries. The Bologna Process participants have agreed to form the European Higher Education Area or EHEA by 2010; among other goals, the EHEA is intended to help Europe better compete in the higher education field. Although a number of U.S. higher education organizations are familiar with the Bologna Process and its implications for the U.S., the U.S. legal education community does not appear to have paid particularly close attention to these developments. This article provides a brief history and overview of the Bologna Process, including its ten action lines and information about its effect on European legal education. The article then explains the implications of the Bologna Process for U.S. law schools, legal educators and administrators, and the AALS. This article recommends several concrete steps that the U.S. legal education community should take in response to these developments.

Drawing on theories of legitimacy and democratic deficits in international politics this paper provides an actor-centered relational approach of mapping legitimacy-flows within the transnational policy network of the Bologna Process for a European Higher Education Area. It is shown that legitimacy (either in the form of symbolical or institutional capital conveyed in political speech acts) can be treated as a matter of exchange and bargaining just as other resources, such as money or information. The legitimacy-network of the Bologna Process does not reflect the often lamented lack of democracy in international political setting. While transfers of legitimacy are the most prevalent type of relation in the policy network, there is no unidirectional flow from national societal actors to supranational public actors, but rather a polyvalent exchange. With respect to legitimacy as a political resource the Bologna Process is therefore not hierarchical, it is a bazaar.

Defence date: 14 June 2010 ; Examining Board: Prof. Bruno de Witte (European University Institute) Prof. Marise Cremona (European University Institute) Prof. H. Schneider (Maastricht University) Prof. M. Dougan (University of Liverpool) ; In 2012 awarded the 'The Jacqueline Suter Prize for the Best Doctoral Thesis in European Law' ; First made available online: 24 August 2021 ; The Bologna Process is a powerful reform movement, aimed at establishing a European Higher Education Area, most specifically by introducing a common standard of a three-cycle Bachelor, Master, Doctorate system for higher education degrees all over Europe. The Process is based on the non-binding Sorbonne and Bologna Declarations, and is a powerful follow-up process consisting of regular Ministerial Conferences and in-between follow-up meetings. In this sense, the Bologna Process is an important de-nationalisation of higher education. However, the strictly inter-governmental Process takes place outside the institutional framework of the European Union, even though all the EU Member States take part. Also the framework of the Council of Europe has been avoided. This exclusion of the European Organisations is remarkable, especially considering the large overlap between the subject matter of the Bologna Process and their activities. Most notably, the Bologna Process deals with diploma and study credit recognition, student and teacher mobility, research, lifelong learning, quality assurance and a European dimension in higher education, which are all well-established fields of activity of both the EU and the Council of Europe. In this way, it is argued, Bologna detracts from the large body of EU higher education law, and the – often underestimated – legal competence of the EU in higher education. Therefore, the Bologna Process can also be considered as a re-nationalisation of higher education. The Bologna Process is controversial. Some consider Bologna to be a great success, as it has spurred an overwhelming amount of (legislative) changes in almost all European countries through voluntary convergence, whereas others oppose it for precisely this reason. This thesis provides a legal analysis of the Sorbonne and Bologna Declarations and the ensuing Process. From a European law perspective, there are several grave concerns about the way the Bologna Process was created and how it is currently operated. Using the option of operating within the EU framework, most particularly the option of a Bologna Directive, as a comparison, it is argued that with the Bologna Process the Member States have chosen to harmonise their higher education system by less accountable, less transparent, less democratic and less effective means. This is why the Bologna Process amounts to harmonisation by stealth.

The article analyzes the problems of modernization of higher education in the context of the Bologna Process.It is noted that during the transition to credit-modular system Ukrainian universities face several challenges: significant difference in the curricula for bachelors and masters; remaining of "Specialist" qualification; organization of individual work of students; not solved issue of providing "internal" mobility of students and teachers; low level of financing and others.
It is emphasized that further modernization process within the Bologna process involves expansion in Ukrainian higher educational institutions of practice of concluding of parity partnership bilateral agreements on compatibility educational plans and courses in accordance with the requirements of Ukrainian standards and high European quality of disciplines and directions of study.

