Der folgende Text basiert auf dem abschließenden Teil des Manuskripts "Die Brücken des Robert Moses", das vom Leviathan zur Veröffentlichung angenommen wurde (Die Brücken des Robert Moses. Stille Post in der Stadt- und Techniksoziologie, Leviathan 27 (1), 1999, 43-63). Auf Vorschlag der Redaktion sollte der Aufsatz wegen Überlänge in zwei Teilen erscheinen: der Schlußteil sollte in Form eines Nachtrags in einer Folgenummer der Zeitschrift publiziert werden. Die Redaktion des Leviathan hat es sich dann anders überlegt und nach der Drucklegung des ersten Teils den Abdruck dieses Nachtrags abgelehnt - mit der Begründung, der Text entspreche nicht dem Niveau der Zeitschrift und könne ihren Lesern nicht zugemutet werden.
In: Discussion Papers / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Forschungsschwerpunkt Arbeitsmarkt und Beschäftigung, Abteilung Organisation und Beschäftigung, Band 98-108
"In der aktuellen Debatte erscheinen Forderungen nach sozialer Gerechtigkeit in zwei Typen aufgespalten: Forderungen nach Umverteilung von Ressourcen und Forderungen nach Anerkennung kultureller Verschiedenheit. Diese beiden Typen von Forderungen werden zunehmend gegeneinander polarisiert. Entsprechend sollen wir wählen zwischen Klassenpolitik und Identitätspolitik, sozialer Demokratie und Multikulturalismus, Umverteilung und Anerkennung. Es handelt sich dabei jedoch um falsche Gegensätze. Gerechtigkeit erfordert heute beides: Umverteilung und Anerkennung. Eines allein ist unzureichend. Wenn man diese These akzeptiert, rückt die Frage in den Mittelpunkt, wie beide Forderungen zu vereinbaren sind. In dem Papier wird der Standpunkt vertreten, daß die emanzipatorischen Aspekte der beiden Paradigmata in einen umfassenden Rahmen integriert werden müssen. In dem Beitrag werden zwei Dimensionen dieses Vorhabens behandelt. Als erstes wird auf der Ebene der Moralphilosophie eine übergreifende Konzeption von Gerechtigkeit vorgeschlagen, die sowohl vertretbare Forderungen nach sozialer Gleichheit umfaßt als auch vertretbare Forderungen nach Anerkennung von Differenz. Auf der Ebene von Gesellschaftstheorie wird ein Ansatz vorgeschlagen, der den komplexen Beziehungen zwischen Interesse und Identität, Ökonomie und Kultur sowie Klasse und Status in der heutigen globalisierten, kapitalistischen Gesellschaft Rechnung trägt." (Autorenreferat)
In: On social evolution : contributions to anthropological concepts ; proceedings of the symposium held on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Wiener Institut für Völkerkunde in Vienna, 12th - 16th December 1979, S. 110-140
Gegenstand der Untersuchung ist der Einfluss soziokultureller Faktoren auf die Entwicklung des modernen Staates. Ziel ist es, die Grundannahmen des Historischen Materialismus als allgemeiner Theorie der sozialen Entwicklung zu überprüfen. Der Verfasser setzt sich dementsprechend mit der Frage auseinander, ob eine Erklärung der Entstehung des Staates durch Entwicklungsprozesse in primitiven Gesellschaften möglich ist. Er erläutert zunächst die soziologische Konzeption der "sozialen Formation" und zeigt, welche Bedeutung sie für die Erklärung der Entstehung von Staaten hat. Er fragt vor diesem Hintergrund nach dem ideellen Element der Existenz sozialer Beziehungen im Denken und zeigt, dass dieses ideelle Element konstitutiv für staatliche Strukturen ist. Die Frage nach dem Ursprung kognitiver Strukturen im realen gesellschaftlichen Leben führt zu einer theoretischen Konzeption, die die kulturellen Ursprünge und die historische Entstehung des traditionalen Staates erklären kann. (ICE)
Quantifying the genetic correlation between cancers can provide important insights into the mechanisms driving cancer etiology. Using genome-wide association study summary statistics across six cancer types based on a total of 296,215 cases and 301,319 controls of European ancestry, here we estimate the pair-wise genetic correlations between breast, colorectal, head/neck, lung, ovary and prostate cancer, and between cancers and 38 other diseases. We observed statistically significant genetic correlations between lung and head/neck cancer (rg = 0.57, p = 4.6 × 10-8), breast and ovarian cancer (rg = 0.24, p = 7 × 10-5), breast and lung cancer (rg = 0.18, p =1.5 × 10-6) and breast and colorectal cancer (rg = 0.15, p = 1.1 × 10-4). We also found that multiple cancers are genetically correlated with non-cancer traits including smoking, psychiatric diseases and metabolic characteristics. Functional enrichment analysis revealed a significant excess contribution of conserved and regulatory regions to cancer heritability. Our comprehensive analysis of cross-cancer heritability suggests that solid tumors arising across tissues share in part a common germline genetic basis. ; he authors in this manuscript were working on behalf of BCAC, CCFR, CIMBA, CORECT, GECCO, OCAC, PRACTICAL, CRUK, BPC3, CAPS, PEGASUS, TRICL- ILCCO, ABCTB, APCB, BCFR, CONSIT TEAM, EMBRACE, GC-HBOC, GEMO, HEBON, kConFab/AOCS Mod SQuaD, and SWE-BRCA. The breast cancer genome-wide association analyses: BCAC is funded by Cancer Research UK [C1287/A16563, C1287/ A10118], the European Union ' s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (grant numbers 634935 and 633784 for BRIDGES and B-CAST, respectively), and by the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement number 223175 (grant number HEALTH-F2-2009-223175) (COGS). The EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme funding source had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. Genotyping of the OncoArray was funded by the NIH Grant U19 CA148065, and Cancer UK Grant C1287/ A16563 and the PERSPECTIVE project supported by the Government of Canada through Genome Canada and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (grant GPH-129344) and, the Ministère de lÉconomie, Science et Innovation du Québec through Genome Québec and the PSR-SIIRI-701 grant, and the Quebec Breast Cancer Foundation. Funding for the iCOGS infrastructure came from: the European Community 's Seventh Framework.Programme under grant agreement n° 223175 (HEALTH-F2-2009-223175) (COGS), Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10118, C1287/A10710, C12292/A11174, C1281/A12014, C5047/A8384, C5047/A15007, C5047/A10692, C8197/A16565), the National Institutes of Health (CA128978), and Post-Cancer GWAS initiative (1U19 CA148537, 1U19 CA148065, and 1U19 CA148112 — the GAME-ON initiative), the Department of Defence (W81XWH-10-1-0341), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) for the CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer, and Komen Foundation for the Cure, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, and the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund. The DRIVE Consortium was funded by U19 CA148065. The Australian Breast Cancer Family Study (ABCFS) was supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute (USA). The content of this manuscript does not necessarily re fl ect the views or policies of the National Cancer Institute or any of the collaborating centers in the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR), nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the USA Government or the BCFR. The ABCFS was also supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, the New South Wales Cancer Council, the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (Aus- tralia), and the Victorian Breast Cancer Research Consortium. J.L.H. is a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Principal Research Fellow. M.C.S. is a NHMRC Senior Research Fellow. The ABCS study was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society [grants NKI 2007-3839; 2009 4363]. The Australian Breast Cancer Tissue Bank (ABCTB) is generously supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, The Cancer Institute NSW and the National Breast Cancer Foundation. The ACP study is funded by the Breast Cancer Research Trust, UK. The AHS study is supported by the intramural research program of the National Institutes of Health, the National Cancer Institute (grant number Z01-CP010119), and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (grant number Z01-ES049030). The work of the BBCC was partly funded by ELAN-Fond of the University Hospital of Erlangen. The BBCS is funded by Cancer Research UK and Breast Cancer Now and acknowledges NHS funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, and the National Cancer Research Network (NCRN). The BCEES was funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia and the Cancer Council Western Australia and acknowledges funding from the National Breast Cancer Foundation (JS). For the BCFR-NY, BCFR-PA, and BCFR-UT this work was supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute. The content of this manuscript does not necessarily re fl ect the views or policies of the National Cancer Institute or any of the collaborating centers in the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR), nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the US Government or the BCFR. For BIGGS, ES is supported by NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy ' s & St. Thomas ' NHS Foundation Trust in partnership with King ' s College London, United Kingdom. IT is supported by the Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. BOCS is supported by funds from Cancer Research UK (C8620/A8372/A15106) and the Institute of Cancer Research (UK). BOCS acknowledges NHS funding to the Royal Marsden/Institute of Cancer Research NIHR Specialist Cancer Biomedical Research Centre. The BREast Oncology GAlician Network (BREOGAN) is funded by Acción Estratégica de Salud del Instituto de Salud Carlos III FIS PI12/02125/Co fi nanciado FEDER; Acción Estratégica de Salud del Instituto de Salud Carlos III FIS Intrasalud (PI13/01136); Programa Grupos Emergentes, Cancer Genetics Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica Galicia Sur. Xerencia de Xestion Integrada de Vigo-SERGAS, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Grant 10CSA012E, Consellería de Industria Programa Sectorial de Investigación Aplicada, PEME I + DeI + D Suma del Plan Gallego de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica de la Consellería de Industria de la Xunta de Galicia, Spain; Grant EC11-192. Fomento de la Investigación Clínica Independiente, Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad, Spain; and Grant FEDER-Innterconecta. Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Xunta de Gali- cia, Spain. The BSUCH study was supported by the Dietmar-Hopp Foundation, the Helmholtz Society and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ). The CAMA study was funded by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) (SALUD-2002- C01-7462). Sample collection and processing was funded in part by grants from the National Cancer Institute (NCI R01CA120120 and K24CA169004). CBCS is funded by the Canadian Cancer Society (grant # 313404) and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. CCGP is supported by funding from the University of Crete. The CECILE study was supported by Fondation de France, Institut National du Cancer (INCa), Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l ' Alimentation, de l ' Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR). The CGPS was supported by the Chief Physician Johan Boserup and Lise Boserup Fund, the Danish Medical Research Council, and Herlev and Gentofte Hospital. The CNIO-BCS was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, the Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Cáncer and grants from the Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer and the Fondo de Investigación Sanitario (PI11/00923 and PI12/00070). COLBCCC is sup- ported by the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. D.T. was in part supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. The American Cancer Society funds the creation, maintenance, and updating of the CPS-II cohort. The CTS was initially supported by the California Breast Cancer Act of 1993 and the California Breast Cancer Research Fund (contract 97-10500) and is currently funded through the National Institutes of Health (R01 CA77398, UM1 CA164917, and U01 CA199277). Collection of cancer incidence data was supported by the California Department of Public Health as part of the statewide cancer reporting program mandated by California Health and Safety Code Section 103885. H.A.C eceives support from the Lon V Smith Foundation (LVS39420). The University of Westminster curates the DietCompLyf database funded by Against Breast Cancer Registered Charit.No. 1121258 and the NCRN. The coordination of EPIC is fi nancially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by: Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l ' Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany); the Hellenic Health Foundation, the Stavros Niarchos Foundation (Greece); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Neth- erlands); Health Research Fund (FIS), PI13/00061 to Granada, PI13/01162 to EPIC- Murcia, Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, ISCIII RETIC (RD06/0020) (Spain); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC- Norfolk; C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom). The ESTHER study was supported by a grant from the Baden Württemberg Ministry of Science, Research and Arts. Additional cases were recruited in the context of the VERDI study, which was supported by a grant from the German Cancer Aid (Deutsche Kreb- shilfe). FHRISK is funded from NIHR grant PGfAR 0707-10031. The GC-HBOC (Ger- man Consortium of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer) is supported by the German Cancer Aid (grant no 110837, coordinator: Rita K. Schmutzler, Cologne). This work was also funded by the European Regional Development Fund and Free State of Saxony, Germany (LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, project numbers 713- 241202, 713-241202, 14505/2470, and 14575/2470). The GENICA was funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Germany grants 01KW9975/5, 01KW9976/8, 01KW9977/0, and 01KW0114, the Robert Bosch Foundation, Stuttgart, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, the Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, as well as the Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus, Bonn, Germany. The GEPARSIXTO study was conducted by the German Breast Group GmbH. The GESBC was supported by the Deutsche Krebshilfe e. V. [70492] and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ). GLACIER was supported by Breast Cancer Now, CRUK and Biomedical Research Centre at Guy ' s and St Thomas ' NHS Foundation Trust and King ' s College London. The HABCS study was supported by the Claudia von Schilling Foundation for Breast Cancer Research, by the Lower Saxonian Cancer Society, and by the Rudolf- Bartling Foundation. The HEBCS was fi nancially supported by the Helsinki University Central Hospital Research Fund, Academy of Finland (266528), the Finnish Cancer Society, and the Sigrid Juselius Foundation. The HERPACC was supported by MEXT Kakenhi (No. 170150181 and 26253041) from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, Culture and Technology of Japan, by a Grant-in-Aid for the Third Term Comprehensive 10-Year Strategy for Cancer Control from Ministry Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, by Health and Labour Sciences Research Grants for Research on Applying Health Technology from Ministry Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, by National Cancer Center Research and Development Fund, and " Practical Research for Innovative Cancer Control (15ck0106177h0001) " from Japan Agency for Medical Research and develop- ment, AMED, and Cancer Bio Bank Aichi. The HMBCS was supported by a grant from the Friends of Hannover Medical School and by the Rudolf Bartling Foundation. The HUBCS was supported by a grant from the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education (RUS08/017), and by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the Federal Agency for Scienti fi c Organizations for support the Bioresource collections and RFBR grants 14-04-97088, 17-29-06014, and 17-44-020498. ICICLE was supported by Breast Cancer Now, CRUK, and Biomedical Research Centre at Guy ' s and St Thomas ' NHS Foundation Trust and King ' s College London. Financial support for KARBAC was provided through the regional agreement on medical training and clinical research (A.L. F.) between Stockholm County Council and Karolinska Institutet, the Swedish Cancer Society, The Gustav V Jubilee foundation and Bert von Kantzows foundation. The KARMA study was supported by Märit and Hans Rausings Initiative Against Breast Cancer. The KBCP was fi nancially supported by the special Government Funding (E.V. O.) of Kuopio University Hospital grants, Cancer Fund of North Savo, the Finnish Cancer Organizations, and by the strategic funding of the University of Eastern Finland. kConFab is supported by a grant from the National Breast Cancer Foundation, and previously by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), the Queensland Cancer Fund, the Cancer Councils of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia, and the Cancer Foundation of Western Australia. Financial support for the AOCS was provided by the United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command [DAMD17-01-1-0729], Cancer Council Victoria, Queensland Cancer Fund, Cancer Council New South Wales, Cancer Council South Australia, The Cancer Foundation of Western Australia, Cancer Council Tasmania and the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC; 400413, 400281, 199600). G.C.