The present paper studies how the Belgian mathematician Paul Mansion became interested in probability theory. The Belgian mathematical environment, in which probability was present more than in many other countries at the same time appears to have been favorable but also the fact that Mansion, a declared and militant Catholic, found in probability a source of reflection about determinism and randomness in the context of the "modernist crisis" in the Church. Mansion's activity developed on the background of the scholar wars and the foundation of Catholic institutions such as the Institute for philosophy in Louvain, of the consolidation of mathematical education in Belgium as well as of a new interest for probabilistic results in science. We expose how these aspects intersected at the turn of the 20 th century.
This article focuses on the intrinsic vulnerability to environmental militance in the context of abundant society. In the period after the two world wars, the growing success of environmental activism in the United States seems to be largely due to the unprecedented spread of material prosperity. Many US environmentalists after 1945 warn their fellow citizens about the negative externalities of economic growth and mass consumption, effectively trying to eradicate a type of economic organisation that has allowed environmental theories to advance in public opinion. In other words, the environmental movement then seems to depend on the socio-economic conditions it is fighting for. It will therefore be necessary to question the constraints which such tension imposes on environmental activism: if the challenge to material abundance is successful, will there still be a desire to preserve the environment? To answer these questions, this article will focus on the case of David Ross Brower, a great artist of the transformation of the Sierra Club after war and founder of Friends of the Earth, drawing on his archives gathered at the Bancroft Library of the University of California in Berkeley. What is Brower's speech on the socio-economic conditions of his time? What are the limits of his commitment in such a context? ; International audience This article addresses the vulnerability of the American environmentalist discourse during the postwar boom: while the growing success of the US environmental movement can largely be attributed to an unprecedentedly large distribution of material wealth after 1945, many US environmentalists had warned the population about the negative effects of economic growth and mass consumption. Therefore, the success of the environmental movement depended on the very socioeconomic conditions against which it was protesting, which, from a strategic perspective, meant that the end of prosperity might also undermine public appetite for environmental protection. This article aims to analyze the ...
International audience This article assesses the validity of the hypothesis of the culture wars and takes the political controversy over climate change as its case study. It is currently a well-established scientific fact that climate change is real and man-made and that it will have far-reaching detrimental repercussions across the globe should nothing be done to slow down its progress. In the US political arena, however, the fight is far from over, prompting commentators to describe this political controversy as a new front in the American culture wars as analyzed by James Davison Hunter in the early 1990s. This article ultimately examines this culture war as a way of portraying the state of US public opinion and tests the theories of political scientist Morris P. Fiorina which question the validity of such an approach. lt thus seeks to demonstrate the clear discrepancy between the political class and public opinion as a whole as far as climate change is concerned, and concludes by suggesting that the culture war approach may remain relevant if applied, in a more limited fashion, only to the political class.
International audience This paper provides an historical account of the initiative of the State of California to reform its history-social science curriculum along multicultural lines. The author intends to offer an insight into the American culture wars from the vantage point of primary and secondary education. The paper examines the changing representation of American cultural diversity as conveyed in the 1988 framework within the context of the national debate over American identity and common culture. The idea that "ail Americans are immigrants", including Native Americans and African Americans, is the guiding thread of a new synthesis of American history which strives to integrate previously omitted voices within a unifying historical narrative. The case study of the California history-social science curriculum reform exemplifies the attempt of historians and educators to settle down the debate over ethnie diversity and find the common ground that could bind ail American citizens together. ; Pour comprendre qui est « le Peuple américain » (ou pour comprendre s'il existe un peuple américain), les peuples américains ont tenté de se comprendre à l'intérieur des limites d'un récit particulier, d'une histoire dont les termes définissent leur identité, même si ce récit raconte la diversité.
