Suchergebnisse

Wireless local area networks (WLANs), like IEEE 802.11, are right now very common in numerous outdoor or indoor environments for providing wireless communication among WiFi-enabled devices by accessing an Access Point (infrastructure mode) or through peer to peer connections (ad hoc mode). Authentication is one among the most primary research challenges for the realization of the envisioned mobile and wireless Internet. This is mainly due to the latency delay introduced during the authentication process, which are of major concern for real-time applications and media streaming application. In the same way, it is also crucial for WLANs to authenticate clients and build secure channels with them. In the historical researches, the traditional authentication mechanisms frequently adopted the names and passwords of clients as login authentication. However, these Single Factor Authentication mechanisms are proved to be defective. In virtue of enhancing security, recent researches on authentication are built on Two-Factor authentication schemes. In this paper, the authors proposed a two factor, lightweight RFID authentication scheme based on elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) for WLAN. The analytic comparison demonstrates the research not just reduces the expense of proposed authentication schemes, yet gives security similarly as smart card technology. In addition, the performance of the proposed authentication scheme will analyze in terms of computational cost, communications cost, and storage cost.

On February 17, 2003, the London Congestion Charging Scheme came into effect. Preliminary results show a significant response to the £5 (U.S. $8) charge. Congestion over the first year decreased by 30%. Overall traffic levels within the charging zone fell by 16%. Speeds for car travel increased by more than 20%, and bus travel became more reliable. Elasticities of demand for trips by car with respect to generalized costs are estimated to be between –1.32 and –2.10. The average marginal congestion cost within the central zone is estimated at £1.65/vehicle-km (approximatelyU.S. $2.58/vehicle-km). The net economic benefits of the Scheme for the first year were £50 million (U.S. $78 million) and the net revenues, £68 million (U.S. $106 million). Net revenues are mainly being used to improve public transport.

This article starts with a paradox: when an actor simply has power nothing happens and s/he is powerless; when, on the other hand, an actor exerts power it is others who perform the action. It appears that power is not something one can possess – indeed it must be treated as a consequence rather than as a cause of action. In order to explore this paradox a diffusion model of power in which a successful command moves under an impetus given it from a central source is contrasted with a translation model in which such a command, if it is successful, results from the actions of a chain of agents each of whom 'translates' it in accordance with his/her own projects. Since, in the translation model, power is composed here and now by enrolling many actors in a given political and social scheme, and is not something that can be stored up and given to the powerful by a pre-existing 'society', it follows that debates about the origins of society, the nature of its components, and their relationships become crucial data for the sociologist. It also follows that the nature of society is negotiable, a practical and revisable matter (performative), and not something that can be determined once and for all by the sociologist who attempts to stand outside it (ostensive). The sociologist should, accordingly, seek to analyse the way in which people are associated together, and should, in particular, pay attention to the material and extrasomatic resources (including inscriptions) that offer ways of linking people that may last longer than any given interaction. In the translation model the study of society therefore moves from the study of the social as this is usually conceived, to a study of methods of association.

The article discusses the key to 'getting it right' in incentive schemes. By noting key findings through case studies, it outlines the factors that contribute to a successful programme, and shows how these factors have an inevitable knock‐on effect on other issues in many housing associations today.

The overarching objective of the Commonwealth Local Government Good Practice Scheme (GPS) was to contribute towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals at the local level; there were four expected outputs:1. Increased capacity of local authorities to plan and deliver services, through successful implementation of CLGF-funded projects focussed on the following nationally agreed themes, relevant to the achievement of the MDGs;2. Measurable and/or assessable improvements in individual and/or departmental/local authority management efficiency and effectiveness delivered through the GPS projects;3. National local government associations possess effective knowledge management systems and dissemination networks working nationally - and internationally through CLGF;4. Utilisation of expertise of local government practitioners in partner countries to improve local government performance more widely.

Refugee Housing Association (RHA) has provided housing and support for refugees and asylum seekers across the UK for nearly 50 years. The past decade has seen four major pieces of immigration and asylum legislation, substantially changing the entitlements and needs of our client group. In addition, pressures on the overall supply of social housing have led to the development of new ways of accessing accommodation that present a range of challenges, both for our client group and for RHA as a provider of housing services.

Canada's capitalist economy faced several challenges in 1919. These threatened the ruling Conservative Party and its ideological ally, the Canadian Manufacturers' Association. At stake was control over national tariff policies designed to protect Canadian industry. Gilbert Murray, late of the CMA, believed the press 'poisoned the hearts and minds' of Canadians against capital. He organized an advertisers' boycott of all newspapers opposing the tariff and simultaneously acquired editorial control over several hundred weekly newspapers. He meant to silence 'anti-business' papers and thereby blanket Canada with Conservative news outlets in time for a general election due in 1921. Liberal and Conservative editors decried the scheme and its implications for a free press. More interesting, however, was the opposition of the business press, which argued that the scheme would undermine the emerging credibility of advertising itself. The scheme represents that moment in time when the media, advertisers and politicians recognized the social power of modern advertising.

The present study is to identify the level of satisfaction of government and private employees on post office saving schemes. The universe of the study area is Coimbatore District, The study is primary in nature and the required data for the study have been gathered through issue of structured questionnaire. There are six hundred and thirty four employees investing in the post office saving schemes. The data collected are examined using simple percentage and chi-square test. The study reveals that majority of the employees have saving bank account and the variables like Educational Qualification, Family income per month, Monthly savings, Location of post office, Annual investment, Maturity period ofinvestment,Transferred fund from one branch to another branch, Use of maturity amount,Necessity of advertisement,Recommendation of post office saving schemes and level of awareness on post office saving schemes,are found to have highly significant association with the level of satisfaction on various saving schemes offered by the post office.

Citizens are understood as the ultimate client of government, development institutions and private sector interventions in a country. Citizens can act as individuals or organize themselves in associations and groups such as community based groups, women's groups, or indigenous peoples' groups. Civil society organizations (CSOs) can represent citizens and can include organizations outside the public or for-profit sector, such as nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), charitable organizations, faith-based organizations, foundations, academia, associations, policy development and research institutes, trade unions, and socialmovements. In this context, the term citizen is not used in a legal sense but is understood in the broad sense of referring to all people in a society or country in an inclusive and nondiscriminatory way. We leverage the deep penetration of mobile phones in Telangana to design a suite of IVR (Interactive Voice Response) tools that can help capture community perceptions, improve awareness of the people, and verify official records directly by the beneficiaries themselves. In the context of a rural employment guarantee scheme, we evaluate these tools in a few villages in thestate of Telangana and demonstrate that there is good scopefor using IVR tools to serve as a citizen engagement channelfor welfare schemes. Our contribution lies in outlining several use-cases for technology interventions, and uncoveringnuances that should be addressed if such systems are integrated into the implementation.

Abstract.  In this paper a model of international duopoly is developed involving competition in both prices and levels of environmental friendliness, and the implications of government policies are studied. It is shown that, contrary to the conventional wisdom, a regulatory increase in the minimum required level of environmental friendliness of imported goods may harm the home firm and may result in a rise in the volume of imported goods. Whether consumers lose or gain from such a regulatory increase depends on consumption spillover effects. We also show that, under certain conditions, the duopoly's equilibrium choice of levels of environmental friendliness is socially optimal.JEL Classification: F00