-T. and P.W. are supported by the NHMRC. RB was a Cancer Institute NSW Clinical Research Fellow. The KOHBRA study was partially supported by a grant from the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), and the National R&D Program for Cancer Control, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (HI16C1127; 1020350; 1420190). LAABC is supported by grants (1RB-0287, 3PB- 0102, 5PB-0018, 10PB-0098) from the California Breast Cancer Research Program. Incident breast cancer cases were collected by the USC Cancer Surveillance Program (CSP) which is supported under subcontract by the California Department of Health. TheCSP is also part of the National Cancer Institute ' s Division of Cancer Prevention and Control Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, under contract number N01CN25403. L.M.B.C. is supported by the ' Stichting tegen Kanker ' . D.L. is supported by the FWO. The MABCS study is funded by the Research Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology " Georgi D. Efremov " and supported by the German Academic Exchange Program, DAAD. The MARIE study was supported by the Deutsche Krebshilfe e.V. [70-2892-BR I, 106332, 108253, 108419, 110826, 110828], the Hamburg Cancer Society, the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and the Federal Ministry of Edu- cation and Research (BMBF) Germany [01KH0402]. MBCSG is supported by grants from the Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC) and by funds from the Italian citizens who allocated the 5/1000 share of their tax payment in support of the Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, according to Italian laws (INT-Institutional strategic projects " 5 × 1000 " ). The MCBCS was supported by the NIH grants CA192393, CA116167, CA176785 an NIH Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Breast Cancer [CA116201], and the Breast Cancer Research Foundation and a generous gift from the David F. and Margaret T. Grohne Family Foundation. MCCS cohort recruitment was funded by VicHealth and Cancer Council Victoria. The MCCS was further supported by Australian NHMRC grants 209057 and 396414, and by infrastructure provided by Cancer Council Victoria. Cases and their vital status were ascertained through the Victorian Cancer Registry (VCR) and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), including the National Death Index and the Australian Cancer Database. The MEC was support by NIH grants CA63464, CA54281, CA098758, CA132839, and CA164973. The MISS study is supported by funding from ERC-2011-294576 Advanced grant, Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council, Local hospital funds, Berta Kamprad Foun- dation, Gunnar Nilsson. The MMHS study was supported by NIH grants CA97396, CA128931, CA116201, CA140286, and CA177150. MSKCC is supported by grants from the Breast Cancer Research Foundation and Robert and Kate Niehaus Clinical Cancer Genetics Initiative. The work of MTLGEBCS was supported by the Quebec Breast Cancer Foundation, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research for the " CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer " program – grant # CRN-87521 and the Ministry of Economic Development, Innovation and Export Trade – grant # PSR-SIIRI-701. MYBRCA is funded by research grants from the Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education (UM.C/HlR/MOHE/ 06) and Cancer Research Malaysia. MYMAMMO is supported by research grants from Yayasan Sime Darby LPGA Tournament and Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education (RP046B-15HTM). The NBCS has been supported by the Research Council of Norway grant 193387/V50 (to A.-L. Børresen-Dale and V.N. Kristensen) and grant 193387/H10 (to A.-L. Børresen-Dale and V.N. Kristensen), South Eastern Norway Health Authority (grant 39346 to A.-L. Børresen-Dale and 27208 to V.N. Kristensen) and the Norwegian Cancer Society (to A.-L. Børresen-Dale and 419616 - 71248 - PR-2006-0282 to V.N. Kristensen). It has received funding from the K.G. Jebsen Centre for Breast Cancer Research (2012-2015). The NBHS was supported by NIH grant R01CA100374. Biological sample preparation was conducted the Survey and Biospecimen Shared Resource, which is supported by P30 CA68485. The Northern California Breast Cancer Family Registry (NC- BCFR) and Ontario Familial Breast Cancer Registry (OFBCR) were supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute (USA). The content of this manu- script does not necessarily re fl ect the views or policies of the National Cancer Institute or any of the collaborating centers in the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR), nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the USA Government or the BCFR. The Carolina Breast Cancer Study was funded by Komen Foundation, the National Cancer Institute (P50 CA058223, U54 CA156733, and U01 CA179715), and the North Carolina University Cancer Research Fund. The NGOBCS was supported by Grants-in-Aid for the Third Term Comprehensive Ten-Year Strategy for Cancer Control from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan, and for Scienti fi c Research on Priority Areas, 17015049 and for Scienti fi c Research on Innovative Areas, 221S0001, from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan. The NHS was supported by NIH grants P01 CA87969, UM1 CA186107, and U19 CA148065. The NHS2 was supported by NIH grants UM1 CA176726 and U19 CA148065. The OBCS was supported by research grants from the Finnish Cancer Foundation, the Academy of Finland (grant number 250083, 122715 and Center of Excellence grant number 251314), the Finnish Cancer Foundation, the Sigrid Juselius Foundation, the University of Oulu, the University of Oulu Support Foundation, and the special Governmental EVO funds for Oulu University Hospital-based research activities. The ORIGO study was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society (RUL 1997- 1505) and the Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI- NL CP16). The PBCS was funded by Intramural Research Funds of the National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, USA. Genotyping for PLCO was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, NCI, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics. The PLCO is supported by the Intramural Research Program of the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics and supported by contracts from the Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. The POSH study is funded by Cancer Research UK (grants C1275/ A11699, C1275/C22524, C1275/A19187, C1275/A15956, and Breast Cancer Campaign 2010PR62, 2013PR044. PROCAS is funded from NIHR grant PGfAR 0707-10031. The RBCS was funded by the Dutch Cancer Society (DDHK 2004-3124, DDHK 2009-4318). The SASBAC study was supported by funding from the Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore (A*STAR), the US National Institute of Health (NIH) and the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation. The SBCGS was supported primarily by NIH grants R01CA64277, R01CA148667, UMCA182910, and R37CA70867. Biological sample preparation was conducted the Survey and Biospecimen Shared Resource, which is supported by P30 CA68485. The scienti fi c development and funding of this project were, in part, supported by the Genetic Associations and Mechanisms in Oncology (GAME- ON) Network U19 CA148065. The SBCS was supported by Shef fi eld Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and Breast Cancer Now Tissue Bank. The SCCS is supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (R01 CA092447). Data on SCCS cancer cases used in this publication were provided by the Alabama Statewide Cancer Registry; Kentucky Cancer Registry, Lexington, KY; Tennessee Department of Health, Of fi ce of Cancer Surveillance; Florida Cancer Data System; North Carolina Central Cancer Registry, North Carolina Division of Public Health; Georgia Comprehensive Cancer Registry; Louisiana Tumor Registry; Mississippi Cancer Registry; South Carolina Central Cancer Registry; Virginia Department of Health, Virginia Cancer Registry; Arkansas Department of Health, Cancer Registry, 4815 W. Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205. The Arkansas Central Cancer Registry is fully funded by a grant from National Program of Cancer Registries, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Data on SCCS cancer cases from Mississippi were collected by the Mississippi Cancer Registry which participates in the National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The contents of this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the of fi cial views of the CDC or the Mississippi Cancer Registry. SEARCH is funded by Cancer Research UK [C490/A10124, C490/ A16561] and supported by the UK National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the University of Cambridge. The University of Cambridge has received salary support for PDPP from the NHS in the East of England through the Clinical Academic Reserve. SEBCS was supported by the BRL (Basic Research Laboratory) program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2012-0000347). SGBCC is funded by the NUS start- up Grant, National University Cancer Institute Singapore (NCIS) Centre Grant and the NMRC Clinician Scientist Award. Additional controls were recruited by the Singapore Consortium of Cohort Studies-Multi-ethnic cohort (SCCS-MEC), which was funded by the Biomedical Research Council, grant number: 05/1/21/19/425. The Sister Study (SIS- TER) is supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Z01-ES044005 and Z01-ES049033). The Two Sister Study (2SISTER) was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Z01-ES044005 and Z01-ES102245), and, also by a grant from Susan G. Komen for the Cure, grant FAS0703856. SKKDKFZS is supported by the DKFZ. The SMC is funded by the Swedish Cancer Foundation. The SZBCS was supported by Grant PBZ_KBN_122/P05/2004. The TBCS was funded by The National Cancer Institute, Thailand. The TNBCC was supported by a Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Breast Cancer (CA116201), a grant from the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, a generous gift from the David F. and Margaret T. Grohne Family Foundation. The TWBCS is supported by the Taiwan Biobank project of the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan. The UCIBCS component of this research was supported by the NIH [CA58860, CA92044] and the Lon V Smith Foundation [LVS39420]. The UKBGS is funded by Breast Cancer Now and the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London. ICR acknowledges NHS funding to the NIHR Bio- medical Research Centre. The UKOPS study was funded by The Eve Appeal (The Oak Foundation) and supported by the National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre. The US3SS study was supported by Massachusetts (K.M.E., R01CA47305), Wisconsin (P.A.N., R01 CA47147) and New Hampshire (L.T.-E., R01CA69664) centers, and Intramural Research Funds of the National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, USA. The USRT Study was funded by Intramural Research Funds of the National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, USA. The WAABCS study was supported by grants from the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health (R01 CA89085 and P50 CA125183 and the D43 TW009112 grant), Susan G. Komen (SAC110026), the Dr. Ralph and Marian Falk Medical Research Trust, and the Avon Foundation for Women. The WHI program is funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the US National Institutes of Health and the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHSN268201100046C, HHSN268201100001C, HHSN268201100002C, HHSN268201100003C, HHSN268201100004C, and HHSN271201100004C). This work was also funded by NCI U19 CA148065-01. D.G.E. is supported by the all Manchester NIHR Biomedical research center Manchester (IS-BRC- 1215-20007). HUNBOCS, Hungarian Breast and Ovarian Cancer Study was supported by Hungarian Research Grant KTIA-OTKA CK-80745, NKFI_OTKA K-112228. C.I. received support from the Nontherapeutic Subject Registry Shared Resource at George- town University (NIH/NCI P30-CA-51008) and the Jess and Mildred Fisher Center for Hereditary Cancer and Clinical Genomics Research. K.M. is supported by CRUK C18281/ A19169. City of Hope Clinical Cancer Community Research Network and the Hereditary Cancer Research Registry, supported in part by Award Number RC4CA153828 (PI: J Weitzel) from the National Cancer Institute and the of fi ce of the Directory, National Institutes of Health. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the of fi cial views of the National Institutes of Health. The colorectal cancer genome-wide association analyses: Colorectal Transdisciplinary Study (CORECT): The content of this manuscript does not necessarily re fl ect the views or policies of the National Cancer Institute or any of the collaborating centers in the CORECT Consortium, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products or organizations imply endor- sement by the US Government or the CORECT Consortium. We are incredibly grateful for the contributions of Dr. Brian Henderson and Dr. Roger Green over the course of this study and acknowledge them in memoriam. We are also grateful for support from Daniel and Maryann Fong. ColoCare: we thank the many investigators and staff who made thisHHSN268201600001C, HHSN268201600002C, HHSN268201600003C, and HHSN26 8201600004C. The head and neck cancer genome-wide association analyses: The study was supported by NIH/NCI: P50 CA097190, and P30 CA047904, Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute (no. 020214) and Cancer Care Ontario Research Chair to R.H. The Princess Margaret Hospital Head and Neck Cancer Translational Research Program is funded by the Wharton family, Joe ' s Team, Gordon Tozer, Bruce Galloway and the Elia family. Geoffrey Liu was supported by the Posluns Family Fund and the Lusi Wong Family Fund at the Princess Margaret Foundation, and the Alan B. Brown Chair in Molecular Genomics. This publication presents data from Head and Neck 5000 (H&N5000). H&N5000 was a component of independent research funded by the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) under its Programme Grants for Applied Research scheme (RP-PG-0707-10034). The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. Human papillomavirus (HPV) in H&N5000 serology was supported by a Cancer Research UK Programme Grant, the Integrative Cancer Epidemiology Programme (grant number: C18281/A19169). National Cancer Institute (R01-CA90731); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30ES10126). The authors thank all the members of the GENCAPO team/The Head and Neck Genome Project (GENCAPO) was supported by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) (Grant numbers 04/12054-9 and 10/51168-0). CPS-II recruitment and maintenance is supported with intramural research funding from the American Cancer Society. Genotyping per- formed at the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR) was funded through the U.S. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) grant 1 × 01HG007780- 0. The University of Pittsburgh head and neck cancer case-control study is supported by National Institutes of Health grants P50 CA097190 and P30 CA047904. The Carolina Head and Neck Cancer Study (CHANCE) was supported by the National Cancer Institute (R01-CA90731). The Head and Neck Genome Project (GENCAPO) was supported by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) (Grant numbers 04/ 12054-9 and 10/51168-0). The authors thank all the members of the GENCAPO team. The HN5000 study was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) under its Programme Grants for Applied Research scheme (RP-PG-0707-10034), the views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. The Toronto study was funded by the Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute (020214) and the National Cancer Institute (U19-CA148127) and the Cancer Care Ontario Research Chair. The alcohol-related cancers and genetic susceptibility study in Europe (ARCAGE) was funded by the Eur- opean Commission ' s 5th Framework Program (QLK1-2001-00182), the Italian Associa- tion for Cancer Research, Compagnia di San Paolo/FIRMS, Region Piemonte, and Padova University (CPDA057222). The Rome Study was supported by the Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC) IG 2011 10491 and IG2013 14220 to S.B., and Fon- dazione Veronesi to S.B. The IARC Latin American study was funded by the European Commission INCO-DC programme (IC18-CT97-0222), with additional funding from Fondo para la Investigacion Cienti fi ca y Tecnologica (Argentina) and the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (01/01768-2). We thank Leticia Fernandez, Instituto Nacional de Oncologia y Radiobiologia, La Habana, Cuba and Sergio and Rosalina Koifman, for their efforts with the IARC Latin America study São Paulo center. The IARC Central Europe study was supported by European Commission ' s INCO- COPERNICUS Program (IC15- CT98-0332), NIH/National Cancer Institute grant CA92039, and the World Cancer Research Foundation grant WCRF 99A28. The IARC Oral Cancer Multicenter study was funded by grant S06 96 202489 05F02 from Europe against Cancer; grants FIS 97/0024, FIS 97/0662, and BAE 01/5013 from Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Spain; the UICC Yamagiwa-Yoshida Memorial International Cancer Study; the National Cancer Institute of Canada; Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro; and the Pan-American Health Organization. Coordination of the EPIC study is fi nancially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The lung cancer genome-wide association analyses: Transdisciplinary Research for Cancer in Lung (TRICL) of the International Lung Cancer Consortium (ILCCO) was supported by (U19-CA148127, CA148127S1, U19CA203654, and Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas RR170048). The ILCCO data harmonization is supported by Cancer Care Ontario Research Chair of Population Studies to R. H. and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System. The TRICL-ILCCO OncoArray was supported by in-kind genotyping by the Centre for Inherited Disease Research (26820120008i-0-26800068-1). The CAPUA study was supported by FIS-FEDER/Spain grant numbers FIS-01/310, FIS-PI03-0365, and FIS- 07-BI060604, FICYT/Asturias grant numbers FICYT PB02-67 and FICYT IB09-133, and the University Institute of Oncology (IUOPA), of the University of Oviedo and the Ciber de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública. CIBERESP, SPAIN. The work performed in the CARET study was supported by the National Institute of Health/National Cancer Insti- tute: UM1 CA167462 (PI: Goodman), National Institute of Health UO1-CA6367307 (PIs Omen, Goodman); National Institute of Health R01 CA111703 (PI Chen), National Institute of Health 5R01 CA151989-01A1(PI Doherty). The Liverpool Lung project is supported by the Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation. The Harvard Lung Cancer Study was supported by the NIH (National Cancer Institute) grants CA092824, CA090578, CA074386. The Multi-ethnic Cohort Study was partially supported by NIH Grants CA164973, CA033619, CA63464, and CA148127. The work performed in MSH-PMH study was supported by The Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute (020214), Ontario Institute of Cancer and Cancer Care Ontario Chair Award to R.J.H. and G.L. and the Alan Brown Chair and Lusi Wong Programs at the Princess Margaret Hospital Foundation. NJLCS was funded by the State Key Program of National Natural Science ofChina (81230067), the National Key Basic Research Program Grant (2011CB503805), the Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81390543). The Norway study was supported by Norwegian Cancer Society, Norwegian Research Council. The Shanghai Cohort Study (SCS) was supported by National Institutes of Health R01 CA144034 (PI: Yuan) and UM1 CA182876 (PI: Yuan). The Singapore Chinese Health Study (SCHS) was supported by National Institutes of Health R01 CA144034 (PI: Yuan) and UM1 CA182876 (PI: Yuan). The work in TLC study has been supported in part the James & Esther King Biomedical Research Program (09KN-15), National Institutes of Health Specialized Programs of Research Excellence (SPORE) Grant (P50 CA119997), and by a Cancer Center Support Grant (CCSG) at the H. Lee Mof fi tt Cancer Center and Research Institute, an NCI designated Comprehensive Cancer Center (grant number P30- CA76292). The Vanderbilt Lung Cancer Study — BioVU dataset used for the analyses described was obtained from Vanderbilt University Medical Center ' s BioVU, which is supported by institutional funding, the 1S10RR025141-01 instrumentation award, and by the Vanderbilt CTSA grant UL1TR000445 from NCATS/NIH. Dr. Aldrich was supported by NIH/National Cancer Institute K07CA172294 (PI: Aldrich) and Dr. Bush was sup- ported by NHGRI/NIH U01HG004798 (PI: Crawford). The Copenhagen General Population Study (CGPS) was supported by the Chief Physician Johan Boserup and Lise Boserup Fund, the Danish Medical Research Council and Herlev Hospital. The NELCS study: Grant Number P20RR018787 from the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The Kentucky Lung Cancer Research Initiative was supported by the Department of Defense [Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Com- mand Program] under award number: 10153006 (W81XWH-11-1-0781). Views and opinions of, and endorsements by the author(s) do not re fl ect those of the US Army or the Department of Defense. This research was also supported by unrestricted infrastructure funds from the UK Center for Clinical and Translational Science, NIH grant UL1TR000117 and Markey Cancer Center NCI Cancer Center Support Grant (P30 CA177558) Shared Resource Facilities: Cancer Research Informatics, Biospecimen and Tissue Procurement, and Biostatistics and Bioinformatics. The M.D. Anderson Cancer Center study was supported in part by grants from the NIH (P50 CA070907, R01 CA176568) (to X.W.), Cancer Prevention & Research Institute of Texas (RP130502) (to X. W.), and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center institutional support for the Center for Translational and Public Health Genomics. The deCODE study of smoking and nicotine dependence was funded in part by a grant from NIDA (R01- DA017932). The study in Lodz center was partially funded by Nofer Institute of Occupational Med- icine, under task NIOM 10.13: Predictors of mortality from non-small cell lung cancer — fi eld study. Genetic sharing analysis was funded by NIH grant CA194393. The research undertaken by M.D.T., L.V.W., and M.S.A. was partly funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. M.D.T. holds a Medical Research Council Senior Clinical Fellowship (G0902313). The work to assemble the FTND GWAS meta-analysis was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) grant number R01 DA035825 (Prin- cipal Investigator [PI]: DBH). The study populations included COGEND (dbGaP phs000092.v1.p1 and phs000404.v1.p1), COPDGene (dbGaP phs000179.v3.p2), deCODE Genetics, EAGLE (dbGaP phs000093.vs.p2), and SAGE. dbGaP phs000092.v1.p1). See Hancock et al. Transl Psychiatry 2015 (PMCID: PMC4930126) for the full listing of funding sources and other acknowledgments. The Resource for the Study of Lung Cancer Epidemiology in North Trent (ReSoLuCENT)study was funded by the Shef fi eld Hospitals Charity, Shef fi eld Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and Weston Park Hospital Cancer Charity. The ovarian cancer genome-wide association analysis: The Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (OCAC) is supported by a grant from the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund thanks to donations by the family and friends of Kathryn Sladek Smith (PPD/RPCI.07). The scienti fi c development and funding for this project were in part supported by the US National Cancer Institute GAME-ON Post-GWAS Initiative (U19-CA148112). This study made use of data generated by the Wellcome Trust Case Control consortium that was funded by the Wellcome Trust under award 076113. The results published here are in part based upon data generated by The Cancer Genome Atlas Pilot Project established by the National Cancer Institute and National Human Genome Research Institute (dbGap accession number phs000178.v8.p7). The OCAC OncoArray genotyping project was funded through grants from the U.S. National Institutes of Health (CA1X01HG007491-01 (C.I.A.), U19-CA148112 (T.A.S.), R01-CA149429 (C.M.P.), and R01-CA058598 (M.T.G.); Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP-86727 (L.E.K.) and the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund (A.B.). The COGS project was funded through a European Commission ' s Seventh Framework Programme grant (agreement number 223175 - HEALTH-F2-2009-223175) and through a grant from the U.S. National Insti- tutes of Health (R01-CA122443 (E.L.G)). Funding for individual studies: AAS: National Institutes of Health (RO1-CA142081); AOV: The Canadian Institutes for Health Research (MOP-86727); AUS: The Australian Ovarian Cancer Study Group was supported by the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (DAMD17-01-1-0729), National Health & Medical Research Council of Australia (199600, 400413 and 400281), Cancer Councils of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and Tas- mania and Cancer Foundation of Western Australia (Multi-State Applications 191, 211, and 182). The Australian Ovarian Cancer Study gratefully acknowledges additional support from Ovarian Cancer Australia and the Peter MacCallum Foundation; BAV: ELAN Funds of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; BEL: National Kankerplan; BGS: Breast Cancer Now, Institute of Cancer Research; BVU: Vanderbilt CTSA grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH)/National Center for Advancing Translational SciencesNCATS) (ULTR000445); CAM: National Institutes of Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and Cancer Research UK Cambridge Cancer Centre; CHA: Innovative Research Team in University (PCSIRT) in China (IRT1076); CNI: Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI12/01319); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (SAF2012); COE: Department of Defense (W81XWH-11-2-0131); CON: National Institutes of Health (R01-CA063678, R01-CA074850; and R01-CA080742); DKE: Ovarian Cancer Research Fund; DOV: National Institutes of Health R01-CA112523 and R01-CA87538; EMC: Dutch Cancer Society (EMC 2014-6699); EPC: The coordination of EPIC is fi nancially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l ' Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany); the Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); ERC-2009-AdG 232997 and Nordforsk, Nordic Centre of Excellence programme on Food, Nutrition and Health (Norway); Health Research Fund (FIS), PI13/00061 to Granada, PI13/01162 to EPIC-Murcia, Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, ISCIII RETIC (RD06/0020) (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC- Norfolk; C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom); GER: German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Programme of Clinical Biomedical Research (01 GB 9401) and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); GRC: This research has been co- fi nanced by the European Union (European Social Fund — ESF) and Greek national funds through the Operational Program " Education and Lifelong Learn- ing " of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) — Research Funding Program of the General Secretariat for Research & Technology: SYN11_10_19 NBCA. Investing in knowledge society through the European Social Fund; GRR: Roswell Park Cancer Institute Alliance Foundation, P30 CA016056; HAW: U.S. National Institutes of Health (R01- CA58598, N01-CN-55424, and N01-PC-67001); HJO: Intramural funding; Rudolf- Bartling Foundation; HMO: Intramural funding; Rudolf-Bartling Foundation; HOC: Helsinki University Research Fund; HOP: Department of Defense (DAMD17-02-1-0669) and NCI (K07-CA080668, R01-CA95023, P50-CA159981 MO1-RR000056 R01- CA126841); HUO: Intramural funding; Rudolf-Bartling Foundation; JGO: JSPS KAKENHI grant; JPN: Grant-in-Aid for the Third Term Comprehensive 10-Year Strategy for Cancer Control from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare; KRA: This study (Ko-EVE) was supported by a grant from the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), and the National R&D Program for Cancer Control, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (HI16C1127; 0920010); LAX: American Cancer Society Early Detection Professorship (SIOP-06-258-01-COUN) and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), Grant UL1TR000124; LUN: ERC-2011-AdG 294576-risk factors cancer, Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council, Beta Kamprad Foundation; MAC: National Institutes of Health (R01-CA122443, P30-CA15083, P50-CA136393); Mayo Foundation; Minnesota Ovarian Cancer Alliance; Fred C. and Katherine B. Andersen Foundation; Fraternal Order of Eagles; MAL: Funding for this study was provided by research grant R01- CA61107 from the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, research grant 94 222 52 from the Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; and the Mer- maid I project; MAS: Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education (UM.C/HlR/MOHE/06) and Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation; MAY: National Institutes of Health (R01- CA122443, P30-CA15083, and P50-CA136393); Mayo Foundation; Minnesota Ovarian Cancer Alliance; Fred C. and Katherine B. Andersen Foundation; MCC: Cancer Council Victoria, National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) grants number 209057, 251533, 396414, and 504715; MDA: DOD Ovarian Cancer Research Program (W81XWH-07-0449); MEC: NIH (CA54281, CA164973, CA63464); MOF: Mof fi tt Cancer Center, Merck Pharmaceuticals, the state of Florida, Hillsborough County, and the city of Tampa; NCO: National Institutes of Health (R01-CA76016) and the Department of Defense (DAMD17-02-1-0666); NEC: National Institutes of Health R01- CA54419 and P50-CA105009 and Department of Defense W81XWH-10-1-02802; NHS: UM1 CA186107, P01 CA87969, R01 CA49449, R01-CA67262, UM1 CA176726; NJO: National Cancer Institute (NIH-K07 CA095666, R01-CA83918, NIH-K22-CA138563, and P30-CA072720) and the Cancer Institute of New Jersey; If Sara Olson and/or Irene Orlow is a co-author, please add NCI CCSG award (P30-CA008748) to the funding sources; NOR: Helse Vest, The Norwegian Cancer Society, The Research Council of Norway; NTH: Radboud University Medical Centre; OPL: National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia (APP1025142) and Brisbane Women ' s Club; ORE: OHSU Foundation; OVA: This work was supported by Canadian Institutes of Health Research grant (MOP-86727) and by NIH/NCI 1 R01CA160669-01A1; PLC: Intramural Research Program of the National Cancer Institute; POC: Pomeranian Medical Uni- versity; POL: Intramural Research Program of the National Cancer Institute; PVD: Canadian Cancer Society and Cancer Research Society GRePEC Program; RBH: National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia; RMH: Cancer Research UK, Royal Marsden Hospital; RPC: National Institute of Health (P50-CA159981, R01-CA126841); SEA: Cancer Research UK (C490/A10119 C490/A10124); UK National Institute forHealth Research Biomedical Research Centres at the University of Cambridge; SIS: NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Z01-ES044005 and Z01-ES049033; SMC: The bbSwedish Research Council-SIMPLER infrastructure; the Swedish Cancer Foundation; SON: National Health Research and Development Program, Health Canada, grant 6613-1415-53; SRO: Cancer Research UK (C536/A13086, C536/A6689) and Imperial Experimental Cancer Research Centre (C1312/A15589); STA: NIH grants U01 CA71966 and U01 CA69417; SWE: Swedish Cancer foundation, WeCanCureCancer and VårKampMotCancer foundation; SWH: NIH (NCI) grant R37-CA070867; TBO: National Institutes of Health (R01-CA106414-A2), American Cancer Society (CRTG-00-196-01- CCE), Department of Defense (DAMD17-98-1-8659), Celma Mastery Ovarian Cancer Foundation; TOR: NIH grants R01-CA063678 and R01 CA063682; UCI: NIH R01- CA058860 and the Lon V Smith Foundation grant LVS39420; UHN: Princess Margaret Cancer Centre Foundation-Bridge for the Cure; UKO: The UKOPS study was funded by The Eve Appeal (The Oak Foundation) and supported by the National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre; UKR: Cancer Research UK (C490/A6187), UK National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centres at the University of Cambridge; USC: P01CA17054, P30CA14089, R01CA61132, N01PC67010, R03CA113148, R03CA115195, N01CN025403, and Cali- fornia Cancer Research Program (00-01389V-20170, 2II0200); VAN: BC Cancer Foun- dation, VGH & UBC Hospital Foundation; VTL: NIH K05-CA154337; WMH: National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, Enabling Grants ID 310670 & ID 628903. Cancer Institute NSW Grants 12/RIG/1-17 & 15/RIG/1-16; WOC: National Science Centren (N N301 5645 40). The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland. The University of Cambridge has received salary support for PDPP from the NHS in the East of England through the Clinical Academia Reserve. The prostate cancer genome-wide association analyses: we pay tribute to Brian Henderson, who was a driving force behind the OncoArray project, for his vision and leadership, and who sadly passed away before seeing its fruition. We also thank the individuals who participated in these studies enabling this work. The ELLIPSE/ PRACTICAL (http//:practical.icr.ac.uk) prostate cancer consortium and his collaborating partners were supported by multiple funding mechanisms enabling this current work. ELLIPSE/PRACTICAL Genotyping of the OncoArray was funded by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) (U19 CA148537 for ELucidating Loci Involved in Prostate Cancer SuscEptibility (ELLIPSE) project and X01HG007492 to the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR) under contract number HHSN268201200008I). Additional analytical support was provided by NIH NCI U01 CA188392 (F.R.S.). Funding for the iCOGS infrastructure came from the European Community ' s Seventh Framework Pro- gramme under grant agreement n° 223175 (HEALTH-F2-2009-223175) (COGS), Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10118, C1287/A 10710, C12292/A11174, C1281/A12014, C5047/ A8384, C5047/A15007, C5047/A10692, and C8197/A16565), the National Institutes of Health (CA128978) and Post-Cancer GWAS initiative (1U19 CA148537, 1U19 CA148065, and 1U19 CA148112; the GAME-ON initiative), the Department of Defense (W81XWH-10-1-0341), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) for the CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer, Komen Foundation for the Cure, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, and the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund. This work was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, European Commission ' s Seventh Framework Programme grant agreement n° 223175 (HEALTH-F2-2009-223175), Cancer Research UK Grants C5047/A7357, C1287/A10118, C1287/A16563, C5047/ A3354, C5047/A10692, C16913/A6135, C5047/A21332 and The National Institute of Health (NIH) Cancer Post-Cancer GWAS initiative grant: No. 1 U19 CA148537-01 (the GAME-ON initiative). We also thank the following for funding support: The Institute of Cancer Research and The Everyman Campaign, The Prostate Cancer Research Founda- tion, Prostate Research Campaign UK (now Prostate Action), The Orchid Cancer Appeal, The National Cancer Research Network UK, and The National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) UK. We are grateful for support of NIHR funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust. The Prostate Cancer Program of Cancer Council Victoria also acknowledge grant support from The National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia (126402, 209057, 251533, 396414, 450104, 504700, 504702, 504715, 623204, 940394, and 614296), VicHealth, Cancer Council Victoria, The Prostate Cancer Foun- dation of Australia, The Whitten Foundation, PricewaterhouseCoopers, and Tattersall ' s. E.A.O., D.M.K., and E.M.K. acknowledge the Intramural Program of the National Human Genome Research Institute for their support. The BPC3 was supported by the U.S. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute (cooperative agreements U01- CA98233 to D.J.H., U01-CA98710 to S.M.G., U01-CA98216 to E.R., and U01-CA98758 to B.E.H., and Intramural Research Program of NIH/National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics). CAPS GWAS study was supported by the Swedish Cancer Foundation (grant no 09-0677, 11-484, 12-823), the Cancer Risk Prediction Center (CRisP; www.crispcenter.org ), a Linneus Centre (Contract ID 70867902) fi nanced by the Swedish Research Council, Swedish Research Council (grant no K2010-70 × - 20430-04-3, 2014-2269). The Hannover Prostate Cancer Study was supported by the Lower Saxonian Cancer Society. PEGASUS was supported by the Intramural Research Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. RAPPER was supported by the NIHR Manchester Bio- medical Research Center, Cancer Research UK (C147/A25254, C1094/A18504) and the EUs7Framework Programme Grant/Agreement no 60186. Overall: this research has been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource (application number 16549). NHS is supported by UM1 CA186107 (NHS cohort infrastructure grant), P01 CA87969, and R01 CA49449. NHSII is supported by UM1 CA176726 (NHSII cohort infrastructure grant),and R01-CA67262. A.L.K. is supported by R01 MH107649. We would like to thank the participants and staff of the NHS and NHSII for their valuable contributions as well as the following state cancer registries for their help: AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, ID, IL, IN, IA, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, NE, NH, NJ, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, TN, TX, VA, WA, WY. The authors assume full responsibility for analyses and interpretation of these data. ; Sí
El artículo analiza las dinámicas fronterizas desde el comienzo del siglo XX a través de una revisión bibliográfica apoyada en el análisis de datos cuantitativos y dos casos de estudio. La tesis central es que existe un conflicto entre las fronteras culturales y las político-territoriales, desafiando los límites geográficos reconocidos oficialmente. La frontera político-territorial es un fenómeno jurídico, una demarcación lineal que establece los límites espaciales dentro de los cuales el estado nación ejerce la soberanía de forma exclusiva, eficaz, autónoma respecto al exterior y bajo el reconocimiento de la legislación internacional. La frontera cultural es un fenómeno histórico que responde a hechos vitales y no a una construcción jurídica ni política ni intelectual. Podemos definirla como un área sociocultural habitada por una población que comparte una serie de elementos simbólicos, costumbres y valores. La gestión del conflicto entre los dos tipos de frontera depende de los desarrollos históricos que tienen lugar en el ámbito de las relaciones internacionales Nuestra tesis muestra que dichas dinámicas pueden articularse en torno a tres ejes. El primero está guiado por el auge del proceso globalizador y la consecuente apertura de fronteras. La apertura de fronteras puede definirse como el aumento en la porosidad de los símbolos, costumbres y valores compartidos en un área sociocultural respecto a los del exterior y/o la disminución de barreras al tránsito físico. Se le contrapone otro eje que lleva al cierre de fronteras, espoleado por los procesos de descolonización, la disolución de la URSS y el resurgir del nacionalismo. El cierre de fronteras se define como la disminución de la porosidad fronteriza o el aumento de las barreras al tránsito físico. El tercer eje está marcado por las disputas territoriales, fundadas sobre diferencias culturales, que llevan a intentar modificar las fronteras oficiales. La modificación de fronteras se da bien cuando un estado nación busca alargar la línea fronteriza que delimita el área bajo su soberanía o un grupo sociocultural trata de delimitar un territorio soberano frente al exterior, bien cuando un área sociocultural definida se expande o retrae sea por el auge o decline de su cultura sea por el del grupo humano que la representa. Los acontecimientos históricos para el análisis de los tres ejes citados provienen de fuentes bibliográficas, periodísticas y de bases de datos. Además, mostramos como la teoría se plasma en dos casos de estudio actuales, el independentismo catalán y el intento venezolano de crear un nuevo poder regional en el Caribe. ; The article analyses border dynamics since the beginning of the 20th century through a literature review supported with the analysis of quantitative data and two case studies. The central thesis is that there is a contradiction between the cultural and the geopolitical borders, challenging the official territorial limits. The geopolitical border is a legal phenomenon, a lineal boundary that establishes the territorial limits within which the nation-state exercises its sovereignty in an exclusive and effective manner, autonomous with respect to any foreign authority and under the recognition of the international law. The cultural frontier is a historical phenomenon shaped by emotional developments and not a legal, political or philosophical construction. It can be defined as a sociocultural area occupied by a population that shares a series of symbolic elements, customs and values. The management of the conflict between both types of borders depends on the historical developments that have taken place within the international relations' field. In order to analyse how geo-political borders and cultural frontiers interact between them we apply a hypothetic-deductive method. Firstly, we establish a theoretical framework that defines five basic analytical concepts shaping border dynamics. Those concepts are cultural frontier, geo-political border, closure axis, opening axis and modification axis. We design a model that explains how such concepts interact between them and we gather and analyse the evolution of a series of quantitative variables that allow us to empirically introduce their relationship along time. The construction of the theoretical framework, as well as the selection and interpretation of quantitative variables, comes together with the introduction of quotations and bibliography that back it up. Moreover, we apply the conclusions deducted from the global analysis to two case studies. The similarities and differences between both case studies are pointed out and we summarize the dynamics shaping the current management of borders. Finally, we offer some recommendations in order to design an effective and efficient geostrategy.The management of borders is articulated around three axes: closure, opening and modification. In other words, nation-states aim to achieve their geostrategic objectives through the modification, closure or opening of their cultural frontiers or/and geopolitical borders. The opening of borders/frontiers can be defined as the increase in the porosity to the outside world of the symbols, customs and values that are shared within a sociocultural area; and/or the wave of barriers to physical transactions —people, goods, capital flows, etc.—. On the other hand, the closure of borders/frontiers happens when the aforementioned porosity decreases or the barriers are strengthened. Finally, the modification of borders/frontiers can be either expansive or contractive as well as happening in the geopolitical dimension or the cultural one. Regarding the geopolitical dimension, the nation-state aims to expand the lineal boundary that mark out the area under its sovereignty or the sociocultural group aims to delimit to the outside world a territory under its exclusive sovereignty. Concerning the cultural dimension, a specific sociocultural area enlarges or retracts either as a consequence of the rise or decline of its culture or of the human group that embraces it. The evolution of the three axes is proxied by a series of variables and their trends. Moreover, the historical events laying down the foundations of the analysis of the three axes are gathered from different sources: bibliography, newspapers and data bases. Moreover, we show how the theory is captured in two current case studies, the independentism in Catalonia and the Venezuelan attempt to create a new regional power in the Caribbean. While the globalization process fosters the opening of borders, the will of the nation-state to safeguard its historical rights and the international status quo drives its closure. On the other hand, the modification of borders is marked by territorial disputes arising from the contradictions between geopolitical borders and cultural frontiers, often exacerbated by the dynamics related to the two previous axes. The territorial dispute between Venezuela and the Cooperative Republic of Guayana is an example of such a dynamic. On the one hand, the State of Venezuela tries to safeguard its traditional rights presenting the dispute as a national question. At the same time, globalization lengthens cultural boundaries while Venezuela revives the ideological division between a capitalist and a socialist world. The closure of borders and frontiers, marked by the nationalist revival, and the opening, driven by the globalization process, act as a catalyser of borders modification. The article is structured by an introduction and six sections. The introduction defines the concepts of geopolitical border and cultural frontier. Moreover, it establishes the theoretical framework used to analyse the evolution of both types of borders and how the interaction between them shapes international relationships during the 20th and 21st centuries. The first section introduces the three axes —closure, opening and modification— along which the management of borders develops during the period under analyses and the relationships arising between them. The second section analyses the closure axis that is driven by the rise of nationalism, the Cold War and the decolonisation process. We use a series of variables to proxy how such an axis evolved along time: total number of international organizations, creation and end of international organizations, net foreign direct investment flows, international trade of goods, attitude of the government towards immigration and number of United Nations peacekeeping missions. The third section does the same for the opening axis. The opening of borders is fostered by the expansion of economic and political liberalism through the globalization process. We use the same variables as in section two to empirically assess the evolution of the opening axis. Section number four introduces the modification axis and how the changes of borders and frontiers are related to events linked to the opening and closure axes. The section analyses three types of modifications (territorial concessions, declarations of independence and annexations). Data about modifications are gathered from The Correlates of War Project and The World Factbook data bases. Section number five shows how the tension between cultural and geopolitical borders determines the management of borders nowadays, following the three axes of closure, opening and modification outlined above. Firstly, we introduce the case study of Catalonia, which is mainly related to the closure axis. Secondly, we analyse the case study of Guayana Esebequio and the territorial dispute between Venezuela and the Cooperative Republic of Guayana. Finally, we compare the differences and similarities between both case studies. The last section consists of the conclusions and political recommendations that we extract from our research so that policy makers can implement efficient and effective policies on borders managements. ; Border dynamics in the 20-21st Century : a mirror of the world order evolution
The article analyses border dynamics since the beginning of the 20th century through a literature review supported with the analysis of quantitative data and two case studies. The central thesis is that there is a contradiction between the cultural and the geopolitical borders, challenging the official territorial limits. The geopolitical border is a legal phenomenon, a lineal boundary that establishes the territorial limits within which the nation-state exercises its sovereignty in an exclusive and effective manner, autonomous with respect to any foreign authority and under the recognition of the international law. The cultural frontier is a historical phenomenon shaped by emotional developments and not a legal, political or philosophical construction. It can be defined as a sociocultural area occupied by a population that shares a series of symbolic elements, customs and values. The management of the conflict between both types of borders depends on the historical developments that have taken place within the international relations' field. In order to analyse how geo-political borders and cultural frontiers interact between them we apply a hypothetic-deductive method. Firstly, we establish a theoretical framework that defines five basic analytical concepts shaping border dynamics. Those concepts are cultural frontier, geo-political border, closure axis, opening axis and modification axis. We design a model that explains how such concepts interact between them and we gather and analyse the evolution of a series of quantitative variables that allow us to empirically introduce their relationship along time. The construction of the theoretical framework, as well as the selection and interpretation of quantitative variables, comes together with the introduction of quotations and bibliography that back it up. Moreover, we apply the conclusions deducted from the global analysis to two case studies. The similarities and differences between both case studies are pointed out and we summarize the dynamics shaping the current management of borders. Finally, we offer some recommendations in order to design an effective and efficient geostrategy. The management of borders is articulated around three axes: closure, opening and modification. In other words, nation-states aim to achieve their geostrategic objectives through the modification, closure or opening of their cultural frontiers or/and geopolitical borders. The opening of borders/frontiers can be defined as the increase in the porosity to the outside world of the symbols, customs and values that are shared within a sociocultural area; and/or the wave of barriers to physical transactions —people, goods, capital flows, etc.