Since the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the development of the concept of 'morphinomania', the medical body is looking for an appropriate therapeutic response to addiction. This contribution presents and assesses the efforts of Greek doctors and psychiatrists in this direction during the period between the two World Wars, when the consumination of illicit substances became a social problem. After a brief overview of the therapeutic system to which dependants (hospitals and psychiatric clinics) could have access, we look at the prin-cipales of weaning methods that have influenced medical practice in Greece, developed mainly in Germany and France: abrupt, rapid and slow weaning. Subsequently, we look at the methods adopted and adapted by the Greek medical world, in particular in the two major psychiatric hospitals in the capital. Finally, we try to take stock of the therapeutic approach, whose failures, coupled with the chronic impact of the Greek State, reflect the fact that the repressive option largely prevailed as a response to dependence during the period in question. ; International audience ; Since the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the development of the concept of 'morphinomania', the medical body is looking for an appropriate therapeutic response to addiction. This contribution presents and assesses the efforts of Greek doctors and psychiatrists in this direction during the period between the two World Wars, when the consumination of illicit substances became a social problem. After a brief overview of the therapeutic system to which dependants (hospitals and psychiatric clinics) could have access, we look at the prin-cipales of weaning methods that have influenced medical practice in Greece, developed mainly in Germany and France: abrupt, rapid and slow weaning. Subsequently, we look at the methods adopted and adapted by the Greek medical world, in particular in the two major psychiatric hospitals in the capital. Finally, we try to take stock of the therapeutic approach, whose ...
International audience This paper provides an historical account of the initiative of the State of California to reform its history-social science curriculum along multicultural lines. The author intends to offer an insight into the American culture wars from the vantage point of primary and secondary education. The paper examines the changing representation of American cultural diversity as conveyed in the 1988 framework within the context of the national debate over American identity and common culture. The idea that "ail Americans are immigrants", including Native Americans and African Americans, is the guiding thread of a new synthesis of American history which strives to integrate previously omitted voices within a unifying historical narrative. The case study of the California history-social science curriculum reform exemplifies the attempt of historians and educators to settle down the debate over ethnie diversity and find the common ground that could bind ail American citizens together. ; Pour comprendre qui est « le Peuple américain » (ou pour comprendre s'il existe un peuple américain), les peuples américains ont tenté de se comprendre à l'intérieur des limites d'un récit particulier, d'une histoire dont les termes définissent leur identité, même si ce récit raconte la diversité.
The Second Wars, seen through the distorted prism of the Modern Movement, is perceived as a period of profound renewal of domestic devices. The European vanguard, supported by a customer base open to innovation and taking advantage of new constructive techniques, rethink all the parameters of the rest and, in doing so, reform the daily lives of its inhabitants. But what happens in an outlying city like Nancy? The comprehensive census of 1919-1945 construction production carried out in the framework of the Contemporaine Architecture History Laboratory, together with consultation of the plans of almost 1 500 houses and buildings, provides the information needed to answer this question. Of these approximately 6 600 buildings, only thirty achievements show a willingness to reconsider the architectural solutions agreed. Understanding this innovative minority involves questioning the conditions for its emergence by taking stock, for example, of the socio-cultural environment of the developers, the training of architects and their professional networks, the circulation of references and state-of-the-art speeches in the national and regional press, innovative construction techniques and their mastery by construction operators in Lorraine, etc. These factors have been questioned in our doctoral thesis. We will focus here on their outcome, namely the arrangements implemented in the restricted body defined above and their impact on the daily use of inhabitants. There are three themes in this area: the relationship between the house and its environment, the decompartmentalisation of living rooms and developments affecting more intimate moments such as toiletry and sleep. ; International audience ; The Second Wars, seen through the distorted prism of the Modern Movement, is perceived as a period of profound renewal of domestic devices. The European vanguard, supported by a customer base open to innovation and taking advantage of new constructive techniques, rethink all the parameters of the rest and, in doing so, reform the ...
