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The ancient city of Cyrrhus-Nebi Houri holds a privileged strategic position which has marked its highly military destiny and, on the ground, its still well preserved fortifications testify to this past. The urban boundaries of the latter were particularly studied by the Syro-Lebanese mission, which found that, unlike the other parts of the city, the southern walls of Roman, Byzantine and medieval times did not follow the same route as that of the Greek period. Research into the original route of these fortifications was carried out initially by means of the targeted archaeological search, which made it possible to return the image of a smaller city but adapted to the topography in order to exploit all the possibilities available to defence. As a second step, the geophysical study, while confirming the archaeological discoveries, made it possible to find out the full picture of the Greek backbone and offered many new avenues for research and interpretation. ; International audience The ancient city of Cyrrhus-Nebi Huri occupies an ideal strategic position with a strong military characteristic and, on the field, its well preserved fortifications testify to this past. The urban boundaries that they materialize have been particularly studied by the Syro-Lebanese mission, which was able to observe that, unlike the other parts of the city, the southern walls of the Roman, Byzantine and Medieval periods do not follow the same line as that of the Hellenistic period. The search for the original line of these fortifications was initially carried out by focused archaeological excavation, which resulted in the image of a city of smaller dimensions but adapting to the relief, exploiting all the possibilities offered to the defense. In a second phase, the geophysical study, while confirming the archaeological discoveries, made it possible to uncover the entire course of the Hellenistic rampart and offers many new directions for further research. ; The ancient city of Cyrrhus-Nebi Houri holds a privileged strategic position ...

International audience Bordered by a river, the ancient town of Meaux certainly tapped into this resource for its water supply. Nevertheless, the presence of wells shows that it was not enough. Building aqueducts reflects new requirements and urbanization, certainly in relation to the establishment of public infrastructure requiring constant power such as spas and fountains. Conducting a rescue excavation at Villenoy, neighboring town to Meaux, has provided the opportunity to study one of them. Good preservation of the remains has enabled the identification of the main technical characteristics of this small water conveyance and understand at least one state of repair. These observations complement other more specific findings. However, the chronology of this installation is worth clarifying, as its source(s) of supply. The study of concretions has helped reconstruct the sequence of operating phases. ; Bordée par une rivière, la ville de Meaux antique a certainement puisé dans cette ressource pour son alimentation. Néanmoins, la présence des puits montre qu'elle n'était pas suffisante. La construction d'aqueducs témoigne de nouveaux besoins et de son urbanisation, certainement en relation avec la mise en place d'infrastructures publiques nécessitant une alimentation constante comme les thermes et les fontaines. La réalisation d'une fouille préventive à Villenoy, commune voisine de Meaux, a procuré l'opportunité d'étudier l'un d'entre eux. La bonne conservation de ces vestiges a permis d'identifier les principales caractéristiques techniques de cette petite adduction et d'appréhender au moins un état de réfection. Ces observations viennent compléter d'autres découvertes plus ponctuelles. La chronologie de cette installation mérite toutefois d'être précisée, tout comme sa ou ses source(s) d'alimentation. L'étude des concrétions a permis de reconstituer la succession des phases de fonctionnement.

Mediation is often presented as a revolutionary in our society of imposed norms. However, his situation is ambiguous. On the one hand, invoked throughout the field, it has become a figure forced to speak about normativity, in many areas. On the other hand, practices are resilient and its application is far from presenting the scale that these speeches seem to promise to him. In order to understand this fact, it is necessary to consider the reasons why the mediation speech is a best seller, looking at the possibility of a possible disjunction between adherence to the speech and desire for practices. Our contribution will be based on a second hypothesis, that of developing the mediation discourse on the ruins of the legitimacy of its predecessors, to the point of forming a new common relationship, based on today's widely adopted legitimacy. More specifically, it seems to me that the discursive success of mediation can be traced back to what we call, together with B. Montulet, the mobilitarian ideology. This, which is characterised by the promotion for themselves of mobility (physical, social, emotional, professional, etc.), seems to me to underlie many recent discursive practices, including mediation. Our intervention will build on our doctoral research (on reports from criminal mediation practices to their founding ideals, published in 2010) and our current work on mobilitarian ideology. ; La médiation est souvent présentée comme révolutionnaire dans notre société de normes imposées. Sa situation est pourtant ambiguë. D'une part, invoquée à tout bout de champ, elle est devenue une figure obligée des discours sur la normativité, ce dans des domaines multiples. D'autre part, les pratiques résistent et son application est loin de présenter l'ampleur que ces discours semblent lui promettre. Pour comprendre ce fait, il faut s'interroger sur les raisons qui font du discours de médiation un " best seller ", en examinant l'hypothèse d'une possible disjonction entre adhésion au discours et désir des pratiques. Notre ...