—. On the other hand, the closure of borders/frontiers happens when the aforementioned porosity decreases or the barriers are strengthened. Finally, the modification of borders/frontiers can be either expansive or contractive as well as happening in the geopolitical dimension or the cultural one. Regarding the geopolitical dimension, the nation-state aims to expand the lineal boundary that mark out the area under its sovereignty or the sociocultural group aims to delimit to the outside world a territory under its exclusive sovereignty. Concerning the cultural dimension, a specific sociocultural area enlarges or retracts either as a consequence of the rise or decline of its culture or of the human group that embraces it. The evolution of the three axes is proxied by a series of variables and their trends. Moreover, the historical events laying down the foundations of the analysis of the three axes are gathered from different sources: bibliography, newspapers and data bases. Moreover, we show how the theory is captured in two current case studies, the independentism in Catalonia and the Venezuelan attempt to create a new regional power in the Caribbean. While the globalization process fosters the opening of borders, the will of the nation-state to safeguard its historical rights and the international status quo drives its closure. On the other hand, the modification of borders is marked by territorial disputes arising from the contradictions between geopolitical borders and cultural frontiers, often exacerbated by the dynamics related to the two previous axes. The territorial dispute between Venezuela and the Cooperative Republic of Guayana is an example of such a dynamic. On the one hand, the State of Venezuela tries to safeguard its traditional rights presenting the dispute as a national question. At the same time, globalization lengthens cultural boundaries while Venezuela revives the ideological division between a capitalist and a socialist world. The closure of borders and frontiers, marked by the nationalist revival, and the opening, driven by the globalization process, act as a catalyser of borders modification. The article is structured by an introduction and six sections. The introduction defines the concepts of geopolitical border and cultural frontier. Moreover, it establishes the theoretical framework used to analyse the evolution of both types of borders and how the interaction between them shapes international relationships during the 20th and 21st centuries. The first section introduces the three axes —closure, opening and modification— along which the management of borders develops during the period under analyses and the relationships arising between them. The second section analyses the closure axis that is driven by the rise of nationalism, the Cold War and the decolonisation process. We use a series of variables to proxy how such an axis evolved along time: total number of international organizations, creation and end of international organizations, net foreign direct investment flows, international trade of goods, attitude of the government towards immigration and number of United Nations peacekeeping missions. The third section does the same for the opening axis. The opening of borders is fostered by the expansion of economic and political liberalism through the globalization process. We use the same variables as in section two to empirically assess the evolution of the opening axis. Section number four introduces the modification axis and how the changes of borders and frontiers are related to events linked to the opening and closure axes. The section analyses three types of modifications (territorial concessions, declarations of independence and annexations). Data about modifications are gathered from The Correlates of War Project and The World Factbook data bases. Section number five shows how the tension between cultural and geopolitical borders determines the management of borders nowadays, following the three axes of closure, opening and modification outlined above. Firstly, we introduce the case study of Catalonia, which is mainly related to the closure axis. Secondly, we analyse the case study of Guayana Esebequio and the territorial dispute between Venezuela and the Cooperative Republic of Guayana. Finally, we compare the differences and similarities between both case studies. The last section consists of the conclusions and political recommendations that we extract from our research so that policy makers can implement efficient and effective policies on borders managements. ; El artículo analiza las dinámicas fronterizas desde el comienzo del siglo XX a través de una revisión bibliográfica apoyada en el análisis de datos cuantitativos y dos casos de estudio.La tesis central es que existe un conflicto entre las fronteras culturales y las político-territoriales, desafiando los límites geográficos reconocidos oficialmente. La frontera político-territorial es un fenómeno jurídico, una demarcación lineal que establece los límites espaciales dentro de los cuales el estado nación ejerce la soberanía de forma exclusiva, eficaz, autónoma respecto al exterior y bajo el reconocimiento de la legislación internacional. La frontera cultural es un fenómeno histórico que responde a hechos vitales y no a una construcción jurídica ni política ni intelectual. Podemos definirla como un área sociocultural habitada por una población que comparte una serie de elementos simbólicos, costumbres y valores. La gestión del conflicto entre los dos tipos de frontera depende de los desarrollos históricos que tienen lugar en el ámbito de las relaciones internacionalesNuestra tesis muestra que dichas dinámicas pueden articularse en torno a tres ejes. El primero está guiado por el auge del proceso globalizador y la consecuente apertura de fronteras. La apertura de fronteras puede definirse como el aumento en la porosidad de los símbolos, costumbres y valores compartidos en un área sociocultural respecto a los del exterior y/o la disminución de barreras al tránsito físico. Se le contrapone otro eje que lleva al cierre de fronteras, espoleado por los procesos de descolonización, la disolución de la URSS y el resurgir del nacionalismo. El cierre de fronteras se define como la disminución de la porosidad fronteriza o el aumento de las barreras al tránsito físico. El tercer eje está marcado por las disputas territoriales, fundadas sobre diferencias culturales, que llevan a intentar modificar las fronteras oficiales. La modificación de fronteras se da bien cuando un estado nación busca alargar la línea fronteriza que delimita el área bajo su soberanía o un grupo sociocultural trata de delimitar un territorio soberano frente al exterior, bien cuando un área sociocultural definida se expande o retrae sea por el auge o decline de su cultura sea por el del grupo humano que la representa.Los acontecimientos históricos para el análisis de los tres ejes citados provienen de fuentes bibliográficas, periodísticas y de bases de datos. Además, mostramos como la teoría se plasma en dos casos de estudio actuales, el independentismo catalán y el intento venezolano de crear un nuevo poder regional en el Caribe.
Indonesia is a country that has a high potential for natural disasters. Picture story book is a form of disaster management learning that can help children from an early age to prepare for a natural disaster. The aims of this study to develop story books as a disaster management learning media, to improve knowledge and skills of children and teacher about the understanding, principles, and actions of rescue when facing the natural disasters, to increase the teacher's learning quality in disaster management. Developmental research approach is used to execute the study. A total of 48 children aged 5-6 years have to carry out pre-test and post-test. Pre-test data shows that children's knowledge about disaster management with an average of 47.92% and its improved at post-test with 76,88%. Five theme of story books involves floods, landslides, earthquakes, tsunamis, lands and forest fires is the product. 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ServPPIN is a research project which focuses on the role of public and private services on growth and welfare and the particular role of public-private innovation networks (PPIN). Public-private innovation networks are considered to be an organisational platform in which public and private services can perform complementarities and synergies in many ways.The project analyses public and private services, and their impact on growth and welfare. In particular it focuses on service innovation and on public-private services, and their impact on growth and welfare. Specifically, the main objectives of ServPPIN are: •To identify the linkages between services, economic and social growth, understanding the contribution of service innovations in the current economy and society and any differences that may exist between the public and private sectors. •To understand how public-private sector interactions function, and how they can be better managed by private and public sector policy-makers to increase performance and welfare. •To understand the characteristics of public-private service networks that induces innovation, growth, employment and welfare. ServPPIN has undertaken new theoretical and empirical fieldwork involving cross-country and cross-sector empirical analysis. New techniques are applied for impact analysis: both public and private services, comparing impacts on performance (productivity, competitiveness) with impacts on welfare (e.g., employment, service quality, 'universal' access to services). The project has been organised around nine working packages (WP). In order to define the service innovation and service public-private innovation networks (ServPPINs) concept, and to guide the interface between theory and empirical research, the project has developed an analytical framework for studying multi-institutional networks. The empirical research has followed a three-pronged approach:•A large-scale statistical analysis of public and private services in growth and welfare at the macroeconomic level. •A statistical analysis of the contributions ServPPINs to performance, growth and welfare at the meso and sectoral level.•Case studies covering major services types: health, transport and tourism and knowledge intensive services. The project has produced new knowledge and European added value through: •Knowledge creation on the service economy: growth factors, facilitators and impacts on productivity, employment, socioeconomic changes, and welfare.•New approach to service innovation from a multi-agent framework perspective.•Understanding of public-private interactions through the case of networks and related dynamics including the use of life cycle theory. •Drawing of functional and effective policy lines.ServPPIN tackles the key developments and impacts of public-private services provision and of public-private innovation networks (PPINs) at three levels of analysis: macro, meso and micro. At macro level the main outcomes of the project are related to new service developments, service innovation and the contribution to growth and welfare. The project studies the stylized facts on public, private and mixed services; their similarities and dissimilarities across the enlarged EU; the challenges of the EU service economy; the explanatory factors of services growth and assesses the performance and efficiency of services. At present, the ever-increasing and dynamic role of services in modern societies has led to increasing levels of interaction between public and private services and to the development of mixed forms. Moreover, across the enlarged EU, the dominant trend is towards the increasing participation of private services in total employment, although a diverse macro and meso mapping of service economies in close correlation with social and institutional models can also be found. Furthermore, the variety of service economies in the EU can be explained on the basis of the different roles played by factors such as the state, social changes, labour market institutions and previous developments in the evolution of public, private and mixed services. ServPPIN has also proven that although private and public services have made significant contributions to aggregated growth in the EU in recent years, their impacts should also be assessed on the basis of a multidimensional approach which takes into account outcomes and quality aspects.In addition, the project addresses the different dimensions of public and private service innovation and examines the impacts of innovation on productivity, growth and employment. Services, particularly the knowledge-based ones, are very active in terms of innovation in all developed countries. Besides technological innovations, non-technological or intangible forms of innovations play an important role in services despite not being comprehensively captured by statistics yet. Along with the problems related to the measurement of innovation, lies another one concerning performance. Thus, an innovation and a performance 'gap' are identified in contemporary advanced service economies. ServPPIN aligns with the integrative perpective of innovation in services, also studying service innovation specificities in the field of public services. Public and private innovation networks can be partly related to the 'open innovation' models and social innovation models which have the particularities of being cooperative and interactive. At meso level the main outcomes relate to theory developments under multi-institutional frameworks, the concept of innovation network life cycle and the study of the role played by evolutionary inefficiencies in the networks. The application of social network analysis allows acknowledging for the heterogeneity of actors in the network and their different roles. From this focus on networks, we derive a new rational of innovation policy that can be summarized under 'avoiding evolutionary inefficiencies'. This approach seeks to avoid situations which hamper the economic development. Such network inefficiencies concern the amount of existing links among the relevant actors, the size of the network, its structure, and the different roles that the individual actors play within the network. In this perspective, the structures and dynamics of innovation networks become the focus of attention as well as the starting point of action in innovation policy.At micro level, ServPPIN followed a case study approach. In 2008/2009, the project teams carried out 40 case studies in seven different countries in the following sectors: transport; health services and in knowledge-intensive services and tourism. Case studies provide a micro-perspective on the emergence of innovation networks over their life cycle and give insight as regards drivers, actor configurations, impacts and critical events of their evolution over time. The key role played by the third sector and entrepreneurship in many PPINs is stressed which is also closely connected with rising social innovation.Results have shown the importance of cooperation and interaction in innovative service networking between public and private agents -and civil third sector, allowing exploiting potential complementarities and synergies in areas such as credibility, dissemination, speeding up the process of agenda setting and decision making, more comprehensive view of the problems, legitimacy, resources, efficiency, flexibility, public research more efficient, learning capacity and knowledge transfer. ServPPINs are mainly organizational networks, often small, professional and goal oriented that can be partly considered social innovation in some cases, but they cannot be considered as social networks in full. The success of service innovation networks can derived from four main interrelated sources:a. The role of promoters and drivers -both internal and external- of ServPPINs is essential. Success factors require the definition and implementation of a joint business case, trust -fundamental in many of the case studies analyzed-, a good entrepreneurial fit, flexible structures, use of inputs from benchmarking exercises, and pro-innovation enterpreneurship and culture. Finance also play a role as well as the establishment of the right strategy between bottom-up or top-bottom set up that may vary depending on the particular service innovation to be developed and the institutional context. b.The integration of a particular individual innovation network within systemic and social network, what can be reflected in the role of the role of third sector, the integration in local community, and the different facilitators from institutions such as universities or public and policy administrations and, in general, society through social innovation networks. The muti-agent framework for service innovation has been tested and can be considered as a appropriate platform where different agents and interact to make a network innovative and successful. To some extent, successful ServPPINs can be considered the outcome of successful social innovation crystallized in a the small, professional and goal-oriented nature of most of them c.The overcoming of barriers to ServPPINs in areas such as the rigidity of public administrations, the mistrust and expectations mismatch, the existence of different interests and incentive systems, the problem of free riders and asymmetric information, networking competences and, in some cases, mainly knowledge-oriented services, appropriability problems.d.The reduction of evolutionary inefficiencies in the lice cycles of Servppin where networks are not efficient enough to adapt to the changing phases of their life and the different external and internal elements that can drastically affect their development, their expected functioning and impact and even their own nature and composition. At policy level three broad objectives of possible policy intervention are identified to overcome market and systemic failures, reduce evolutionary inefficiencies and increase the contribution of ServPPINs to growth and welfare: •Strengthening service-specific innovation and innovation capabilities of firms, users and other agents involved in innovation•Facilitating co-operation and networks involving service and social innovation•Empowering the public sector and the third sector for co-operation: role of civil society Moreover, the promotion of ServPPINs may be based on the enhancement and application of a full range of policies such as: R&D policies, innovation policies, public procurement, standards, regional policies, employment & skills, internal market, competition, health, transport, tourism, etc. In this sense, service-oriented innovation policy is not necessarily aimed at specific individual's service sector: in contrast, it can be seen as a predominantly horizontal policy, going across sectors, based on service innovation being considered as a systemic dimension useful for any kind of economic activity, thus, encouraging the development of public-private innovative networks.