This essay discusses the changes promoted in European universities by the 'Bologna Process' and the 'European Higher Education Area'. Through an analysis of the main policy documents and mechanisms, the paper demonstrates that the European Higher Education Area is designed to dismantle academic autonomy across the continent. Before setting out to examine this transnational policy process, the paper specifies in its first part the meaning of academic autonomy – a particular European creation, as it argues – through an overview of the historical material.

This paper investigates recent regional higher education reform initiatives in non-European regions. It studies which non-European regions have launched Bologna style reform initiatives and analyses these initiatives by means of case studies. The regions where such initiatives were launched are the Asia-Pacific region, parts of Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean. In a nutshell, cultural and institutional similarities among countries participating in these regional initiatives as well as between these countries and Bologna participants can account for the adoption of Bologna style policies. Additionally, dependence on and competition for resources, such as students and academic reputation, determine the non-European universities' responses to the Bologna Process. In more general terms, the Bologna Process has a major impact even on non-European regions. All the initiatives have in common that they have similar goals as the Bologna Process. Moreover, they have emulated the governance mode of the Bologna Process to a large extent.

Almost two decades after the implementation of the Bologna Process in higher education around the world, the question of the applicability, justification and effectiveness of reforms implemented globally arises. The aim of this paper is to explore the attitudes, optimism versus pessimism, more precisely student representatives'"mood" regarding the implementation of the Bologna Process and Bologna tools. The overall sample consists of student representatives from 17 European Higher Education Area countries. The results of the research should be a step towards further higher education reforms, or, more precisely, a proposal to modify the existing plans, bearing in mind the different conditions and characteristics of the countries where they are implemented and their willingness to accept the reforms. The results indicate that mobility, diploma supplements and quality assurance are the most positive aspects of BP and employability, the social dimension and the financing model of higher education are weak points of BP.

"Im Jahr 1999 begannen die europäischen Bildungsminister mit dem 'Bologna Prozess' eine weit reichende Hochschulreform. Als eines der Reformziele wurde 2001 'Lebenslanges Lernen' hinzugefügt. Dieser Beitrag untersucht anhand von vier Länderstudien (Deutschland, Frankreich, Italien und UK), inwiefern es gelungen ist, dieses Ziel umzusetzen und ob der Bologna Prozess neue Möglichkeiten lebenslangen Lernens an Hochschulen geschaffen hat. Dabei zeigt die Analyse von Gesetzen und Regularien, aber auch die Betrachtung politischer Positionen wichtiger Stakeholder, dass die einzelnen Länder sehr unterschiedliche Strategien mit lebenslangem Lernen an der Hochschule verbinden. Spezifische nationale Ansätze werden deutlich, die die Entwicklung dieses Ziels fördern oder behindern. Insgesamt wird deutlich, dass der Bologna Prozess vor allem die Diskussion um lebenslanges Lernen an der Hochschule gefördert hat, und nicht notwendigerweise, ob und wie dieses Ziel umgesetzt wird." (Autorenreferat)

The purpose of the article is to investigate the influence of international documents on the process of internationalization of higher education and to identify political, legal, organizational, financial pre-requisites for internationalization of higher education in Lithuania. Method of comparative critical analysis of references was employed for the study. Therefore, this paper aims at investigating the influence of international documents, related to internationalization of higher education and at identifying political, legal, organizational, financial prerequisites for internationalization of higher education in Lithuania. The study showed that the scope and content of internationalization may be conceptualized as having several tiers: macro, mezzo and micro. Macro tier assigns higher education with the role to contribute to positive developments in society and economies, to democracy and cohesion. Mezzo tier assigns higher education with a task to provide students with high level educational services in order to help graduates to acquire necessary competencies. Micro tier assigns higher education institutions with task to organize their activities in order to secure achievement of tasks at mezzo and macro tiers. In Lithuania both idea and purpose of internationalization gained support by general public, national authorities and authorities of individual higher education institutions. The numbers of students incoming and outgoing of Lithuania in the framework of Erasmus program is increasing but the negative difference between the outgoing and incoming Erasmus students could be addressed by the Lithuanian authorities. Its negative influence is outweighed by the steadily increasing number of foreign students coming to study to Lithuania without any supporting exchange programs.

