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Optimum performance is achieved when teacher has been engaged with his or her work. Teacher will not feel forced to run his or her job demand and even tend to give more than his or her job demand. These are ideal condition that must be maintained in teacher profession. Efforts to do so teacher engaged with his or her work is to provide an acknowledgment and appreciation. It can be seen from one of the government's regulations implementing teacher certification. Observational studies have been conducted with a cross-sectional analytical approach to the teacher at SMP Negeri inNorth District of Denpasar with a sample of 147 peoples. Data were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney test with a significance level of 0.05. Research data obtained an average scores of work engagement on the certified teachers is 86.23 + 8,31 while the average scores of work engagement on uncertified teachers is 79.25 + 11,93. Comparability of test results p = 0.003, showing that the average scores of work engagement among certified teachers and uncertified teachers significantly different (p <0.05). It can be said certification is one of the variables that affect the work engagement on teacher. It was concluded that there are differences in the average scores of work engagement oncertified teacher with uncertified teacher, where work engagement scores on certified teacher is higher than uncertified teacher. It is recommended for government to certify all teachers in Indonesia.

Intro -- CREDIT-BASED INSURANCE SCORES: IMPACTS ON CONSUMERS OF AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE -- CREDIT-BASED INSURANCE SCORES: IMPACTS ON CONSUMERS OF AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE* -- Chapter 1 I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- Chapter 2 II. INTRODUCTION -- Chapter 3 III. DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF CREDIT-BASED INSURANCE SCORES -- A. BACKGROUND AND HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE -- B. DEVELOPMENT OF CREDIT-BASED INSURANCE SCORES -- C. USE OF CREDIT-BASED INSURANCE SCORES -- D. STATE RESTRICTIONS ON SCORES -- Chapter 4 IV. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CREDIT HISTORY AND RISK -- A. CORRELATION BETWEEN CREDIT HISTORY AND RISK -- 1. Prior Research -- 2. Commission Research -- a. FTC Database -- b. Other Data Sources -- B. POTENTIAL CAUSAL LINK BETWEEN SCORES AND RISK -- Chapter 5 V. EFFECT OF CREDIT-BASED INSURANCE SCORES ON PRICE AND AVAILABILITY -- A. CREDIT-BASED INSURANCE SCORES AND CROSS-SUBSIDIZATION -- 1. Possible Impact on Car Ownership -- 2. Possible Impact on Uninsured Driving -- 3. Adverse Selection -- B. OTHER POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF CREDIT-BASED INSURANCE SCORES -- C. EFFECTS ON RESIDUAL MARKETS FOR AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE -- Chapter 6 VI. EFFECTS OF SCORES ON PROTECTED CLASSES OF CONSUMERS -- A. Credit-Based Insurance Scores and Racial, Ethnic, and Income Groups -- 1. Difference in Scores Across Groups -- 2. Possible Reasons for Differences in Scores Across Groups -- 3. Impact of Differences in Scores on Premiums Paid -- a. Effect on those for whom Scores Were Available -- b. Effect on Those for Whom Scores Were Not Available -- B. SCORES AS A PROXY FOR RACE AND ETHNICITY -- 1. Do Scores Act Solely as a Proxy for Race, Ethnicity, or Income? -- 2. Differences in Average Risk by Race, Ethnicity, and Income -- 3. Controlling for Race, Ethnicity, and Income to Test for a Proxy Effect -- a. Existence of a Proxy Effect.

The population of Kediri, especially the City of Kediri, is Muslim. Meanwhile, Christians, Catholics, Hindus, Buddhists, Confucians, and Adherents of faith developed quite significantly. This can be seen from the number of adherents, places of worship, and their activity in interfaith organizations. Therefore, to anticipate the spread of SARA issues and the threat of national disintegration, the government then formed FKUB (Forum for Religious Harmony). FKUB Kediri City was formed since 2000 which consists of 6 elements of religion, namely; Islam, Hinduism, Catholicism, Christianity, Buddhism, Confucianism.This study aims to: (1) determine the role of the Inter-religious Harmony Forum (FKUB) in the City of Kediri; and (2) knowing the role of the Inter-Religious Harmony Forum (FKUB) in efforts to overcome the emergence of socio-religious conflicts in Kediri City. Based on the calculation of the sampling technique, the number of research samples was 150 respondents. Data analysis techniques include descriptive and quantitative with simple linear regression analysis.The results showed that the average score of respondents' answers ranged from a score of 4, meaning that the equality of religious communities in Kediri City has been well established; the average score of respondents' answers ranged from a score of 3, meaning that the cooperation of religious communities in the city of Kediri has been established quite well; the average score of respondents' answers ranged from a score of 4, meaning that the policies made by the FKUB in the City of Kediri have been running well; the average score of respondents' answers ranged from a score of 2, meaning that there was no conflict between religious communities in the city of Kediri.