Publisher online on Persée, URL: http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ran_0557-7705_2004_num_37_1_1137 national audience well attested by ancient sources, however, Luteva is poorly documented by archaeology. Recent field observations provide an opportunity to systematically take over the body of data to study the extension of the urbanised area and the establishment of the antique agglomeration. The place and role of the city are then envisaged in the territory of the City and within the province of Narbonnaise. In response to a strong geopolitics of colonial power, the foundations of which, however, remain obscure, the city, after its rise to a Latin colony, has a long destiny of capital, which, from the end of Antiquity, has been devoted to an episcopal seat. ; Although well attested in ancient texts, the town of Luteva has not been well documented archaeologically. However, recent field observations present an opportunity to reanalyze systematically the corpus of data in order to study the expansion of the urbanized area and the founding of the ancient settlement. The place and role of the town are then considered within both the territory of the civitas and the province of Gallia Narbonensis. Responding to strong geopolitical forces of colonial power, the bases of which are still obscure, the town, following its promotion to the status of colonia Latina, enjoyed a long period as a capital -- a distinction consecrated by the designation of a bishop\'s see as early as the Late Roman Period. ; Publisher online on Persée, URL: http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ran_0557-7705_2004_num_37_1_1137 national audience well attested by ancient sources, however, Luteva is poorly documented by archaeology. Recent field observations provide an opportunity to systematically take over the body of data to study the extension of the urbanised area and the establishment of the antique agglomeration. The place and role of the city are then envisaged in the territory of the City and within ...

Apresentam-se os desafios metodológicos aos que fomos confrontados aquando da análise de coleções de imagens fotográficas procedentes da Argentina e do Peru, no período compreendido entre meados do século XIX e do XX, os primeiros 100 anos da utilização desta tecnologia em sul América. O trabalho de arquivo centrou-se na análise de imagens de grupos nativos através de metodologias de corte antropológico. Foram registadas num total de 1309 imagens extraídas de entre 10 coleções. A heterogeneidade das coleções exigiu que foram realizadas aproximações analíticas específicas para cada uma delas. Os registos fotográficos inscrevem-se dentro de coleções que não necessariamente possuem imagens especificas de ambos países e grupos nativos. Contudo foi necessário realizar estudos abrangentes das coleções por forma a conhecermos as suas coerências internas, não pudendo subtrair as imagens dos grupos sem considerar o seu contexto. A través de 4 estudos de caso – e 714 imagens -exploramos os alcances das representações e distribuições das referidas populações indígenas. ; This paper presents the methodological challenges that were faced in the analysis of collections of photographs from Argentina and Peru for the period from mid-nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries, that is the first hundred years of the use of photography in South America. Archival research was focused on the analysis of photographic image of native groups. An anthropological perspective to analyze the modes of representation of indigenous communities was proposed, posing a multidirectional reading of images and assessing whether they responded to a system of representation promoted by a nationalist discourse and/or if the images sought to describe the social identities of the photographed communities. Given that these countries have developed their national identities through different material and symbolic elements, differences in the modes of representation of indigenous groups elements were sought in the pictures (e.g. shots in everyday scenes, in ...

