Suchergebnisse

Abstract: After gaining its independence in 2002, Timor Leste struggled for joining ASEAN's membership. Timor Leste changed foreign policy orientation from PIF to ASEAN. Then, Timor Leste had put its decision in 2011 which officially enrolled as member of ASEAN. This article seeks to analyze Timor Leste's decision to join ASEAN's membership. The authors sought to find the answers by using foreign policy decision-making model. This article focused on international factors which are derived from two important variables namely international context and economic and military conditions. The authors found from international context that Timor Leste decided to join ASEAN due to ASEAN's attractiveness as prospective regional organization and strong support emanating from Indonesia as an influential state regionally. Economic conditions comprise close economic relations of Timor Leste with ASEAN countries. Military conditions are analyzed from Timor Leste's military capability amidst neighbor's military capability and its need to collective security. Keywords: Foreign Policy, Decision-Making Model, International Context, Economic and Military Conditions

The main objective of this paper is to determine the level of relevance of the economic development and the level of pollution of thirteen states that joined the European Union (EU) in the last three enlargement rounds (2004, 2007, and 2013), with the length of transitional periods, i.e. the number of regulations that have agreed transitional periods. The initial assumption is that the level of economic development of countries joining the EU and the level of pollution are affecting the length of transitional periods and the number of regulations that are agreed upon transitional periods. Accordingly, the paper points to the level of economic development (measured by GDP) and the level of pollution (emissions measured by CO2/pc and CO2/gdp). All the states are grouped into five regional groups (Mediterranean, Central Europe, the Baltics, South-East Europe and the member states of the former Yugoslavia) . Separate part of the paper analyzes in detail the types of regulations relating to the agreed transitional periods, and the number and length of transitional periods that are contracted by the states of the five groups. For the analysis we used the transitional periods in the field of energy, environment and transport, given their potential importance for CO2 emissions. The final part of the paper analyses perceived relevance between the level of economic development, levels of pollution, the length of transitional periods and the number of regulations that are agreed upon transitional periods.

Globalization is identified with the development of treaties into national domain law. Initially, such treaties did not appear as legal regulations but as standard/harmonized-setting for member states. Since the establishment of Chicago Convention on Civil Aviation, 1944, treaties on aviation keep developing well both on the aviation operational technique and economic aspect. Those treaties nowadays have turned into the source of international aviation law. Treaty has been one of the bases of domestic law for almost nations in the world. As a result, the global requirements need to be adjusted into national law of states. States are bound both legally and politically to verdicts of International organizations. The process of regulation and decision making in International organizations should be based on democratic procedures of member states either in the construction of final draft or in negotiation and arrangement of regulation or resolution drafts. Specifically, this article discusses recent development of international treaties relating to aviation from both operational and economic aspects. Following Assembly 39th Session, ICAO, member states of ICAO, including Indonesia, made several multilateral agreements. The ratification of International treaties should consider the effects on legal, political, and security aspects. For Indonesia, one of the aspects that should never be neglected is strategic airspace, both geographically and geopolitically.Perkembangan Terkini dalam Perjanjian Internasional Terkait Penerbangan: Standardisasi Baru Hukum Udara InternasionalAbstrakGlobalisasi ditandai dengan berkembangnya perjanjian-perjanjian internasional yang menjadi domain hukum nasional. Perjanjian-perjanjian semacam ini tidak langsung menciptakan aturan hukum, melainkan hanya melakukan standard/harmonized-setting yang kemudian akan diundangkan oleh negara-negara anggota dalam hukum nasionalnya. Pasca lahirnya Konvensi Chicago 1944, perjanjian internasional di bidang penerbangan terus berkembang baik aspek teknis operasional penerbangan maupun ekonomi. Perjanjian-perjanjian internasional tersebut berkembang menjadi sumber hukum udara internasional. Traktat atau perjanjian internasional telah menjadi salah satu sumber hukum nasional (domestik) bagi hampir seluruh negara-negara di dunia. Hal ini memberikan konsekuensi adanya penggabungan ketentuan-ketentuan internasional pada hukum nasional suatu negara. Negara terikat baik secara hukum maupun politik terhadap keputusan organisasi internasional di mana negara yang bersangkutan menjadi anggotanya. Aturan hukum dan proses pengambilan keputusan dari organisasi internasional sepenuhnya harus didasarkan pada prosedur yang demokratis bagi semua negara anggotanya baik dalam pengambilan keputusan final text maupun dalam negosiasi dan drafting suatu peraturan atau resolusi. Tulisan ini khusus membahas tentang perkembangan perjanjian internasional bidang penerbangan, baik aspek operasional maupun ekonomi. Sidang Majelis ICAO yang ke-39 merekomendasikan beberapa perjanjian multilateral yang didorong untuk dilaksanakan di negara-negara anggota ICAO, termasuk Indonesia. Ratifikasi penjanjian internasional di bidang penerbangan tersebut harus mempertimbangkan implikasinya baik secara hukum, politik dan keamanan. Dalam konteks Indonesia, landasan dasar penting dalam ratifikasi perjanjian-perjanjian internasional di bidang penerbangan adalah posisi strategis ruang udara Indonesia baik secara geografis maupun geopolitis.Kata kunci: hukum udara internasional, penerbangan, standardisasi baru.DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v7n2.a7

I. Historical Survey of the Treaty-Making Practice of International Organizations -- A. Introduction -- B. Treaty-Making Practice in the Inter-War Period -- C. Development after the Second World War -- II. The Basis of the Treaty-Making Capacity of International Organizations -- A. Introduction -- B. Constitutional Provisions -- C. International Personality -- D. The Implied Power Theory -- E. The Basis of Treaty-Making Capacity -- III. The Conclusion of Treaties -- A. Form of Agreements -- B. Constitutional Requirements — Limitation on the Treaty-Making Capacity of International Organizations -- C. Constitutional Requirements — Organs Competent to Conclude Treaties -- D. Procedure of Conclusion -- IV. Certain Kinds of Treaties -- A. Succession Agreements -- B. Relationship Agreements -- C. Institutional Treaties -- D. Trusteeship Agreements -- E. Technical Assistance Agreements -- F. UNICEF, Special Fund, and OPEX Agreements -- G. Loan and Guarantee Agreements -- H. Conclusion -- V. The Legal Character of Agreements Concluded by International Organizations -- A. Introduction -- B. Legal Character in General -- C. Tests to Decide the Legal Character of An Agreement -- Conclusions.

Estudio la respuesta política que los gobiernos de Fernando VII dieron, entre 1814 y 1817, a la decisión de las grandes potencias vencedoras de Napoleón de no compartir las decisiones importantes con las potencias que pasaron a considerar "menores", entre las que destaca una España que había colaborado en la derrota de Napoleón y que, formalmente, conservaba todavía un amplio imperio ultramarino. ; This article focuses on the political answer the governments of Fernando VII gave to the decision taken by the great powers which had won over Napoleon of not counting with the points of view of those powers they saw as "lesser" ones. Among the latter, Spain had achieved some name, due to its having contributed to Napoleon's defeat and its nominal rule over a vast overseas empire.