International audience This paper mainly focuses on the commitment of some Prague Linguistic Circle members (Mathesius, Havránek, Jakobson, Weingart, Mukařovský) during the years between the Two World Wars. The author particularly draws attention to their reactions to the purists' aggressive views published in the review Našeřeč and to the "1932 theses" (the principles according to which language should have been treated) they formulated in addition. ; Savina Raynaud est professeur de philosophie du langage à l'Université Catholique de Milan. Ses travaux portent sur la philosophie du langage, la sémantique, l'histoire et l'épistémologie des théories linguistiques. Dernière publication (2014) : « Un objet bipolaire, des épistémologies imbriquées. Langues et langage face aux techniques, aux arts, aux sciences, à la philosophie », in Les sciences du langage en Europe, Actes du colloque 2011 de l'ASL, Limoges, Lambert Lucas, p. 23-40 [ http://hdl/handle.net/10807/53738 ]. - Savina Raynaud is professor at the Catholic University of Milan. Her works are about Philosophy of language, Semantics, History and Epistemology of linguistic theories. Last publication (2014): "Un objet bipolaire, des épistémologies imbriquées. Langues et langage face aux techniques, aux arts, aux sciences, à la philosophie", in Les sciences du langage en Europe, Actes du colloque 2011 de l'ASL, Limoges, Lambert Lucas, p. 23-40 [ http://hdl/handle.net/10807/53738 ]. Le présent article traite de l'engagement de certains membres du Cercle Linguistique de Prague (Mathesius, Havránek, Jakobson, Weingart, Mukařovský) durant l'entre-deux-guerres. L'auteur attire particulièrement l'attention sur les réactions de ces membres aux thèses agressives publiées par des puristes dans la revue Našeřeč, ainsi que sur les « thèses de 1932 » (les principes selon lesquels la langue aurait dû être traitée) qu'ils formulèrent par ailleurs.
The goal of this article is to trace the appearance of a pattern of forest mismanagement from the beginnings of modern Serbian state in the 19th century. The article will demonstrate that rapid demographic growth, accompanied by the expansion of arable land due to a gradual transition from animal husbandry to agriculture as the dominant form of economy, led to a vigorous increase in the process of deforestation in the period spanning from the attainment of autonomy (1830) to the wars against the Ottoman Empire (1876-1878). Supremacy of agriculture in the beginning of the 1870s was achieved at the expense of forests, because the increase in agricultural yields in the peasant existential economy, which was characterized by underdeveloped agricultural techniques, meant a continuous expansion of arable land. The example of the Principality of Serbia confirms that in agrarian economies competition between the usufruct of the forest and its potential as agricultural land regularly ends with the removal of the forest.
The humanity, at the time of the second millennium, is making a number of scourges. Natural disasters, epidemics, in particular AIDS and very recently Ebola, endless wars around the world, earthquakes, etc. are events that make people one of the media and daily lives. Countless consequences are the result of these scourges, which in every passage are terror, death and dessolation. While claims can be recorded, it is probably with sequelae which, sometimes, may take enough time, either to disappear or to stay until the death of the subject. Of course, these sequelae can be not only physical or biological, but also mental. This results in a physical, mental or other disability. All the more so, the dramatic rise of mental illnesses is of interest to curious people, most of which are psychosocial actors, and governments and international bodies are putting considerable resources to overcome pandemics and/or epidemics around the world. Unfortunately, one or more organisations seem to be interested in the consequences of the negative surprises we have in the world. ; Master ; The humanity, at the time of the second millennium, is making a number of scourges. Natural disasters, epidemics, in particular AIDS and very recently Ebola, endless wars around the world, earthquakes, etc. are events that make people one of the media and daily lives. Countless consequences are the result of these scourges, which in every passage are terror, death and dessolation. While claims can be recorded, it is probably with sequelae which, sometimes, may take enough time, either to disappear or to stay until the death of the subject. Of course, these sequelae can be not only physical or biological, but also mental. This results in a physical, mental or other disability. All the more so, the dramatic rise of mental illnesses is of interest to curious people, most of which are psychosocial actors, and governments and international bodies are putting considerable resources to overcome pandemics and/or epidemics around the world. ...