Quaderni della Rivista di Cultura classica e medievale 1–7, 1999, 2001, 2002bis, 2003, 2004bis. (Heikki Solin) Sapheneia. Beiträge zur Klassischen Philologie 1, 2, 4–11, Hrsg. M. Billerbeck - B. K. Braswell 1997, 1998, 2000 (bis), 2002, 2003, 2004 (bis), 2006. (Heikki Solin) Primum legere. Annuario delle attività della delegazione della Valle del Sarno dell'A.I.C.C. A c. di G. Caiazza – A. Esposito, 2005. (Heikki Solin) Corona coronaria. Festschrift für Hans-Otto Kröner zum 75. Geburtstag. Hrsg. von S. Harwardt - J. Schwind, 2005. (Heikki Solin) Nova de veteribus. Mittel- und neulateinische Studien für Paul Gerhard Schmidt. Hrsg. von A. Bihrer - E. Stein, 2004. (Heikki Solin) Mittelalter und Renaissance. In honorem Fritz Wagner. Hrsg. von A. Lozar - S. De Vito-Egerland, 2004. (Heikki Solin) Homo pictor. Hrsg. von G. Boehm. Red. S. E. Hauser, 2001. (Heikki Solin) Ricerche di antichità e tradizione classica. A cura di E. Lanzillotta, 2004. (Heikki Solin) Unfreie Arbeits- und Lebensverhältnisse von der Antike bis in die Gegenwart. Eine Einführung. Hrsg. von E. Herrmann-Otto, 2005. (Heikki Solin) Gab es das Griechische Wunder? Griechenland zwischen dem Ende des 6. und der Mitte des 5. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. Hrsg. von D. Papenfuß und V.M. Strocka, 2001. (Heikki Solin) Santuari e luoghi di culto nell'Italia antica. A cura di L. Quilici - S. Quilici Gigli, 2003. (Heikki Solin) Viabilità e insediamenti nell'Italia antica. A cura di L. Quilici - S. Quilici Gigli, 2004. (Heikki Solin) Theodor Mommsens langer Schatten. Das römische Staatsrecht als bleibende Herausforderung für die Forschung. Hrsg. von W. Nippel - B. Seidensticker, 2005. (Heikki Solin) Theodor Mommsen: Gelehrter, Politiker und Literat. Hrsg. von J. Wiesehöfer, 2005. (Heikki Solin) Epitheta deorum apud Homerum. The Epithetic Phrases for the Homeric Gods. Edited by J. H. Dee, 2001. (Heikki Solin) Sophocles: Selected Fragmentary Plays. Volume I. Edited with Introductions, Translations and Commentaries by A. H. Sommerstein, D. Fitzpatrick and T. Talboy, 2006. (Vesa Vahtikari) C. Schefer: Platons unsagbare Erfahrung. Ein anderer Zugang zu Platon, 2001. (Heikki Solin) Euripides: Electra. Edidit G. Basta Donzelli, 2002. (Heikki Solin) Aristoteles och Pseudo-Xenofon om Athenarnas statsförfattning, Ἀθηναίων πολιτεία. Övers. och noter av S. Wahlgren, 2001 (Heikki Solin) New Testament Greek. A Reader, 2001. (Heikki Solin) Soranos: Kvinnolära, Om graviditet, förlossningskonst, spädbarnsvård och kvinnosjukdomar, Γυναικεια. Översättning av S. Törnkvist - I. Ursing, 2001. (Heikki Solin) Philipp Brandenburg: Apollonios Dyskolos. Über das Pronomen, 2005. (Anneli Luhtala) Sortes Astrampsychi. Vol. II. Edidit R. Stewart, 2001. (Heikki Solin) T. Maccius Plautus: Den skrävlande soldaten. Miles gloriosus. Tolk., inled. och anm. av A. Önnerfors, 2001. (Heikki Solin) G. Graf v. Gries: "Hercle" ante Herculem natum? 2003. (Heikki Solin) E. Karakasis: Terence and the Language of Roman Comedy, 2005. (Hilla Halla-aho) M. Porcius Cato: Über den Ackerbau. Hrsg. übers. und erl. v. D. Flach, 2005. (Paavo Castrén) Virgil: Aeneid 3. A Commentary by N. Horsfall, 2006. (Hannu Riikonen) P. Naso Ovidius: Carmina amatoria. Amores, Medicamenta faciei femineae, Ars amatoria, Remedia amoris. Ed. A. Ramírez de Verger, 2006. (Heikki Solin) Hyginus: Fabulae. Ed. P.K. Marshall, 2004. (Heikki Solin) Lactantius (L. Caelius Firmianus): Göttliche Unterweisungen in Kurzform. Eingel., übers. und erl. v. E. Heck und G. Schickler, 2001 (Heikki Solin) Boethius: De consolatione philosophiae. Opuscula theologica. Ed. C. Moreschini, 2005. (Heikki Solin) Collectio Psalterii Bedae Venerabili adscripta. Edidit G. M. Browne, 2001. (Heikki Solin) I. Balde: Liber epodon. Ed. U. Winter, 2002. (Heikki Solin) Hildebertus Cenomannensis episcopus: Carmina minora. Rec. A. Brian Scott, 2001. (Heikki Solin) Hrotsvit: Opera omnia. Ed. W. Berschin, 2001. (Heikki Solin) Io. Genesius Sepulveda Cordubensis: Epistolarum libri septem. Ed. J.J. Valverde Abril, 2003. (Heikki Solin) Antichi e moderni nella filosofia di età imperiale. Atti del II colloquio internazionale Roma. A c. di A. Brancacci, 2001. (Heikki Solin) M. Pani: Le ragioni della storiografia in Grecia e a Roma, 2001. (Heikki Solin) L. Porciani: Prime forme della storiografia greca. Prospettiva locale e generale nella narrazione storica, 2001. (Heikki Solin) E. Segal: The Death of Comedy, 2001. (Heikki Solin) J. Farrell: Latin Language and Latin Culture from Ancient to Modern Times, 2001. (Heikki Solin) A Lexicon of Greek Personal Names. Volume IV: Macedonia, Thrace, Northern Regions of the Black Sea. Editors P. M. Fraser and E. Matthews, 2005. (Martti Leiwo) M. Morandi Tarabella: Prosopographia Etrusca. I Corpus. 1. Etruria Meridionale, 2004. (Jorma Kaimio) Becoming Roman, Writing Latin? Literacy and Epigraphy in the Roman West. Edited by A. E. Cooley, 2002. (Kalle Korhonen) Supplementa Italica. Imagines. Supplementi fotografici ai volumi italiani del CIL. Latium Vetus I. Di M.G. Granino Cecere, 2005. (Olli Salomies) Historia Numorum: Italy. Gen. Ed. K. N. Rutter, 2001. (Heikki Solin) F. Gschnitzer: Kleine Schriften zum griechischen und römischen Altertum I-II. Hrsg. von C. Trümpy und T. Schmitt, 2001, 2003. (Heikki Solin) N. Morley: Theories, Models and Concepts in Ancient History, 2004. (Harri Kiiskinen) Serta antiqua et mediaevalia VII: Il cittadino, lo straniero, il barbaro, fra integrazione ed emarginazione nell'antichità. A c. di M. G. Angeli Bertinelli e A. Donati, 2005. (Mika Kajava) Zu Wasser und zu Land – Verkehrswege in der antiken Welt. Hrsg. von E. Olshausen und H. Sonnabend, 2002. (Harri Kiiskinen) Antike Bibliotheken. Hrsg. von W. Hoepfner, 2002. (Heikki Solin) E. Winter – B. Dignas: Rom und das Perserreich. Zwei Weltmächte zwischen Konfrontation und Koexistenz, 2001. (Heikki Solin) M. J. T. Lewis: Surveying Instruments of Greece and Rome, 2001. (Heikki Solin) E. C. Portale – S. Angiolillo – C. Vismara: Le grandi isole del Mediterraneo occidentale. Sicilia Sardinia Corsica, 2005. (Heikki Solin) H. Bowden: Classical Athens and the Delphic Oracle. Divination and Democracy, 2005. (Mika Kajava) Music and the Muses: The Culture of 'Mousike' in the Classical Athenian City. Edited by P. Murray and P. Wilson, 2004. (Stephen Evans) H. Halfmann: Städtebau und Bauherren im römischen Kleinasien. Ein Vergleich zwischen Pergamon und Ephesos, 2001. (Heikki Solin) Politica e partecipazione nelle città dell'impero romano. A cura di F. Amarelli, 2005. (Olli Salomies) Travel and Geography in the Roman Empire. Edited by C. Adams and R. Laurence, 2001. (Heikki Solin) O. Stoll: Römisches Heer und Gesellschaft. Gesammelte Beiträge 1991-1999, 2001. (Heikki Solin) A. E. Cooley: Pompeii, 2003 (Antonio Varone) A. E. Cooley – M. G. L. Cooley: Pompeii. A Sourcebook, 2004 (Antonio Varone) A. R. Amarotta: Salerno romana e medievale. Dinamica di un insediamento, 1989. (Heikki Solin) D. Memoli Apicella: Culti di origine greca a Salerno, 2001. (Mika Kajava) A. Colavitti: Cagliari. Forma e urbanistica, 2003. (Heikki Solin) W. Eck: Köln in römischer Zeit. Geschichte einer Stadt im Rahmen des Imperium Romanum, 2004. (Heikki Solin) D. Rohrbacher: The Historians of Late Antiquity, 2002. (Kaj Sandberg) J.-P. Callu: Culture profane et critique des source de l'antiquité tardive, 2006. (Heikki Solin) The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law. Edited by M. Gagarin and D. Cohen, 2005. (Tiina Purola) R. Förtsch: Kunstverwendung und Kunstlegitimation im archaischen und frühklassischen Sparta, 2001. (Heikki Solin) L. Bernabò Brea: Maschere e personaggi del teatro greco nelle terracotte liparesi, 2001. (Heikki Solin) E. Perry: The aesthetics of emulation in the visual arts of ancient Rome, 2005. (Eeva-Maria Viitanen) Lebenswelten. Bilder und Räume in der römischen Stadt der Kaiserzeit. Hrsg. von R. Neudecker und P. Zanker, 2005. (Heikki Solin) A. Comella: Il santuario di Punta della Vipera, Santa Marinella, Comune di Civitavecchia. I: I materiali votivi, 2001. (Heikki Solin) M. P. Guidobaldi: I materiali votivi della Grotta del Colle di Rapino, 2002. (Heikki Solin) M. Catucci – L. Jannelli – L. Sanesi Mastrocinque: Il deposito votivo dall'acropoli di Cuma, 2002. (Heikki Solin) M. De Franceschini: Ville dell'Agro Romano, 2005. (Eeva-Maria Viitanen) Carta archeologica e ricerche in Campania. Fasc. 1 + 2. A c. di L. Quilici e S. Quilici Gigli, 2004. (Heikki Solin) U. Pappalardo: La descrizione di Pompei per Giuseppe Fiorelli (1875). Con una cronistoria per immagini e la lettera alla Guardia Nazionale del distretto di Castellammare di Stabia, 2001. (Heikki Solin) Volubilis. Eine römische Stadt in Marokko von der Frühzeit bis in die islamische Periode. Hrsg. von M. Risse, 2001. (Heikki Solin)
In: Li , J H 2019 , ' Oral histories of newly arrived migrant children's experiences of schooling in Denmark from the 1970s to the 1990s ' , ISCHE 41SPACES AND PLACES OF EDUCATION , Porto , Portugal , 16/07/2019 - 20/07/2019 pp. 514-515 .
