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Milk is one of the most important nutritious foods, widely consumed worldwide, either in its natural form or via dairy products. Currently, several economic, health and ethical issues emphasize the need for a more frequent and rigorous quality control of dairy products and the importance of detecting adulterations in these products. For this reason, several conventional and advanced techniques have been proposed, aiming at detecting and quantifying eventual adulterations, preferentially in a rapid, cost-effective, easy to implement, sensitive and specific way. They have relied mostly on electrophoretic, chromatographic and immunoenzymatic techniques. More recently, mass spectrometry, spectroscopic methods (near infrared (NIR), mid infrared (MIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and front face fluorescence coupled to chemometrics), DNA analysis (real-time PCR, high-resolution melting analysis, next generation sequencing and droplet digital PCR) and biosensors have been advanced as innovative tools for dairy product authentication. Milk substitution from high-valued species with lower-cost bovine milk is one of the most frequent adulteration practices. Therefore, this review intends to describe the most relevant developments regarding the current and advanced analytical methodologies applied to species authentication of milk and dairy products. ; This work was funded by national funds (FCT, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia) through the strategic funding of CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020) and LAQV-REQUIMTE (UIDB/50006/2020, UIDP/50006/2020). This study was also supported by the European Union through European Regional Development Fund (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000052) and SYSTEMIC (Knowledge Hub on Food and Nutrition Security, ERA-Net Cofund ERA-HDHL no. 696295). I.Mafra thanks FCT for funding through the Individual Call to Scientific Employment Stimulus (2021.03670.CEECIND).M. Honrado is grateful to FCT grant 2021.08119.BD, financed by POPH-QREN (subsidized by FSE andMCTES). ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Different From Us? -- Without Feeling -- Do They Have Rules? -- A Background to Animal Rights -- Practicing what you preach? -- Meat, Milk and Mass-Production -- Good Farming? -- Animal Products -- Animals and Science -- Genetic Engineering -- Wild Animals -- Culling -- The Pleasure Principle -- Four-legged Friends -- Animals in Entertainment -- Hunting -- Rights and Wrongs -- The Way Forward -- Glossary -- For More Information -- Index -- Back Cover

EFSA received an application from the Dutch Competent Authority, under Article 20 of Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009 and Regulation (EU) No 142/2011, for the evaluation of an alternative method for treatment of Category 3 animal by‐products (ABP). It consists of the hydrolysis of the material to short‐carbon chains, resulting in medium‐chain fatty acids that may contain up to 1% hydrolysed protein, for use in animal feed. A physical process, with ultrafiltration followed by nanofiltration to remove hazards, is also used. Process efficacy has been evaluated based on the ability of the membrane barriers to retain potential biological hazards present. Small viruses passing the ultrafiltration membrane will be retained at the nanofiltration step, which represents a Critical Control Point (CCP) in the process. This step requires the Applicant to validate and provide certification for the specific use of the nanofiltration membranes used. Continuous monitoring and membrane integrity tests should be included as control measures in the HACCP plan. The ultrafiltration and nanofiltration techniques are able to remove particles of the size of virus, bacteria and parasites from liquids. If used under controlled and appropriate conditions, the processing methods proposed should reduce the risk in the end product to a degree which is at least equivalent to that achieved with the processing standards laid down in the Regulation for Category 3 material. The possible presence of small bacterial toxins produced during the fermentation steps cannot be avoided by the nanofiltration step and this hazard should be controlled by a CCP elsewhere in the process. The limitations specified in the current legislation and any future modifications in relation to the end use of the product also apply to this alternative process, and no hydrolysed protein of ruminant origin (except ruminant hides and skins) can be included in feed for farmed animals or for aquaculture.