This research was inspired by the national education goal of developing the potential of learners to become human beings who believe and pious to God the One, to have a noble, healthy, knowledgeable, capable, creative, independent and become citizens of democratic and responsible (UU RI No. 20 of 2003). To achieve this goal one of them through Islamic teaching subject (PAI) in (islamic) schools. However,the goal in the implementation of learning has not been fully achieved due to several problems. Among them are PAI learning is still dominantly cognitive that emphasizes the transfer of science, learning methods used in general tend to be conventional-traditional (lecture method - learning is teacher oriented) consequently passive learners, cognitive religious knowledge is less able to turn it into "value" which is "meaningful" in life. One solution of the problem is to develop an inquiry model of learning. The type of this research was R & D that employed ADDIE development model. The data of the research were quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative data were analyzed through Aiken analysis (1985) while the qualitative data were analyzed descriptively qualitative. This development research focused on the validity, practicality and effectiveness of the product. This research produced three products, in the form of inquiry learning model book in PAI, educator manual (BPKP ) and workbook manual of the learners (BPKPD). Based on the results of research, it was found that the model book was categorized very valid with an average score of 0.847, BPKP was categorized very valid with the average score of 0.880 and BPKPD was categorized very valid with the average sketch of 0.879. The category of activity of the implementation of the inquiry learning model obtained was very practical with an average score 3.23, BPKP was very practical with average score 3.32 and BPKPD was practical with average score 3.08. Effectiveness of inquiry learning model in PAI seen from two aspects namely the learners' activeness and learners learning outcomes. The result of this research showed that the learning activity was categorized as active learners with an average score of 70.95% while the effectiveness of the model from the learning outcomes using t-test obtained by 4.734 compared to the value in table t-1711, it showed that there was significant difference. This implied that the inquiry learning model in PAI is effective.

Web surveys are a popular survey mode, but the subpopulation with Internet access may not represent the population of interest. The authors investigate whether adjusting using weights or matching on a small set of variables makes the distributions of target variables representative of the population. This application has a rich sampling design; the Internet sample is part of an existing probability sample, the Health and Retirement Study, that is representative of the U.S. population aged 50 and older. For the dichotomous variables investigated, the adjustment helps. On average, the sample means in the Internet access sample differ by 6.5 percent before and 3.7 percent after adjustment. Still, a large number of adjusted estimates remain significantly different from their target estimates based on the complete sample. This casts doubt on the common procedure to use only a few variables to correct for the selectivity of convenience samples.

This study aims to analyze farmers' perceptions of partnerships in the Pondok Kubang District. This research was conducted in Bengkulu Tengah Regency, for 5 months from June to October 2019. This type of research is survey research. In this study two types of data are used, namely, primary data obtained from respondents directly and secondary data, obtained from government agencies and related institutions. Measurement of farmers' perceptions and behavior is carried out using a Likert scale or assessment score. Based on the results of the study it was found that farmers 'perceptions of partnerships that have been established are classified as good, this can be seen from the acquisition scores obtained that farmers' perceptions about conformity of opinion with the core company are 75% of farmers answered Fairly Good with an Average Score of 9.75; farmers' perceptions of the socio-economic benefits of the partnership that have taken place are 75% of farmers answering Fairly Good with an Average Score of 10.50, and farmers' perceptions of information disclosure between partner farmers and core companies in the partnership are 100% of breeders answered Good with an average score of 12.25.

While the anonymity of the R is no problem in studies which do not require the R's identification, when it is required 2 alternative procedures are generally used: (1) identify individuals by a surreptitious code, or (2) request signature after explaining the nature of the res. Though in some studies statistically signif diff's were found between data obtained from signed & unsigned questionnaires, in most res reviewed the researchers have stated that the diff's were of little practical importance. In a study of S att's 678 first-semester Coll freshmen complated 2 questionnaires with 10-items each which measured attitude toward reading & attitude toward the English course being taken. The S's were matched as to instructors, academic ability & Sch enrolled in. About 50% of the questionnaires were signed & the remainder unsigned. There was no statistically signif diff (t-test) between (mean - average) scores of attitude toward reading for the 2 groups. Though the diff in (mean - average) scores of attitude toward the English course differed signif'ly, it was small & of little practical importance. Findings of this study thus correspond to those of most other studies. If identification of the S is threatening to him it can be diminished by explaining the purpose of the study & emphasizing the need for identification for res purposes only. C. M. Coughenour.

