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This is a book about the international oil market. It takes a historical perspective on how the market emerged, developed, and became what it is today—the biggest commodity market in the world. It is mature and complex, but far from perfect. Throughout most of its 150-year history, the oil market has been monopolised by companies and governments. For only a fraction of that, oil traded in a relatively free market. As a result, we had to live with 'big oil', economic shocks, high oil prices, instability and wars. Using a simple concept of market power, this book will explain the meaning of 'oil price' and how it is established while offering a valuable lesson for other commodities. Market power is the key to understanding the 'price of oil'. This book uses a simple concept of price-makers and price-takers to examine the evolution of oil markets, their structure, and prices. The early decades of the oil industry were competitive with low barriers to entry. Barely 25 years later, the Standard Oil company created a refining monopoly, buying oil at its own 'posted' price. In the following century, the cartel of major oil companies, helped by their governments, did the same at the international level. OPEC helped producing governments regain control of their own resources, but the organisation was never able to retain a similar level of control. After 1986 price collapse, OPEC abdicated the price-making function in favour of the market. While it never gave up attempts to influence prices, OPEC had to link their official prices to one of the global oil benchmarks. Modern international oil markets function because of oil benchmarks such as Brent, WTI and Dubai. This book showcases: • How oil traders played a prominent role in development of the industry • How policies of consuming nations helped oil cartels • Why and how the US price of oil was negative • How AI has changed the way markets operate and the way in which the markets are likely to change in future This book explores how oil markets grew, functioned, and have occasionally failed to do their job. The ecosystem of derivatives or 'paper barrels' trading in far greater volume than physical oil plays a very important role in mitigating risk. With this core tenant, setting the 'price of oil' is explained in detail.

Front Matter -- Copyright -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Featured Remarks -- Reflections on the Status and Prospects for Deep Seabed Mining in 2018 /Michael Lodge -- Reflections on the Past 25 Years of Ocean Law and Policy /David A. Balton -- Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships in International Law: New Challenges for the Regulation of International Navigation and Shipping /Aldo Chircop -- Spotlight on Regional Cooperation -- Military Cooperation and International Custom in the Asia-Pacific Region /John G. Hannink -- Peace through Joint Marine and Cruise Tourism in the Disputed South China Sea Islands: Opportunities and Challenges /Yann-huei Song -- Multilateral Cooperation in Resolving or Managing International Issues /Helmut Tuerk -- Jurisdictional and Substantive Aspects in the Application of UNCLOS Article 83(3) in Recent International Decisions /Xinjun Zhang -- Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment -- Candy and Poisons: Protecting Marine Environments While Meeting Societal Needs /Daniel Rittschof -- The Duty to Cooperate in the Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment /Chie Kojima -- Environmental Impact Assessments in Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment /Tianbao Qin and Fang Hou -- Increasing Challenges to the Future Marine Environment /Stephen A. Macko -- Freedom of Navigation -- Freedom of Navigation: Where to Go When the Political Agenda Overshadows Legal Substance /Nong Hong -- An Archival History of the Creation and Early Implementation of the Freedom of Navigation Program /James Kraska -- Military Activities in Foreign Exclusive Economic Zones: Identification and the Application of Law /Xinmin Ma -- Freedom of Navigation: Practices of Vietnam /Lan-Anh T. Nguyen -- Straits Governance, including Malacca/Singapore -- The International Straits Regime: Notes on Uncertainties and "Other" Straits in the Northeast Asia-Pacific Region /Ted L. McDorman -- Passage through Indonesian Waters on Routes Used for International Navigation /Robert Beckman and Dita Liliansa -- Search and Rescue -- Towards the Establishment of a Search and Rescue Cooperation Mechanism in the South China Sea: Regulatory Framework, Challenges and Prospects /Yubing Shi -- Understanding the Challenge: Mass Rescue Operations at Sea /Richard Button and Thomas Gorgol -- Models for Maritime Collaboration in the South China Sea: National-level Coordination /Brian Wilson -- Sustainable Fisheries -- Combating IUU: the Driving Force behind Development of International Fisheries Law? /Kuan-Hsiung Wang -- What's in a Name: the Importance of Distinguishing between "Fisheries Crime" and IUU Fishing /Kathryn Youel Page and Alexis J. Ortiz -- Marine Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) -- Negotiating a New Marine Biodiversity Instrument: Reflections on the Preparatory Phase from the Perspective of the European Union /Ronán Long and John Brincat -- BBNJ: Developments since Yogyakarta /J. Ashley Roach -- Back Matter -- Index.