Les productions animales représentent 16 % du commerce agroalimentaire international. Le déséquilibre croissant entre l'offre et la demande de produits animaux dans les pays asiatiques où la consommation progresse, surtout en Chine, stimule les échanges au bénéfice des grands pays exportateurs que sont l'Union Européenne (UE), les États-Unis, la Nouvelle-Zélande, le Brésil et l'Australie. Si cette évolution offre des opportunités commerciales pour les pays structurellement excédentaires, les achats ne sont pas toujours réguliers d'une année à l'autre et la concurrence par les prix est très forte, même si certains pays ont des exigences qualitatives. L'UE, qui est excédentaire en produits laitiers et en viande porcine, mais déficitaire (en valeur) en viande bovine et en viande de volailles, est le premier exportateur mondial de productions animales (avec 22 % du total, hors commerce intra-UE en 2016). En utilisant les données statistiques des douanes (BACI et COMEXT) de 2000 à 2016, cet article traite de l'évolution du commerce en productions animales. Il présente l'évolution du commerce international pour différents types de biens (produits laitiers, viande bovine, viande porcine, viande de volailles) et met en évidence les trajectoires commerciales des principaux pays déficitaires (Chine, Japon et Russie) et excédentaires (Inde, Australie, Nouvelle-Zélande, Brésil, États-Unis et UE). ; Animal production accounts for 16 % of the international agri-food trade. The growing imbalance between supply and demand for animal products in Asian countries, where consumption is growing, particularly in China, is boosting trade for the benefit of the major exporting countries: the European Union (EU), the United States, New Zealand, Brazil and Australia. While this development offers trade opportunities for structurally surplus countries, purchases are not always consistent from year to year and price competition is very strong, although some countries have qualitative requirements. The EU, which has a surplus in dairy products and pig meat, but is deficient (in value) in beef and poultry meat, is the world's largest exporter of animal products (with 22 % of the total, excluding intra-EU trade in 2016). This article deals with the evolution of trade in animal products using customs statistics data (BACI and COMEXT) from 2000 to 2016. It presents the evolution of international trade for different types of goods (dairy products, beef, pig meat, poultry meat) and highlights the trade trajectories of the main deficit countries (China, Japan and Russia) and the main surplus countries (India, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, the United States and the EU).

The commercialization of products of animal origin in Brazil, by virtue of specific legislation, is preceded by previous industrial and sanitary inspection. Such inspection is performed by the Federal Inspection Service in establishments that carry out interstate or international commerce; by the State Inspection Services in those that carry out inter-municipal trade; and by the Municipal Inspection Services in those that carry out local trade. Independently of this obligation, it is the exclusive responsibility of the establishments to assure the quality and appropriateness for consumption of the products elaborated by them, leaving to the public authority the prerogative to authorize the regular ones and prevent irregularities from reaching consumers' table, punishing the offenders when it is the case. The operation started by the federal police called "weak meat", had as scope the information that abattoirs would be marketing deteriorated or otherwise unsuitable for consuming beef, constituting a criminal process and with the participation of public agents responsible for Inspection in these establishments. The objective of this debate was to evaluate the possible circumstances that motivated the fact in the interpretation of the author, as a result of his technical knowledge as Veterinarian PhD in Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing of Animal Products, without considering official information for which it did not have access. ; A comercialização de produtos de origem animal no Brasil, por força de legislação específica, deve ser precedida de prévias inspeções industrial e sanitária, exercidas pelo Serviço de Inspeção Federal, nos estabelecimentos produtores que realizam comércio interestadual ou internacional, pelos Serviços de Inspeção Estaduais, naqueles que realizam comércio intermunicipal, ou pelos Serviços de Inspeção Municipais, nos que realizam comércio local. Independentemente desta obrigatoriedade, cabe exclusivamente aos estabelecimentos produtores a responsabilidade pela qualidade e propriedade para consumo dos produtos por elas elaborados, ficando o poder público com a prerrogativa de chancelar os regulares e impedir que os irregulares possam chegar a mesa dos consumidores, punindo os infratores quando for o caso. A operação deflagrada pela Polícia Federal denominada de "carne fraca" teve como escopo a informação de que frigoríficos estariam comercializando carne bovina deteriorada ou de outra forma imprópria para o consumo, o que se constitui um processo criminoso com a participação dos agentes públicos responsáveis pela inspeção nestes estabelecimentos. O objetivo deste debate foi o de avaliar, ante as notícias veiculadas pelos meios de comunicação, as possíveis circunstâncias que motivaram o fato na interpretação do autor, fruto de seu conhecimento técnico como Médico Veterinário Doutor em Higiene Veterinária e Processamento Tecnológico de Produtos de Origem Animal, sem considerar informações oficiais às quais não teve acesso.