International audience Bosniaks were the main victims of the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s, but they also asserted themselves as a sovereign political nation. The Party of Democratic Action (SDA) led important political and identity transformations within the Bosnian nation. Attempts at authoritarian re-Islamization failed and led to the nationalization of Islam. In the rest of the Balkans, political parties have emerged, representing the Muslim populations of the region. Religious institutions underwent a certain revival and reinvested the public sphere, but there was no real 'return of religion'. Faced with the various influences coming from the Muslim world, local actors are putting forward their European identity but are struggling to define a 'Balkan model'. ; Les Bosniaques ont été les principales victimes des guerres yougoslaves des années 1990, mais se sont aussi affirmés comme nation politique souveraine. Le Parti de l'action démocratique (SDA) a orchestré d'importantes transformations politiques et identitaires au sein de la nation bosniaque. Les tentatives de réislamisation autoritaire ont échoué et ont débouché sur une nationalisation de l'islam. Dans le reste des Balkans, des partis politiques sont apparus, représentant les populations musulmanes de la région. Les institutions religieuses ont connu un certain renouveau et ont réinvesti la sphère publique, mais il n'y a pas eu de véritable 'retour du religieux'. Face aux influences diverses venant du monde musulman, les acteurs locaux mettent en avant leur identité européenne mais peinent à définir un 'modèle balkanique'.
still has a strong cultural identity, and sponge fishing is part of a very old past in the Mediterranean. It can be traced more than 2500 years ago in this inner-sea 1. Stimulated by the new needs of the industrial revolution, this sector of the fisheries economy is growing strongly and peaked in the last decades of the nineteenth century2. However, this growth seems paradoxical. It is technically at odds with developments in the other sectors of the fishing economy in the Mediterranean at the present time. Subject to homogenisation processes driven by the discovery of new material, Mediterranean fishing, like that of the small pelagic species revolutionised by the advent of the purse seine, has seen a tightening of its fishing practices in the period between the two wars. Marginalisation of the oldest processes is the most remarkable consequence. This is not the case with sponge fisheries, which coexist in the 20th century with multi-layered and new gear derived from mechanisation and engineering. The origins of this singularity are currently being questioned. It is sought to highlight the limitations of the mechanisation process of this fishery, regardless of whether these limits are of a human or ecological nature. Italian documentary collections of the General Administration of Dodecanese (1912-1943), currently kept by the public archives of Rhodes, provide a concrete illustration of the complex and plural organisation of a fishing campaign through the example of the Kalymnos fleet. These funds provide knowledge of the actors involved in its financing, its technical implementation and its physical progress. ; International audience ; still has a strong cultural identity, and sponge fishing is part of a very old past in the Mediterranean. It can be traced more than 2500 years ago in this inner-sea 1. Stimulated by the new needs of the industrial revolution, this sector of the fisheries economy is growing strongly and peaked in the last decades of the nineteenth century2. However, this growth seems ...
Study of the development of the small rural town of Megève in its characteristics, in its relations with its territory, in its architecture in the period between the two wars, until its transformation through winter sports. ; Étude de l'essor de la petite bourgade rurale, agro-pastorale de Megève dans ses caractéristiques, dans ses rapports avec son territoire, dans son architecture dans la période entre les deux guerres, jusqu'à sa transformation par les sports d'hiver.
International audience Although the conservative talk radio program The Rush Limbaugh Show focuses almost exclusively on economic issues and although moral issues are of secondary importance, this article examines the first years of the program in order to show that, through his emphasis on the AIDS crisis and his treatment of the issue, Limbaugh became actively involved in the culture wars. However, as society evolved towards more acceptance of people with AIDS and the epidemic came to be recognized as a sanitary crisis warranting aggressive govemment intervention, discourses stigmatizing AIDS patients and moral assessments of the crisis lost legitimacy. Therefore, this article seeks to demonstrate how, throughout the early years of his program, Limbaugh tailored his rhetorical strategy to such changes in order to continue framing the AIDS crisis in strictly moral terms, thereby minimizing the scope of the epidemic, delegitimizing govemment activism in awareness campaigns and exonerating the Reagan administration.