Abstract The paper presents a study aiming at historicizing the schooling experiences of migrant children with a non-western background from the 1970s to the 1990s in the Danish education system. The focus is on how the students experienced their reception in the school institution and how school was preparing the students for the transition between elementary school and further education and labor market. The main methodology is oral history interviews with people who arrived in the Danish education system as children with a non-western background. The focus on the immigrant groups from non-western countries is chosen due to the fact that Danish education politics since the 1970s have targeted these groups of students as groups needing extracurricular education efforts for inclusion (Buchardt, 2016). However, there seems to be a knowledge deficit concerning the 'effects' of these policies from a student perspective in the period between the 1970s and the 1990s. Previous research in the field of education and other welfare provisions for migrant children in a historical perspective since the work-immigrant wave begun in the 1960s in Denmark has been on the policy-makers (e.g. Jønsson, 2013), provision providers (e.g. Øland, 2010; Padovan-Özdemir & Ydesen, 2016), the curriculum materials (e.g. Buchardt, 2016) and less from a student perspective. Oral history is a research approach that produces the sources as well as being the method to select and interpret the (oral) sources, and in both senses it engages with experience. Consequently, this project illuminates the students' experience of practiced educational policy in order to capture both the past (history) and the past as it appears in the present (the memory) (Bak, 2016). The intention is to generate new knowledge about how reception- and integration models and preparation to labor market were practiced in a student perspective from the 1970s to the 1990s, but just as importantly to explore how students ascribe meaning to the school experience today (inspired by Grønbæk Jensen, Rasmussen, & Kragh, 2016, p. 113). Historically, education has especially since the emergence of the modern nation-states been linked to the state and the production of its work force and citizenry and thus of belonging to the national space (Popkewitz, 2000). Buchardt (2018) argues that the educational political efforts since the 1970s in Denmark directed toward newly arrived migrants and their children can also be viewed as a means to circumscribe welfare distribution and in Popkewitz' (2007) terms as double registers of inclusion and exclusion, as well as a hierarchy of inclusion. Theoretically, the study thus seeks to illuminate the historical development of the internal bordering of the nation in the context of the Danish welfare-state model (Kettunen, 2011; Suszycki, 2011) through exploring how the historical hierarchies of inclusion and exclusion in education and in relation to the labor market preparation in education are experienced by students under shifting policies from the 1970s to the 1990s. Bibliography Bak, S. L. (2016). Oral History i Danmark. (S. L. Bak, Ed.). Odense: Syddansk Universitetsforlag. Buchardt, M. (2016). Kulturforklaring: uddannelseshistorier om muslimskhed. (M. Buchardt, Ed.). Kbh.: Tiderne Skifter. Buchardt, M. (2018). The "Culture" of Migrant Pupils: A Nation- and Welfare-State Historical Perspective on the European Refugee Crisis. European Education, 50(1), 58–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/10564934.2017.1394162 Grønbæk Jensen, S., Rasmussen, J. K., & Kragh, J. V. (2016). "Anbragt i historien". Tidligere anbragte og indlagtes mundtlige fortællinger ["Placed in History". Oral accounts from the formerly placed and admitted]. In S. L. Bak (Ed.), Oral History i Danmark [Oral History in Denmark] (pp. 97–118). Odense: Syddansk Universitetsforlag. Jønsson, H. V. (2013). I velfærdsstatens randområde. Socialdemokratiets integrationspolitik 1960'erne til 2000'erne [On the margins of the welfare state. Social Democracy's integration politics 1960s–2000s]. Department of History and Centre for Welfare State Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. Kettunen, P. (2011). Welfare nationalism and competitive community. In Welfare citizenship and welfare nationalism (pp. 79–117). NordWel Studies in Historical Welfare State Research, 2. Padovan-Özdemir, M., & Ydesen, C. (2016). Professional encounters with the post-WWII immigrant: A privileged prism for studying the shaping of European welfare nation-states. Paedagogica historica, 52(5), 423-437. Popkewitz, T. S. (2000). Globalization/Regionalization, Knowledge, and the Educational Practices: Some Notes on Comparative Strategies for Educational Research. In Educational Knowledge – changing Relationships between the State, Civil Society, and the Educational Community (pp. 3–27). Ithaca: State University of New York Press. Popkewitz, T. S. (2007). Cosmopolitanism and the age of school reform: Science, education, and making society by making the child. London: Routledge. Suszycki, A. M. (2011). Introduction. In Welfare citizenship and welfare nationalism (Vol. 2, pp. 9–22). NordWel Studies in Historical Welfare State Research. Øland, T. (2010). A state ethnography of progressivism: Danish school pedagogues and their efforts to emancipate the powers of the child, the people and the culture 1929-1960. Praktiske Grunde. Tidsskrift for Kultur- og Samfundsvidenskab (1), 57–89. ; The paper presents a study aiming at historicizing the schooling experiences of migrant children with a nonwestern background from the 1970s to the 1990s in the Danish education system. The focus is on how the students experienced their reception in the school institution and how school was preparing the students for the transition between elementary school and further education and labor market. The main methodology is oral history interviews with people who arrived in the Danish education system as children with a non-western background. The focus on the immigrant groups from non-western countries is chosen due to the fact that Danish education politics since the 1970s have targeted these groups of students as groups needing extracurricular education efforts for inclusion (Buchardt, 2016). However, there seems to be a knowledge deficit concerning the 'effects' of these policies from a student perspective in the period between the 1970s and the 1990s. Previous research in the field of education and other welfare provisions for migrant children in a historical perspective since the work-immigrant wave begun in the 1960s in Denmark has been on the policy-makers (e.g. Jønsson, 2013), provision providers (e.g. Øland, 2010; Padovan-Özdemir & Ydesen, 2016), the curriculum materials (e.g. Buchardt, 2016) and less from a student perspective. Oral history is a research approach that produces the sources as well as being the method to select and interpret the (oral) sources, and in both senses it engages with experience. Consequently, this project illuminates the students' experience of practiced educational policy in order to capture both the past (history) and the past as it appears in the present (the memory) (Bak, 2016). The intention is to generate new knowledge about how reception- and integration models and preparation to labor market were practiced in a student perspective from the 1970s to the 1990s, but just as importantly to explore how students ascribe meaning to the school experience today (inspired by Grønbæk Jensen, Rasmussen, & Kragh, 2016, p. 113). Historically, education has especially since the emergence of the modern nation-states been linked to the state and the production of its work force and citizenry and thus of belonging to the national space (Popkewitz, 2000). Buchardt (2018) argues that the educational political efforts since the 1970s in Denmark directed toward newly arrived migrants and their children can also be viewed as a means to circumscribe welfare distribution and in Popkewitz' (2007) terms as double registers of inclusion and exclusion, as well as a hierarchy of inclusion. Theoretically, the study thus seeks to illuminate the historical development of the internal bordering of the nation in the context of the Danish welfare-state model (Kettunen, 2011; Suszycki, 2011) through exploring how the historical hierarchies of inclusion and exclusion in education and in relation to the labor market preparation in education are experienced by students under shifting policies from the 1970s to the 1990s.
International audience ; Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit den Publikationen der letzten zehn Jahre, die sich dem Monumentaldekor (Malerei und Mosaik) im Rom des 11. und 12. Jahrhunderts bzw. der Epoche der sogenannten gregorianischen Reform gewidmet haben. Nach einer einführenden Zusammenfassung der wesentlichen aktuellen Veröffentlichungen auf diesem Gebiet untersucht der Autor, wie die verschiedenen Thematiken bisher, unter Einbeziehung aktueller Forschungsperspektiven, in der Historiographie behandelt wurden: die Antike und das Kloster Montecassino; die Narration; die Atlantischen Bibeln; Bild und Schrift; die Theorie "reformierter" Kunst; die Auftraggeber. Daraufhin folgt die Analyse des 2006 erschienenen Corpus della pittura medievale romana, der ein bedeutendes Verbindungsglied zwischen älterer Forschung und neuen Fragestellungen darstellt. Der Text unterscheidet zwei grosse chronologische Sektionen, beide dem 11. und 12. Jahrhundert gewidmet, die nicht nur die wesentlichen Errungenschaften des Corpus herausstellen (stilistische und formelle Bezüge, Änderungen chronologischer Zuschreibungen, Untersuchungen verlorener Werke, thematische Aktualiserungen), sondern auch die Beiträge jüngster Publikationen und der aktuellen wissenschaftlichen Diskussion mit einbeziehen. Dabei dienen drei Fälle als Beispiele: das Gemälde auf Holz Das jüngste Gericht des Vatikan-Museums, der Bildzyklus der unteren Basilika von San Crisogono und die Malereien des unteren Kirchenschiffs von San Clemente. Für das 12. Jahrhundert stehen exemplarisch die Mosaike von San Bartolomeo all'isola, San Clemente und Santa Maria in Trastevere. Der Artikel schliesst mit der Analyse der noch erhaltenen Bildzyklen auf dem Gebiet des Latium, die durch ihre historischen und künstlerischen Motive der römischen Tradition entsprechen, und mit der Beziehung zwischen der "reformierten" Kunst Roms und der europäischen Kultur. ; This article discusses research undertaken over the past ten years on monumental decors (painting and mosaics) realized in Rome between the mid-11th century and the mid-12th century, otherwise known as the period of the « Gregorian reform ». After presenting a brief summary of the most significant recent art-historical publications on the subject, the text offers an analysis of the themes developed thus far in the bibliography on the subject: antiquity and the Monte Cassino; narrative; atlantic Bibles; writing and image; theory of "reformed" art; patrons. It then proposes an analysis of the Corpus della pittura medievale romana, published in 2006, which represents a fundamental link between previous studies and new orientations in research. The argument developed covers two time periods, the 11th and 12th centuries respectively, and presents not only the principal discoveries of the Corpus (stylistic and compositional comparisons, chronological shifts, examination of lost works, renewal of themes studied), but also the contribution of later publications and the ongoing critical debate. The article delves into three examples in particular: the wood-panel painting of the Last Judgment housed in the Musei Vaticani, the cycle of paintings from the lower basilica of San Crisogono, and paintings from the lower church of San Clemente. As for the 12th century, the article presents research undertaken on the mosaics of San Bortolomeo all'isola, San Clemente, and Santa Maria in Trastevere. It concludes with an analysis of cycles of imagery still preserved within the former territory of Latium – related, either through their subject matter or artistically, to the Roman tradition – and the connection between the "reformed" art of Rome and larger European culture. ; El artículo trata de las investigaciones publicadas a lo largo de la última década sobre las decoraciones monumentales (pinturas y mosaicos) realizadas en Roma entre mediados del siglo xi y mediados del siglo xii, esto es, la época de la denominada «Reforma gregoriana». Tras un breve repaso de las principales y más recientes publicaciones de historia del arte, el texto prosigue abordando los temas tratados por la historiografía hasta hoy, a la vez que va examinando las nuevas perspectivas de investigación: lo antiguo y Monte Cassino, la narración, las Biblias atlánticas, escritura e imagen, teoría del arte «reformado», los comanditarios. A continuación pasamos al análisis del Corpus della pittura medievale romana, publicado en 2006 y vínculo fundamental de los estudios anteriores con las nuevas perspectivas de investigación. Lo expuesto se organiza en dos grandes secciones cronológicas dedicadas respectivamente a los siglos xi y xii, las cuales presentan no sólo los principales descubrimientos del Corpus (relaciones estilísticas y formales, desplazamientos cronológicos, examen de las obras perdidas, actualizaciones temáticas), sino también la aportación de las publicaciones posteriores y del debate crítico en curso. El artículo se detiene específicamente en tres casos ejemplares: el cuadro sobre madera del Juicio Final conservado en los Museos Vaticanos, el ciclo pictórico de la basílica inferior de San Crisógono, y las pinturas de la iglesia inferior de San Clemente. Respecto al siglo xii, el texto aborda los mosaicos de San Bartolomeo all'isola, de San Clemente y de Santa María in Trastevere. Se concluye con un análisis de los ciclos pictóricos conservados en las tierras del Latium –vinculados, por razones históricas y artísticas, con la tradición romana– y de la relación entre el arte «reformado» de Roma y la cultura europea. ; Cet article traite des recherches publiées ces dix dernières années sur les décorations monumentales (peintures et mosaïques) réalisées à Rome entre le milieu du xie siècle et le milieu du xiie siècle, autrement dit à l'époque de ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler la « réforme grégorienne ». Après un bref compte rendu des principales publications d'histoire de l'art les plus récentes, le texte se poursuit avec le traitement des thèmes abordés par l'historiographie jusqu'à nos jours, tout en examinant les nouvelles perspectives de recherche : l'antique et le mont Cassin ; la narration ; les Bibles atlantiques ; écriture et image ; théorie de l'art « réformé » ; les commanditaires. On passe ensuite à l'analyse du Corpus della pittura medievale romana, publié en 2006, élément de liaison fondamental entre les études précédentes et les nouvelles perspectives de recherche. L'exposé s'organise en deux grandes sections chronologiques, respectivement consacrées au xie et au xiie siècle, qui présentent non seulement les principales découvertes du Corpus (rapprochements stylistiques et formels, déplacements chronologiques, examen des œuvres perdues, mises à jour thématiques), mais aussi l'apport des publications postérieures et du débat critique en cours. L'article s'attarde en particulier sur trois cas exemplaires : le tableau sur bois représentant le Jugement dernier, conservé aux Musei Vaticani, le cycle pictural de la basilique inférieure de San Crisogono et les peintures de l'église inférieure de San Clemente. Concernant le xiie siècle, le texte aborde les mosaïques de San Bartolomeo all'isola, de San Clemente et de Santa Maria in Trastevere. Il se conclut par une analyse des cycles picturaux conservés sur le territoire du Latium – rattachés, pour des motifs historiques et artistiques, à la tradition romaine – et du rapport entre l'art « réformé » de Rome et la culture européenne. ; Questo articolo tratta delle ricerche pubblicate negli ultimi dieci anni sulle decorazioni monumentali (pitture e mosaici) realizzate a Roma tra la metà dell'xi e la metà del xii secolo, ovvero all'epoca di ciò che è convenzionalmente chiamato "riforma gregoriana". Dopo una rapida recensione delle più recenti pubblicazioni storico-artistiche sull'argomento, il testo prosegue con l'analisi dei temi abbordati dalla critica fino ai nostri giorni, esaminando allo stesso tempo le nuove prospettive di ricerca: l'antico e Montecassino; la narrazione; le Bibbie atlantiche; la scrittura e l'immagine; la teoria dell'arte "riformata"; i committenti. L'autore passa quindi all'analisi del Corpus della pittura medievale romana, pubblicato nel 2006, uno snodo fondamentale tra gli studi precedenti e le nuove traiettorie di ricerca. Il testo è organizzato in due grandi sezioni cronologiche, dedicate rispettivamente all'xi e al xii secolo, che presentano non soltanto le principali scoperte del Corpus (confronti stilistici e formali, spostamenti cronologici, esame delle opere perdute, aggiornamenti tematici), ma anche l'apporto delle pubblicazioni successive e del dibattito critico in corso. L'articolo si sofferma in particolare su tre casi esemplari: il dipinto su tavola raffigurante il Giudizio Finale conservato ai Musei Vaticani, il ciclo pittorico della basilica inferiore di San Crisogono e le pitture della chiesa inferiore di San Clemente. Per quanto riguarda il XII secolo, il testo affronta i mosaici di San Bartolomeo all'Isola, di San Clemente e di Santa Maria in Trastevere. L'articolo si conclude con un'analisi dei cicli pittorici conservati sul territorio laziale – ricollegati, per ragioni storiche e artistiche, alla tradizione romana – e del rapporto tra l'arte "riformata" di Roma e la cultura europea.