Many countries attempt to increase their Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) rankings and scores over time. However, despite providing a more accurate assessment of the achievement-based improvements across countries, few studies have systematically examined growth in PISA scores over multiple assessments. Using data from the 2006, the 2009, and the 2012 PISA, we analyzed which countries experienced significant increases in their country-level average PISA scores between 2006 and 2012. To facilitate improved policy decisions, we also examined what country-level conditions were associated with such increases. Contrary to expectations, we found that few countries significantly increased their PISA scores over time. Countries that did experience meaningful improvements in PISA scores were more likely to have had lower PISA scores in 2006 and experienced country-level foundational advancements more recently, such as advancing to a more democratic form of government and/or a higher income classification.

Many countries attempt to increase their Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) rankings and scores over time. However, despite providing a more accurate assessment of the achievement-based improvements across countries, few studies have systematically examined growth in PISA scores over multiple assessments. Using data from the 2006, the 2009, and the 2012 PISA, we analyzed which countries experienced significant increases in their country-level average PISA scores between 2006 and 2012. To facilitate improved policy decisions, we also examined what country-level conditions were associated with such increases. Contrary to expectations, we found that few countries significantly increased their PISA scores over time. Countries that did experience meaningful improvements in PISA scores were more likely to have had lower PISA scores in 2006 and experienced country-level foundational advancements more recently, such as advancing to a more democratic form of government and/or a higher income classification.

This study attempts to uncover the biases in the impact evaluation of remittances when the problems relating to selection bias and counter factual are not taken into account. Taking migration as an intervention and foreign remittances as an input, the study measures the socioeconomic impact using an approach which yields more accurate non-experimental estimates in self-select cases through multiple output and outcome indicators such as income, expenditure, saving, and capital accumulation which, directly and indirectly, affect households' welfare, poverty incidence and growth prospects of a country. Using PIHS data, the study first calculates the difference in socioeconomic characteristics of treated or remittances beneficiary households (RBH) and control or remittances non-beneficiary households (NRBH) ignoring endogeneity and observable differences. Second, it calculates the propensity score and evaluates the impact using data from common support area for both RBH and NRBH households. Third, it evaluates the impact using the propensity score matching approach which replicates the experimental benchmark. The difference in the first and the third estimates reveals the bias originating from the issues of selection and difference in observable characteristics. The results show that after controlling for observable characteristics of households, regional difference, networking and applying the selection correction technique, the average impact of remittances is significantly reduced. A disaggregated analysis shows that the socioeconomic impact of remittances differs by the level of skills. The impact is significant for relatively low skilled poor households but for high skilled households it remains significant only in case of bank deposits. The paper concludes that estimates are biased upward if the selectivity issue and endogeniety problems are ignored which may lead to wrong policy implications. JEL Classification: F24, O15, P36 Keywords: Propensity Score Matching, Remittances, Poverty, and Capital Accumulation

This is the final version. Available on open access from BMC via the DOI in this record ; Availability of data and materials: This paper uses data from Understanding Society, a UK Household Longitudinal Study. Understanding Society is an initiative funded by the Economic and Social Research Council and various Government Departments, with scientific leadership by the Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, and survey delivery by NatCen Social Research and Kantar Public. The research data are publicly available and distributed by the UK Data Service, http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-6614-14. ; Background Loneliness and unemployment are each detrimental to health and well-being. Recent evidence suggests a potential bidirectional relationship between loneliness and unemployment in working age individuals. As most existing research focuses on the outcomes of unemployment, this paper seeks to understand the impact of loneliness on unemployment, potential interaction with physical health, and assess bidirectionality in the working age population. Methods This study utilised data from waves 9 (2017–19) and 10 (2018–2020) of the Understanding Society UK Household Longitudinal Study. Nearest-neighbour probit propensity score matching with at least one match was used to infer causality by mimicking randomisation. Analysis was conducted in three steps: propensity score estimation; matching; and stratification. Propensity scores were estimated controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, education, marital status, household composition, number of own children in household and region. Findings were confirmed in panel data random effect models, and heterogeneous treatment effects assessed by the matching-smoothing method. Results Experience of loneliness in at least one wave increased the probability of being unemployed in wave 10 by 17.5 [95%CI: 14.8, 20.2] percentage points. Subgroup analysis revealed a greater effect from sustained than transitory loneliness. Further exploratory analysis identified a positive average treatment effect, of smaller magnitude, for unemployment on loneliness suggesting bidirectionality in the relationship. The impact of loneliness on unemployment was further exacerbated by interaction with physical health. Conclusions This is the first study to directly consider the potentially bidirectional relationship between loneliness and unemployment through analysis of longitudinal data from a representative sample of the working age population. Findings reinforce the need for greater recognition of wider societal impacts of loneliness. Given the persisting and potentially scarring effects of both loneliness and unemployment on health and the economy, prevention of both experiences is key. Decreased loneliness could mitigate unemployment, and employment abate loneliness, which may in turn relate positively to other factors including health and quality of life. Thus, particular attention should be paid to loneliness with additional support from employers and government to improve health and well-being. ; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)