International audience The work of the Lebanese filmmaker Jocelyne Saab, leader of the "New Lebanese cinema" in the 1970s, offers to question several aspects of the representation of Lebanese cinephilia in local film productions: despite the ravages of war, Lebanese cinephilia has not been buried with cinema theaters under the rubble of Beirut in ruins. A suspended life ( Une vie suspendue, 1985 ), Once upon a time, Beirut (Il était une fois Beyrouth histoire d'une star, 1994) and Dunia, Kiss Me Not On The Eyes (2005) give us the proof of the continuity of this cinephilia over a whole generation.

Preventive archaeology and archaeological rescue and heritage protection operations have grown over the last decades in Yemen. Local authorities quickly became aware of the danger that modern territorial developments could pose to preserving the scientific knowledge of the past. Similarly, looting against the law in force on the protection of antiques has developed in parallel with the growing interest of art dealers. This article attempts to place the place of emergency scientific actions within more traditional archaeological research, compared with the situation in France. The framework of Yemeni law is also analysed to determine its value and application. Recent operations are then presented, with a view to the more organised development of preventive archaeological research in Yemen. ; http://www.cefas.com.ye/cy/cy13/01_Crassard_Archeo.pdf ; Preventive archaeology and archaeological rescue and heritage protection operations have grown over the last decades in Yemen. Local authorities quickly became aware of the danger that modern territorial developments could pose to preserving the scientific knowledge of the past. Similarly, looting against the law in force on the protection of antiques has developed in parallel with the growing interest of art dealers. This article attempts to place the place of emergency scientific actions within more traditional archaeological research, compared with the situation in France. The framework of Yemeni law is also analysed to determine its value and application. Recent operations are then presented, with a view to the more organised development of preventive archaeological research in Yemen. ; International audience Preventive archaeology, rescue archaeological operations and actions for heritage protection have been increased in Yemen these last decades. Local authorities have quickly realized the danger of modern town and country planning on the preservation of the scientific knowledge of the past. Otherwise, lootings done against the current law on the protection of ...

The site takes the form of a karstic gallery, part of which has collapsed. Twenty-three years of excavation have shown a filling whose current power exceeds 11 m and which extends over an area of more than 380 m 'sup' 2 '/sup'. The stratigraphy has 25 occupation levels covering almost all prehistory periods since the beginning of the Würm. A decorated room and the recent discovery of a second locus add to the interest of the site. ; International audience The site consists of a karstic gallery with a partially collapsed roof. 23 years of excavation work revealed over 11 m of deposits extending across an area larger than 380 m 2 . The stratigraphy includes 25 levels of living occupation covering practically every era of Prehistory since the beginning of Würm. A decorated chamber and the recent discovery of a second locus increase the interest and the importance of this site. ; The site takes the form of a karstic gallery, part of which has collapsed. Twenty-three years of excavation have shown a filling whose current power exceeds 11 m and which extends over an area of more than 380 m 'sup' 2 '/sup'. The stratigraphy has 25 occupation levels covering almost all prehistory periods since the beginning of the Würm. A decorated room and the recent discovery of a second locus add to the interest of the site. ; Le site se présente sous la forme d'une galerie karstique dont une partie de la voûte s'est effondrée. Vingt-trois années de fouilles ont mis en évidence un remplissage dont la puissance actuelle dépasse 11 m et qui s'étend sur une superficie de plus de 380 m 2 . La stratigraphie comporte 25 niveaux d'occupation qui couvrent pratiquement toutes les périodes de la préhistoire depuis le début du Würm. Une salle ornée et la découverte récente d'un second locus ajoutent encore à l'intérêt du site.