Intro -- The Animal Trade -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Note -- 1: The History of Animal Trade -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Early Developments in Livestock Trade -- 1.3 Expansion of the Role of Livestock in the Ancient Civilization of the Inca Empire -- 1.4 European Livestock Trade from 1066 to the Modern Day -- 1.4.1 Animal production and trade in mediaeval times and the Middle Ages in England and continental Europe -- 1.4.2 Agricultural intensification in Britain in the 18th and 19th centuries -- 1.4.3 Animal trade in the 20th century -- The Second World War -- Post-war food supplies -- 1.5 Conclusions -- Note -- 2: Trade Policies for Animal Products -- 2.1 Development of Trade Policy -- 2.2 Trade Distortions, Subsidies and Security -- 2.3 Conclusions -- 3: Trade Wars, Sanctions and Discrimination -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Trade Disruption Because of Disease Risk -- 3.3 Import Bans on Cheap Chicken -- 3.4 Constraints on Trading in 'Iconic' Animals -- 3.4.1 Japanese whaling -- 3.4.2 The ivory trade -- 3.5 Territorial Disputes -- 3.6 Products with Moral Advantage -- 3.6.1 Mulesing and the Australian wool industry -- 3.6.2 Cosmetics testing on animals -- 3.6.3 Foie gras -- 3.6.4 Australia's live cattle export to Indonesia -- 3.7 A Trade War Driven by Political Ideology - Russia's Food War with the West -- 3.8 Conclusions -- 4: Trade in Meat -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Scale of the World's Meat Production and Consumption -- 4.3 Trade in Meat -- 4.4 Future Changes in the Meat Trade -- 4.4.1 The real cost of meat production -- 4.5 Animal Slaughter for Trade -- 4.6 Conclusions -- 5: Trade in Some Key Animal Products: Dairy, Wool and Fur -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Dairy Products -- 5.3 Wool -- 5.4 Fur -- 5.5 Conclusions -- 6: Trade in Live Farm Animals -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Types of Transport.

Throughout the ages the quest for food and drink has influenced humanity's economic, social and political development, and played a role in the organization of society and history. Nutrition (or what we choose to consume) influences the health of human beings and therefore their quality of life. Animal source foods are often the dietary component that evokes the widest array of complex scientific, economic, environmental and political issues. It is viewed as the most expensive component of any diet, yet can make significant contributions to human health through providing high quantities of essential nutrients. In addition to quantity, the high quality of the nutrients in animal source foods is important as high-quality nutrients are more readily absorbed into the human body than lower-quality nutrients from other food and non-food sources. As South Africans increasingly suffer the consequences of inappropriate diets (over- and under- nutrition), the role of animal source foods as part of a healthy diet requires continuous investment in research and extrapolation of information towards appropriate guidelines and recommendations. Although it is often suggested that the intake of animal source foods should be limited because of possible linkages between animal product consumption and health, scientific evidence increasingly indicates the beneficial role that animal source foods can play in preventing and combating obesity and certain non-communicable diseases related to over-nutrition. This article aims to describe the nutritional role of animal source foods as part of a healthy South African diet and presents a review of recent findings related to their nutrient contribution, as well as evidence relating to common health concerns. ; http://www.sasas.co.za ; am2014