AbstractWe use a randomized experiment (across 200 public primary schools in Puebla, Mexico) to study the impact of providing schools with cash grants on student test scores. Treated schools received on average 16 USD per student each year for two years, an increase of 20% in public spending per child, after teacher salaries. Overall, the grants had no impact on student test scores. Lack of a treatment effect does not seem to be driven by poor implementation or a substitution away from other inputs (e.g. household expenditure).

The population of Kediri, especially the City of Kediri, is Muslim. Meanwhile, Christians, Catholics, Hindus, Buddhists, Confucians, and Adherents of faith developed quite significantly. This can be seen from the number of adherents, places of worship, and their activity in interfaith organizations. Therefore, to anticipate the spread of SARA issues and the threat of national disintegration, the government then formed FKUB (Forum for Religious Harmony). FKUB Kediri City was formed since 2000 which consists of 6 elements of religion, namely; Islam, Hinduism, Catholicism, Christianity, Buddhism, Confucianism.This study aims to: (1) determine the role of the Inter-religious Harmony Forum (FKUB) in the City of Kediri; and (2) knowing the role of the Inter-Religious Harmony Forum (FKUB) in efforts to overcome the emergence of socio-religious conflicts in Kediri City. Based on the calculation of the sampling technique, the number of research samples was 150 respondents. Data analysis techniques include descriptive and quantitative with simple linear regression analysis.The results showed that the average score of respondents' answers ranged from a score of 4, meaning that the equality of religious communities in Kediri City has been well established; the average score of respondents' answers ranged from a score of 3, meaning that the cooperation of religious communities in the city of Kediri has been established quite well; the average score of respondents' answers ranged from a score of 4, meaning that the policies made by the FKUB in the City of Kediri have been running well; the average score of respondents' answers ranged from a score of 2, meaning that there was no conflict between religious communities in the city of Kediri.Keyword : FKUB, Conflict, Religious Harmony

The present study aims to identify the effectiveness of a rational behavioral emotive program in reducing test anxiety among university students with high academic achievement in Riyadh. The author adopted the quasi-experimental approach. The sample comprised (26) students with high academic achievement who were encountering test anxiety at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University (PNU) in Riyadh. The participants were divided into two groups: An experimental group of (13) students and a control group of (13) students. The author also used the test anxiety scale (Spielberger, 1972) and designed the rational behavioral emotive program using new electronic applications. The results showed statistically significant differences between the average scores of the experimental group students in the pre and posttests in favor of the post-test. There were statistically significant differences between the average scores of the two groups in the post-test of the scale in favor of the experimental group. Furthermore, there were no statistically significant differences between the average scores of the experimental group in the post and successive tests of the scale.

This study presented a secondary analysis of the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) dataset. The paper examined if a gap exists between the mathematics scores of 12th-grade public school students who have different levels of interest in higher education. - This study used a quantitative descriptive research design to analyze data from the 2013, 2015, and 2019 NAEP data sets. The findings include (1) the average mathematics scale score of students who complete college entrance exams, ACT/SAT, is higher than those who do not complete these exams. (2) The average mathematics scale score of students who complete the FAFSA is higher than those who do not complete the FAFSA. (3) Students who applied to four-year colleges performed significantly higher on the 12th-grade mathematics NAEP than those who did not. (4) Students who applied to two-year colleges performed significantly lower on the 12th-grade mathematics NAEP than those who did not. (5) Students who perceived a future benefit to mathematics scored higher on the mathematics NAEP. These findings indicate that students who are interested in higher education, particularly four-year education, do have higher 12th NAEP mathematics scores. These findings may provide insight into college preparation and guidance at the high school level.