The results of archaeological excavation in the ancient Jose Martín Palacios/Doña Eva mine (Baños de la Encina) are presented. The results confirm and corroborate the assumptions made following the 2003 fieldwork in the Rumblar basin (Jaén) that the mine had at least two operating periods: one in the Retient Prehistory (Bronze Age) and the other in Roman times. So far, the mine is the first in the south-east of the Iberian Peninsula excavated and dated in the Bronze Age by Carbon 14 and by the recovered ceramic material. In addition, residues of the metallurgical reduction process (slag and a fragment of oven vessel) have been found in only three additional peninsular mines. The article is part of the General Research Project of the Regional Ministry of Culture of the Regional Government of Andalusia, 'Roman mining in Sierra Morena Oriental: forms of structuring a territory based on the production, consumption and distribution of metals' (PGI, 2012-2017), led by Luis arboledas Martínez, and in the R & D & I project, 'Mining in the Alto Guadalquivir. Forms of historical construction from the production, consumption and distribution of metals' (HAR2011-30131-C02-01), led by Francisco Contreras Cortés. This work was also done thanks to the contract as JAE doc postdoctoral researcher of Luis arboledas Martínez, co-financed by the European Social Fund. ; Peer reviewed ; The results of archaeological excavation in the ancient Jose Martín Palacios/Doña Eva mine (Baños de la Encina) are presented. The results confirm and corroborate the assumptions made following the 2003 fieldwork in the Rumblar basin (Jaén) that the mine had at least two operating periods: one in the Retient Prehistory (Bronze Age) and the other in Roman times. So far, the mine is the first in the south-east of the Iberian Peninsula excavated and dated in the Bronze Age by Carbon 14 and by the recovered ceramic material. In addition, residues of the metallurgical reduction process (slag and a fragment of oven vessel) have been found in only ...

This article focuses on the work of the geologists of the National Agency for Nuclear Waste Management (Andra). It shows that the surveys they carry out are intended to characterise the geology of a storage site as much as to familiarise a region with the presence of the nuclear industry. This text emphasises the links that link geological depths to the surface: drilling and research carried out, but also hydrogeological circulation likely to cause radionuclides buried to the surface. In addition, this text shows how the excavation of the underground laboratory in Bure (Meuse) affects the rock and transforms the representations of the rock by the geologists of Andra. Thus, this article analyses the political and epistemic reports of Andra geologists at the geological formations where nuclear waste could be buried. ; This article focuses on the work of geologists of the French National Agency for Radioactive Waste Management (Andra). It shows that their geological prospecting is intended to characterize the geology and, at the same time, to familiarize a region with the nuclear industry. This text emphasizes the connections between the deep geology and the soil surface: boreholes, research and also hydraulic flow which could cause radionuclide migration from the storage to the surface. Moreover, this paper explains how the digging of an underground research laboratory (URL) in Bure (Meuse, France) affects the rock and how it transforms the Andra's geologists' representations of the clay. This article analyzes thus political and epistemic relations of the Andra's geologists to the geologic formations in which radioactive waste could be buried. ; This article focuses on the work of the geologists of the National Agency for Nuclear Waste Management (Andra). It shows that the surveys they carry out are intended to characterise the geology of a storage site as much as to familiarise a region with the presence of the nuclear industry. This text emphasises the links that link geological depths to the surface: drilling ...

Identification of communities based on the socio-spatial organisation of their territory is a classic interest, but no less problematic in regional archaeology studies. In the Andean context, the problem is particularly difficult due to the flexibility of the demographic and identity scale of the concept of ayllu government as it appears in the ethno-historical and ethnographic sources, as well as because of the discontinuous and interdigitised spatiality paradigmatic of the population of the territories described by the same sources. The analysis of the late prehispanic population (11th to 16th century BC) of the Apurímac valley (Cusco, Peru) is an opportunity to contribute to this discussion on the basis of unprecedented information on the territorial structure of the village communities located in one of the deepest interim valleys located at the foot of the Vilcabamba mountain range. The study combines spatial analysis, cultural ecology, landscape archaeology and ethnographic analogy to propose a multifactorial and multiscaling reading of pre-hispanic settlement patterns. At local level, the study reveals a type of respite network that could correspond to the socio-spatial scheme of the ALDEANA community. At regional level, the study shows, from a bottom-up perspective, the heterogeneity of the population of the valley, which illustrates the complex geopolitical situation expressed by ethnohistoric sources in this intermediate territorial area adjacent to the heart of Tawantinsuyu. From a theoretical point of view, the data make it possible to develop a reflection on the territorial foundations of the late prehispanic village communities. ; International audience A classic interest among archaeological regional studies is identifying communities based on the socio-spatial organization of a territory. In the Andes, the problem is topical due to the flexibility of the vernacular concept of ayllu, in terms of its demographic and identitarian scale, as it appears in ethnohistoric and ethnographic sources; and ...