The South African food safety and animal food control systems are developed and enforced by three government departments: Department of Health (DOH), Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) and Department of Trade and Industry (DTI). Animal health relies heavily on veterinary drugs for controlling pests and diseases. Movement of animals and animal products, is also a potential method of transmission of pests and diseases within and between countries. Human health is inextricably linked to animal health and production through zoonotic and foodborne hazards. By eating animal products (meat, milk, eggs, etc.), humans are exposed to microbiological hazards and chemical residues.This paper will describe and critically review the relevant legislation and regulations as well as their implementation, highlighting discrepancies and overlaps. Four working groups of eight key informants performed a gap analysis and defined actions and steps to remedy the gaps for: 1) Legislation for the registration for veterinary drugs and pesticides in animal feeds; 2) Animal health legislation, including veterinary public health, biosecurity and animal diseases; 3) Microbiological hazards and chemical residues in food of animal origin; and 4) Laboratory capacity for residues and animal diseases surveillance and monitoring. There is a shortage of academic institutions devoted to teach applied regulatory toxicology and aquatic animal health. Furthermore, due to duplication of activities from two authorities regulating the registration of veterinary medicines and stock remedies, there is poor utilization of scare skills for surveillance, monitoring and evaluators responsible for human food safety evaluation of drugs intended for food animals. Food safety of animal products is fragmented as a result of it not being under only one Ministry. Different aspects of legislations fall under the three departments. Lines of responsibility are not always well understood as they sometimes overlap and inconsistently applied. There are also a number of stakeholders involved at local, regional and international level. International standards in line with Codex, World Trade Organization (WTO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), are followed, in line with international obligations. National governments and private sector standards are applied by producers and processors of animal derived food. At local level there are provincial and municipal regulations for implementation of National directives, as well as private standards of supermarkets, butchers, dairies and other retailers of animal derived foods. In conclusion, South Africa needs to have one broad veterinary legislation which covers animal disease control, registration and control of veterinary drugs (including insecticides manufactured for administration to animals), food safety including food protection, prevention and elimination of zoonoses and aspects of laboratory animal facilities and diagnostic laboratories, health education and extension.

Cet article a fait l'objet d'un WP SMART-LERECO n°19-08, voir lien ; Animal production accounts for 16 % of the international agri-food trade. The growing imbalance between supply and demand for animal products in Asian countries, where consumption is growing, particularly in China, is boosting trade for the benefit of the major exporting countries: the European Union (EU), the United States, New Zealand, Brazil and Australia. While this development offers trade opportunities for structurally surplus countries, purchases are not always consistent from year to year and price competition is very strong, although some countries havequalitative requirements. The EU, which has a surplus in dairy products and pig meat, but is deficient (in value) in beef and poultry meat, is the world's largest exporter of animal products (with 22 % of the total, excluding intra-EU trade in 2016). This article deals with the evolution of trade in animal products using customs statistics data (BACI and COMEXT) from 2000 to 2016. It presents the evolution of international trade for different types of goods (dairy products, beef, pig meat, poultry meat) and highlights the trade trajectories of the main deficit countries (China, Japan and Russia) and the main surplus countries (India, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, the United States and the EU). ; Les productions animales représentent 16 % du commerce agroalimentaire international. Le déséquilibre croissant entre l'offre et la demande de produits animaux dans les pays asiatiques où la consommation progresse, surtout en Chine, stimule les échanges au bénéfice des grands pays exportateurs que sont l'Union Européenne (UE), les États-Unis, la Nouvelle-Zélande, le Brésil et l'Australie. Si cette évolution offre desopportunités commerciales pour les pays structurellement excédentaires, les achats ne sont pas toujours réguliers d'une année à l'autre et la concurrence par les prix est très forte, même si certains pays ont des exigences qualitatives. L'UE, qui est excédentaire en produits ...

Irrespective of the existence of potentially pathogenic organisms carried by animals, foods of animal origin remain the prime nutrition of humans world-wide. As such, food safety continues to be a global concern primarily to safeguard public health and to promote international trade. Application of integrated risk-based quality assurance procedures on-farm and at slaughterhouses plays a crucial role in controlling hazards associated with foods of animal origin. In the present paper we examine safety assurance systems and associated value chains for foods of animal origin based on historical audit results of some Southern African countries with thriving export trade in animal products, mainly to identify areas for improvement. Among the key deficiencies identified were: i) failure to keep pace with scientific advances related to the ever-changing food supply chain; ii) lack of effective national and regional intervention strategies to curtail pathogen transmission and evolution, notably the zoonotic Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli; and iii) a lack of effective methods to reduce contamination of foods of wildlife origin. The introduction of foods of wildlife origin for domestic consumption and export markets seriously compounds already existing conflicts in legislation governing food supply and safety. This analysis identifies gaps required to improve the safety of foods of wildlife origin.