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Der Beitrag wendet sich der Frage des Zusammenhangs von Sicherheit und architektonischer und städtebaulicher Gestaltung zu. Historisch sind die Funktionen europäischer Städtegründungen unter anderem darauf zurückzuführen, dass sie Sicherheit gewährleisten konnten. Über Stadtmauern und den Wehrdienst der Stadtbewohner ('Spießbürger') konnten befestigte Städte ('Festungen') besser verteidigt werden als alleinstehende Gebäude. Die Sicherheit der Stadt forderte soziales Engagement, bot aber allen Bürgern vermehrten Schutz. In der modernen Stadt werden urbane Ordnungs- und Sicherheitsstrukturen von Spezialisten hergestellt (z.B. Polizei, Gesundheitsamt, Sozial- und Ordnungsamt, öffentlichen Versorgern, Schul- und Verkehrswesen). Mit diesen Strukturen gewinnt der urbane 'Disziplinarapparat' neue Formen. Die Kriminalsoziologie war lange Zeit gleichgültig gegenüber Fragen der Raumgestaltung. Neuere Ansätze zeigen jedoch eine Vielzahl an Möglichkeiten, wie Kriminalitätswahrscheinlichkeit abgesenkt werden kann - insbesondere, indem soziale Kontrolle ('territoriale Interessengemeinschaft') durch bauliche Maßnahmen gefördert wird. Die Anordnung und Größe der Häuser und Siedlungen, die Strukturierung der Zu- und Aufgänge, Anordnung der Fenster, durchdachte Platzierung von Abstellflächen, Baumbewuchs und 'Grenzmarkierungen' kann visuell geschützte Räume entstehen lassen, die den Fremden auffällig werden lassen und das Auftreten krimineller Handlungen verringern können. Der Beitrag weist darauf hin, dass diese baulichen Maßnahmen von einem Management der Quartiere begleitet werden sollten, also von einer sozialen Einbindung der Bewohner in Verantwortlichkeit für ihr Wohnumfeld. 'Aufgegebene' Wohnviertel zeigen eine höhere Kriminalität ('Broken window'-Theorie) als gut integrierteWohnumgebungen. Wird dies nicht berücksichtigt, könnenStadtviertel in Kriminalität abgleiten - umso mehr, als dann gut integrierte und situierte Familien und Bürgerin andere Stadtteile abwandern - und ehemals stabile soziale Strukturen durch den Nachzug von sozial schwachenBewohnern weiter untergraben werden. (ICB)
La ricerca mira a inquadrare l'evoluzione degli ambienti politici risorgimentali di impronta moderata attivi negli anni che hanno immediatamente preceduto il conseguimento dell'unità nazionale, con un'attenzione concentrata soprattutto sulla Società Nazionale, prima ed unica organizzazione strutturata capace di fare da contraltare al "partito" mazziniano e, più in generale, alle forze d'ispirazione democratica. Stabilendo come torno di tempo quello che corre dalla caduta della Repubblica Romana (settembre 1849) agli anni cruciali per l'unificazione italiana (1859-61), questo lavoro punta a ricostruire l'itinerario politico di quei numerosi patrioti che, muovendo da una cultura democratica o di stampo repubblicano, all'indomani del fallimento della stagione rivoluzionaria quarantottesca entrarono in profondo conflitto con gli ambienti mazziniani e iniziarono, sulla scorta dell'esperienza fatta nell'ambito dei governi provvisori e costituzionali, ad elaborare soluzioni politiche alternative per il raggiungimento dell'unità e dell'indipendenza d'Italia. L'analisi di questo inedito contesto politico muove dall'esperienza dell'esilio, un passaggio chiave nelle vicende di molti dei protagonisti del Risorgimento italiano, con una specifica attenzione alla vicenda di Daniele Manin, che nella seconda metà degli anni '50 da Parigi diventerà figura cardine e punto di riferimento per una vasta rete di liberali moderati, ex democratici, federalisti. Gli studi più recenti sulla simbologia risorgimentale e sulla mitizzazione di alcune figure di questa stagione sono stati messi in rapporto con la documentazione d'archivio per tracciare un profilo del ruolo di Manin sulla scena sociale e politica parigina non soltanto come influente propagatore delle ragioni della nazione italiana, ma anche come figura simbolica, capace di incarnare il prototipo dell'uomo di Stato virtuoso e del patriota equilibrato lontano dagli eccessi rivoluzionari. La scelta di focalizzare l'attenzione sul contesto parigino è stata dettata, oltre che dalla carenza di studi sull'esulato italiano in Francia nel cosiddetto decennio di preparazione, dalla constatazione che in questi anni la capitale francese iniziava a distinguersi come un vero e proprio laboratorio politico per i patrioti italiani. Personaggi come Giuseppe Montanelli o Aurelio Saliceti emergono per la propria iniziativa e per un'elaborazione politica autonoma, rappresentando altrettante alternative al progetto, destinato a prevalere per una maggiore organicità, facente capo a Manin. Esperimenti di stampo democratico come quello del Comitato Latino o tentativi di revival bonapartista come quello murattiano finirono infatti per condizionare l'articolazione della futura Società Nazionale, la cui elaborazione ideologica fortemente debitrice dal pensiero di Gioberti è stata approfondita anche grazie alle corrispondenze fra gli esuli italiani in Francia. Un processo non di mera riproposizione delle teorie contenute nel Rinnovamento condotto da Giorgio Pallavicino Trivulzio, referente torinese di molti esponenti dell'esulato italiano a Parigi e sodale di Manin nella costruzione del nuovo soggetto politico. La collaborazione fra Manin e Pallavicino Trivulzio nel consolidare la proposta politica della Società Nazionale e nel propagandarne il pensiero negli ambienti rappresenta un ulteriore aspetto preso in esame dalla ricerca, che ha teso a identificare le diverse anime dell'organizzazione analizzando nello specifico il salto di qualità rappresentato dall'ingresso nella compagine di Giuseppe La Farina, capace di trasformare il nascente partito da efficace macchina propagandistica e di mobilitazione a favore della causa italiana in una struttura articolata, aperta all'adesione di ampie fasce della popolazione, diffusa sul territorio della penisola attraverso dei comitati locali coordinati da quello centrale di Torino, dotata di un organo di stampa ufficiale e orientata, pur con tutti i limiti del caso, verso un'univoca ideologia, facendone insomma un proto-partito politico. ; The research aims to frame the evolution of the Risorgimento moderate political environments active in the years that immediately preceded the attainment of national unity, with attention focused mainly on the National Society, the first and only structured organization able to act as a counterpart to the Mazzini "party" and, more in general, the forces of democratic inspiration. Taking into account what runs from the fall of the Roman Republic (September 1849) to the crucial years for the Italian unification (1859-61), this work aims to reconstruct the political itinerary of those numerous patriots who, moving from a democratic culture or from a culture of republican inspiration, in the aftermath of the failure of the revolutionary 1848 season, they entered into a profound conflict with the Mazzinian environments and began, on the basis of their experience in the provisional and constitutional governments, to develop alternative political solutions for the achievement of the unity and independence of Italy. The analysis of this unprecedented political context moves from the experience of exile, a key passage in the events of many of the protagonists of the Italian Risorgimento, with specific attention to the story of Daniele Manin, who in the second half of the 50s from Paris will become a pivotal figure and a point of reference for a vast network of moderate liberals, former democrats and federalists. The most recent studies on the symbolism of the Risorgimento and on the mythization of some figures of this season have been put in relation with the archive documentation to trace a profile of Manin's role on the social and political Parisian scene, not only as an influential propagator of the reasons of the Italian nation, but also as a symbolic figure, able to embody the prototype of the virtuous state man and well-balanced patriot, far from the revolutionary excesses. The choice to focus the attention on the Parisian context has been dictated, in addition to the lack of studies on the Italian exile in France during the so-called decade of preparation, by the observation that in these years the French capital began to distinguish itself as a real political laboratory for Italian patriots. Figures such as Giuseppe Montanelli or Aurelio Saliceti emerge for their own initiative and for an autonomous political elaboration, representing many alternatives to the project, destined to prevail for greater unity, referring to Manin. Experiments of a democratic nature such as that of the Latin Committee or attempts at Bonapartist revival such as the Murattian ended up influencing the future National Society, whose ideological elaboration, strongly influenced by the thought of Gioberti, has been deepened thanks to the correspondence between the Italian exiles in France. A process not of mere repetition of the theories contained in the Rinnovamento conducted by Giorgio Pallavicino Trivulzio, representative in Turin of many Italian exiles in Paris and Manin's partner in the construction of the new political subject. The collaboration between Manin and Pallavicino Trivulzio, in the process of consolidation of the National Society political proposal and in the propagation of its thoughts, represents a further aspect taken into consideration by the research, which aims to identify the different souls of the organization by analyzing specifically the breakthrough represented by the arrival into the group of Giuseppe La Farina. He has been able to transform the nascent party from an effective propaganda and mobilization machine in favor of the Italian cause into a structured entity, open to large sections of the population, spread throughout the peninsula, through local committees coordinated by the central one of Turin, equipped with an official press organ and oriented, albeit with all the limits of the case, towards an unequivocal ideology, making it a political proto-party. ; La recherche vise à encadrer l'évolution des milieux politiques modérés du Risorgimento actifs dans les années précédant la réalisation de l'unité nationale, avec une attention toute particulière portée à la Société Nationale italienne, première et unique organisation structurée capable de constituer une réelle alternative au parti mazzinien et, plus largement, aux forces d'inspiration démocratique. Dans un cadre chronologique qui va de la chute de la République romaine (septembre 1849) jusqu'aux années décisives de l'unification italienne (1859-1861), ce travail vise à tracer l'itinéraire politique de ces nombreux patriotes qui, sortant d'une formation politique démocratique ou républicain, à la suite de l'échec du Quarante-huit, ils entrèrent en conflit profond avec Mazzini et commencèrent, sur la base de leur expérience dans les gouvernements provisoires et constitutionnels, à développer des solutions politiques alternatives pour l'unité et l'indépendance de l'Italie. L'analyse de ce contexte politique ne peut pas négliger celle de l'expérience de l'exil, un 'expérience formative décisive pour nombreux protagonistes du Risorgimento italien, avec une attention particulière au cas de Daniele Manin, qui dans la seconde moitié des années '50 à Paris devint le point de référence pour un vaste réseau de libéraux modérés, d'anciens démocrates et de fédéralistes. Les études les plus récentes sur le symbolisme du Risorgimento et sur la mythisation de certaines figures de cette saison ont été mises en relation avec la documentation d'archives pour retracer le rôle de Manin sur la scène sociale et politique parisienne, non seulement comme un propagateur influent des raisons de la nation italienne mais aussi comme figure symbolique, capable d'identifier le prototype de l'homme d'État vertueux et du patriote loin des excès de la révolution. Le choix de se concentrer sur le contexte parisien a été dictée non seulement par l'absence d'études portants sur les exilés italiens en France dans la décennie de préparation, mais aussi du constat qu'au cours des années '50 la capitale française s'était distinguée comme un véritable laboratoire politicien pour les patriotes italiens. Des personnages comme Giuseppe Montanelli ou Aurelio Saliceti émergent pour leur initiative et pour l'élaboration de solutions politiques nouvelles, qui peuvent faire concurrence au projet, destiné à obtenir plus de succès à cause de sa majeure organicité, dirigée par Manin. Les expériences démocratiques comme celle du Comité Latino ou les tentatives de relance bonapartistes comme celui fait par les murattistes conditionnèrent l'articulation de la future Société Nationale, dont l'idéologie influencé par la pensée de Gioberti a été étudiée grâce aux correspondances entre les italiens exilés en France. Il ne s'agissait pas d'une simple répétition des théories contenues dans le Rinnovamento, mais au contraire d'un travail de synthèse opéré par Giorgio Pallavicino Trivulzio, trait d'union entre Turin et nombreux exilés italiens à Paris ainsi que compagnon de Manin dans la construction de cette nouvelle entité politique. La collaboration entre Manin et Pallavicino Trivulzio dans la consolidation de l'idée politique de la Société Nationale et dans la propagation de sa réflexion représente un autre aspect pris en compte par cette recherche, visant à identifier les différentes âmes de l'organisation notamment après le saut qualitatif représenté par l'entrée dans le groupe de Giuseppe La Farina. Il fut ce dernier à transformer le parti naissant d'une machine de propagande et de mobilisation efficace en faveur de la cause italienne en une organisation structurée ouverte à l'adhésion de secteurs plus larges de la population, avec des comités locaux coordonnés par un comité central à Turin, équipée d'un organe de presse officiel et orientée, dans la mesure du possible, vers une idéologie unifiée, en faisant de la Société Nationale un proto-parti politique.
Michail Bakhtin's philosophy of act is considered as a metaphysical project. Bakhtin's conception is explored in a wider context of the metaphysical project of Russian existentialism. Interpretations of the term "truth", which correspond to different versions of existentialism, are compared. Shestov's existentialist particularism, Berdiaev's actualistic personalism, Bakhtin's ethical existentialism are analysed. Existentialist implications of Gregory Palama's metaphysics of light are considered. ; В статье рассматривается философия поступка Михаила Бахтина как проект метафизики действия. Концепция Бахтина исследуется в контексте метафизического проекта русского экзистенциализма. Сравниваются интерпретации термина «истина» в различных версиях экзистенциализма. Исследуются экзистенциальный партикуляризм Шестова, ктуалистический персонализм Бердяева, этический экзистенциализм Бахтина. Рассматриваются экзистенциалистские импликации метафизики света Григория Паламы. 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