A new survey programme, launched on the Ribem-sur-Ancre site since 1990, has enabled the study of most of the latenian deposit and the review of the gallo-Roman crop installation. The leftovers of several hundred individuals and the thousands of weapons discovered on the soil of the Medium Teene are now interpreted as the remains of a monumental trophy that would have been formed at the end of the III 'sup' e '/sup' s before J.-C. The latter did not subsequently experience any significant culinary activity; its ruins, still in partial rise, were only cleaned in the 30s before J.-C. when a military population built a temple at the very place, in the middle of an organised sanctuary, which was decorated from the outset with an uncommon decoration for a monument built in the middle of the countryside. From the beginning of the I 'super'/sup s, he was equipped with a stone colonnade and, at the end of the same century, a double quadriportic. In the second half of the second paragraph, the temple was reconstructed in a monumental form, of a classic allure, with a new gantry. These large buildings are accompanied by a new architectural design of the site, which then spans more than 50 ha, in a succession of terraces, dominated by the temple, where a theatre and two thermal sets are also located. The new study of the architecture of the sanctuary and material cloaks makes it possible to reconsider the nature of worship: it should be seen as a public worship directly dependent on the head of the city, Samarobriva. ; International audience A new programme of excavations since 1990 on the site of Ribemont-sur-Ancre has led to the study of the major part of the La Tène layers and to the reexamination of the Gallo-Roman cult installation. The discovery of the remains of several hundred individuals and of thousands of weapons in La Tène C levels can be now interpreted as the remnants of a monumental trophy erected in the final years of the 3 rd century BC. Since its construction, this trophy has witnessed no significant cult ...

Статья Гаральда Гуайта «Отношение Цицерона к грекам» впервые публикуется на русском языке. Г. Гуайт специалист по античной истории, доцент Ибаданского университета (Нигерия), профессор университета Зимбабве-Родезии, в 1970-е гг. президент МакМастерского университета (Канада). Его работы знакомы исследователям, специализирующимся в разных сферах истории образования и культуры античного мира. В данной статье, как и во всех работах Гуайта, представлено панорамное видение истории античной культуры, в которой особое место занимал Марк Юлий Цицерон (106 до н.э. 43 до н.э.). Оратор, политик, философ и общественный деятель эпохи, которая предшествовала падению Империи, Цицерон оказал огромное влияние на древнеримскую, а затем и всю европейскую педагогику. Многочисленные источники, отражающие жизненный и творческий пути Цицерона, позволяют говорить о том, что последствия его прихода на педагогическую арену были не менее значительны, чем последствия его прихода на политическую арену. Корпус сочинений Цицерона представляет собой своеобразную экспозицию образовательного идеала древнегреческих наставников, принятого римлянином с некоторыми поправками. Представления Цицерона о греках были неотделимы от представлений об их образовательном идеале и путях его достижения. Эти достаточно противоречивые представления и были структурированы в статье Г. Гуайта, что дало нам право изменить название его статьи при переводе. Статью «Отношение Цицерона к грекам» предваряет следующий комментарий автора: « В сравнении с работой (Систер M. A., Трауард О. П.) "Позиция Цицерона по отношению к грекам" (Чикаго, 1942), которая предлагает другой подход к той же самой проблеме. Превосходный очерк "Эллинизм Цицерона и его друзей" в книге Дж. П. Махаффи "Серебряный век греческого мира" (Чикаго, 1906), часть VII. Я обязан некоторыми деталями моему коллеге A. Р. Хендсу ». Этот комментарий иллюстрирует то, что тема отношения Цицерона к грекам продолжает оставаться актуальной, хоть и не является новой[291] . В комментарии Х. Ф. Гуайт подчеркивает, что статья носит полемический характер, а в содержании расставляет акценты в этой полемике: неоднозначность оценки отношения Цицерона