The purpose of the article is to investigate the influence of international documents on the process of internationalization of higher education and to identify political, legal, organizational, financial pre-requisites for internationalization of higher education in Lithuania. Method of comparative critical analysis of references was employed for the study. Therefore, this paper aims at investigating the influence of international documents, related to internationalization of higher education and at identifying political, legal, organizational, financial prerequisites for internationalization of higher education in Lithuania. The study showed that the scope and content of internationalization may be conceptualized as having several tiers: macro, mezzo and micro. Macro tier assigns higher education with the role to contribute to positive developments in society and economies, to democracy and cohesion. Mezzo tier assigns higher education with a task to provide students with high level educational services in order to help graduates to acquire necessary competencies. Micro tier assigns higher education institutions with task to organize their activities in order to secure achievement of tasks at mezzo and macro tiers. In Lithuania both idea and purpose of internationalization gained support by general public, national authorities and authorities of individual higher education institutions. The numbers of students incoming and outgoing of Lithuania in the framework of Erasmus program is increasing but the negative difference between the outgoing and incoming Erasmus students could be addressed by the Lithuanian authorities. Its negative influence is outweighed by the steadily increasing number of foreign students coming to study to Lithuania without any supporting exchange programs.

A declaração assinada na Universidade de Bolonha em 1999 por alguns ministros da União Européia responsáveis pela instrução superior representa o que ficou conhecido como "Processo de Bolonha". Contudo é possível considerar sua origem já presente no Tratado de Maastrich de 1992, que originou a União Européia, ou, mais recentemente, na Convenção de Lisboa de 1997, que discutiu o reconhecimento de títulos superiores nos diferentes Estados europeus. O processo transcendente o encontro de Bolonha, pois houve uma reunião preparatória em Paris (1998) e continuou em sucessivos encontros ocorridos em Praga (2001), Berlim (2003) e Bergen (2005). O objetivo declarado foi construir até 2010 um Espaço Europeu de Instrução Superior que assegurasse a qualidade na formação a fim de tornar as universidades européias competitivas diante do processo de internacionalização e desenvolvimento decorrente da globalização econômica e financeira. Na Itália, como conseqüência da adesão à declaração de Bolonha, foi proposta uma reforma universitária que buscou reestruturar o sistema de ensino superior. Este artigo procura apresentar um breve histórico do processo e sua relação com o sistema universitário italiano, analisar os objetivos declarados da reforma e mostrar alguns resultados alcançados segundo docentes e discentes através de artigos publicados por editoras italianas.

Teachers and pre-school teachers' education appears as a vital strategic issue to operate changes of different kinds in education and, consequently, on concepts about the profession and teachers' professionalism. The present legislation concerning Professional Qualifications for Teaching (Law n.4372007) was created in the context of the Higher Education reorganization according to the Bologna Process. By situating the professional qualification of pre-school teachers and primary school teachers at the second cycle level (Master's), this law may contribute to reinforce the recognition of these actors' importance in the promotion of quality development, which is so necessary in the Portuguese society, and necessarily refers to the need of a demanding, qualitative initial teacher education. Another crucial aspect in this law relates to the possibility of extending teachers' practice into two basic education cycles. Having this context as background, the present communication intends to present and analyse some of the foundations of the curriculum organization for the Master's Cycle in Pre-School and Primary School Education from the Castelo Branco School of Education, giving special attention to the integration of educational research methodologies in supervised teaching practice. We conclude with the presentation and analysis of the results obtained in the experimental version of questionnaire "Concepções sobre Processos Investigativos e Prática Docente" (Concepts on Research Processes and Teaching Practice) to the master' students.