к грекам во многом обусловлена неоднозначностью отношения к самому Цицерону. Поскольку статья адресована тем, кто способен при чтении развернуть достаточно широкую временную перспективу, сопоставив сочинения Цицерона с его биографией и биографиями его современников, мы посчитали целесообразным дополнить перевод расширенным комментарием, который конкретизирует педагогические представления Цицерона. Сколько-нибудь подробного педагогического комментария к изданиям трудов Цицерона не существует. Комментарий к данной статье является первой попыткой построения такого комментария с опорой на существующие комментированные издания (Марк Туллий Цицерон. Три трактата об ораторском искусстве / под ред. М. Л. Гаспарова; пер. Ф. А. Петровского, коммент. М. Л. Гаспарова. М.: Наука, 1972; Тускуланские беседы М. Туллия Цицерона. Вып.1, кн.1: О презрении к смерти. / подстроч. пер. с коммент. и выбранными словами. Одесса: Типография В. Кирхнера, 1885; Цицерон. О пределах блага и зла. Парадоксы стоиков / пер. с лат. Н. А. Федорова; вступ. ст. Н. П. Гринцера; коммент. Б. М. Никольского. М.: РГГУ, 2000; Цицерон. Философские трактаты / отв. ред., сост. и авт. вступ. ст. Г. Г. Майоров; пер. с лат. М. И. Рижского. М.: Наука, 1985; Цицерон. Эстетика. Трактаты, речи, письма / сост. и вст. ст. Г.С. Кнабе, пер. М. Л. Гаспарова, В. О. Горенштейн и др.; коммент. Н. А. Кульковой, Е. П. Орехановой. М.: Искусство, 1994), а также следующие работы: Елизарова Н. М. Выступления рабов и угнетенных народов римских провинций (по данным Цицерона) // Античный мир и археология, 1972. Вып. 1. С. 77-93; Скржинская М. В. Древнегреческие праздники в Элладе и Северном Причерноморье. СПб.: Алетейя, 2010; Токарев А. Н. Становление официальной идеологии принципата императора Августа. Харьков: Харьковский национальный университет им. В. Н. Каразина, 2011 и др.). Г. Гуайт приводит в статье цитаты из сочинений и писем Цицерона исключительно на латинском языке, часть из которых не переведена на русский язык. В комментариях переводы приведены по имеющимся русским изданиям или, если они не указаны, выполнены переводчиком. Ссылки, имеющиеся в русских переводах, приведены с указанием издания. Сравнивая разные версии одного сочинения, мы стремились включить только те переводы, в которых по сравнению с оригиналом минимальны потери или приобретения дополнительных смысловых акцентов латинского источника. При существенных смысловых изменениях, независимо от того, существует ли русский перевод, перевод выполнен переводчиком. Цитаты, приведенные Г. Гуайтом, сохранены, чтобы читатель мог при необходимости сопоставить перевод с оригиналом. Во всех случаях, при отсылке к оригинальному тексту или конкретному человеку (современнику, другу, родственнику, древнегреческим или древнеримским авторам и т. д.), название или имя приводится по-латыни. Чтобы избежать нагромождения, в текст включены постраничные сноски с комментариями одного из переводчиков. Указания на конкретные фрагменты источника Г. Гуайта внесены в скобки и отмечены полужирным шрифтом c сохранением авторского стиля, а его пояснения и комментарии отмечены римскими цифрами и вынесены в конец статьи. ; The article by Harold Guite "Cicero's Attitude to the Greeks" is first published in Russian. H. Guite is a specialist in ancient history, associate professor of the University of Ibadan (Nigeria), professor at the University of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, in the 1970s, President of McMaster University (Canada). His works are well familiar to researchers specializing in the history of education and culture of the ancient world. This article, like all Guite's works, presents a panoramic vision of the history of ancient culture in which a special place is occupied by Mark Julius Cicero (106 BC 43 BC). An orator, politician, philosopher and public figure of the epoch that preceded to the fall of the Empire, Cicero had a huge impact on the ancient Roman and later on all European pedagogics. Numerous sources, reflecting Cicero's life and career, suggest that the effects of his coming into the educational arena were no less significant than the consequences of his moving to the political scene. Cicero's works are a kind of exposition of the educational ideal of Greek mentors adopted by the Roman with some improvements. Cicero's ideas of the Greeks were inseparable from the ideas of their educational ideal and the ways to achieve it. Those quite contradictory views were structured in H. Guite's article, which gave us the right to change the title of his article at translation. The article "Cicero's Attitude to the Greeks" is preceded by the author's commentary, "Cf. Sister M. A. Trouard, O.P., Cicero's Attitude towards the Greeks (Chicago, 1942), which offers a different approach to the same problem. There is an excellent essay on 'The Hellenism of Cicero and his friends' in J. P. Mahaffy, The Silver Age of the Greek World (Chicago, 1906), ch. vii. I am indebted for several details to my colleague Mr. A. R. Hands." This commentary illustrates the fact that the theme of Cicero's attitude to the Greeks continues to be relevant, though not a new one. H. Guite's commentary stresses a polemical character of the article and highlights the key points in this debate: the ambiguity of evaluating Cicero's attitude to the Greeks is largely due to the ambiguity of the attitude to Cicero himself. As the article is addressed to those who are able to deploy a sufficiently broad time perspective comparing the writings of Cicero with his biography and biographies of his contemporaries, we felt it appropriate to supplement the translation with extended commentary which specifies Cicero's pedagogical views. There is no detailed pedagogical commentary to Cicero's works. The commentary to this article is the first attempt to create such a commentary based on existing annotated editions (Mark Tullij Ciceron. Tri traktata ob oratorskom iskusstve / pod red. M.L. Gasparova; per. F.A. Petrovskogo, komment. M.L. Gasparova. M.: Nauka, 1972; Tuskulanskie besedy M. Tullija Cicerona. Vyp.1, kn.1: O prezrenii k smerti. / podstroch. per. s komment. i vybrannymi slovami. Odessa: Tipografija V. Kirhnera, 1885; Ciceron. O predelah blaga i zla. Paradoksy stoikov / per. s lat. N.A. Fedorova; vstup. st. N. P. Grincera; komment. B. M. Nikol'skogo. M.: RGGU, 2000; Ciceron. Filosofskie traktaty / otv. red., sost. i avt. vstup. st. G.G. Majorov; per. s lat. M. I. Rizhskogo. M.: Nauka, 1985. Ciceron. Jestetika. Traktaty, rechi, pis'ma / sost. i vst. st. G.S. Knabe, per. M.L. Gasparova, V.O. Gorenshtejn i dr.; komment. N.A. Kul'kovoj, E.P. Orehanovoj. M.: Iskusstvo, 1994), a takzhe sledujushhie raboty: Elizarova N.M. Vystuplenija rabov i ugnetennyh narodov rimskih provincij (po dannym Cicerona) // Antichnyj mir i arheologija, 1972. Vyp. 1. S. 77-93; Skrzhinskaja M.V. Drevnegrecheskie prazdniki v Jellade i Severnom Prichernomor'e. SPb.: Aletejja, 2010; Tokarev A. N. Stanovlenie oficial'noj ideologii principata imperatora Avgusta. Har'kov: Har'kovskij nacional'nyj universitet im. V.N. Karazina, 2011, et al.). H. Guite cites quotations form Cicero's works and letters exclusively in Latin. Some of these quotations have not been translated into Russian. In the commentary, translations correspond to the available Russian editions or, if the latter are not listed, are performed by the translator. In Russian translations, references include the edition. Comparing the different versions of the same work, we strove to include only those translations which have acquired no or minimum additional shades of meanings compared to the Latin original. In case of significant changes of meaning, regardless of whether there exists a Russian translation or not, the translation was performed by the translator. The quotations given by H. Guite are preserved so that the reader could compare the translation with the original, if necessary. In all cases, when referring to a piece of the original text or a specific person (a contemporary, friend, relative, or some of ancient Greek and Roman authors, etc.), the title or the name is given in Latin. To avoid a mess, footnotes with the comments of one of the translators are included in the text. References to specific extracts from H. Guite's source are put in brackets and marked in bold preserving the author's style, and his explanations and comments are marked with Roman numerals and placed at the end of the article.