Frontmatter -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- Part I. The Historical Perspective -- 1. Historical Dimensions of the Modern Metropolitan Problem / Sutcliffe, Anthony -- 2. The New York Metropolis in Transformation: History and Prospect. A Study in Historical Particularity / Lampard, Eric E. -- 3. Long-Term Trends and Problems of Metropolitan Paris / Roncayolo, Marcel -- 4. Railroads, Manufacturing and Services as Decisive Factors in Shaping the Metropolis, Berlin 1850-1920 / Thienel-Saage, Ingrid -- 5. National Capitals, World Cities and the New Division of Labour / Hall, Peter -- Part II. Changes in the Spatial Structure of Economic Activity During the Last Decades and the Metropolis: Facts and Explanatory Theories -- Chapter 1: General Trends -- 6. The Development of the European Urban System, 1971-1981 / Cheshire, Paul / Hay, Dennis -- 7. The Changing Spatial Structure of Economic Activity and Metropolitan Decline in the United Kingdom / Keeble, David -- 8. Berlin and the Spatial Division of Labour within the FRG / Bade, Franz-Josef -- 9. Economic Transformation, Minorities, and Urban Demographic-Employment Mismatch in the U.S. and West Germany / Kasarda, John D. / Friedrichs, Jürgen -- Chapter 2: Economic Development in Selected Metropolitan Areas -- 10. Restructuring and Locational Change in London's Electronics Industries / Leigh, Roger / North, David / Steinberg, Lynn -- 11. Does Paris Subsidize the Rest of France? / Prud'homme, Rémy -- 12. Decline of Industrial Employment in Berlin - Causes and Consequences / Ewers, Hans-Jürgen / Stein, Rolf -- Part III. Economic Policy and the Metropolis -- Chapter 1: Policies for Urban Economic Development in Advanced Industrial Countries -- 13. Overview: National Government Responses to Structural Changes in Urban Economies / Przeworski, Joanne Fox -- 14. Policies to Stimulate Urban Economic Activity in the United States - The Case of Detroit / Wolman, Harold -- 15. The Growth of the Paris Region, Town Planning and the National Policy of Locational Control (1920-1984) / Merlin, Pierre -- 16. Economic Development Policy in London / Lever, William -- 17. Policies for Urban Economic Development in the Federal Republic of Germany / Konukiewitz, Manfred -- 18. Evaluation of Recent Policy Innovations in Berlin (West) / Kern, Manfred -- Chapter 2: Economic Transformation and Political Change in Metropolitan Areas -- 19. The Advanced Industrial Metropolis: A New Type of World City / Knight, Richard V. -- 20. Big City Politics - New Patterns and Orientations at the Local Level of the Welfare State / Evers, Adalbert / Wollmann, Hellmut -- Chapter 3: Development Options and Constraints for the Economic Future of Berlin (West) -- 21. Metropolitan Development to and Beyond 2000 - Some Hypotheses applied to the City of Berlin / Mackensen, Rainer -- 22. Alternative Development Paths for the Economy of Berlin (West) - Reflections on Different Scenarios / Arras, Hartmut E. -- About the Contributors

Preliminary Material /Dawn Stobbart and Monica Evans -- Toward a Social-Constructivist View of Serious Games: Practical Implications for the Design of a Sexual Health Education Video Game /Mathieu-C. Sara and Louis-Martin Guay -- From Adventure to Education: Exploring Meanings of Scenario and Dimension in Video Games /Justina Gröber -- Exploring the Idealised Self: Avatars as a Vessel for Adolescent Identity Exploration and Growth /Peter Wonica -- Situating Play Cultures: A Survey of Videogame Players and Practices in France /Samuel Rufat , Samuel Coavoux and Hovig Ter Minassian -- 'Where Is Life?': Commitment and Micro-Interactions in Videogames /Hovig Ter Minassian , Isabel Colón de Carvajal , Manuel Boutet and Mathieu Triclot -- The Phenomenology of Video Games: How Gamers Perceive Games and Gaming /Benjamin Čulig , Marko Katavić , Jasenka Kuček and Antonia Matković -- The Involvement of Mythology with Player Experience in MMOs /Michael Andreen -- It's Just a Game, or Is It?: A Study of Racism in Game and Character Design /Steven Billingslea II -- Exploring Experimental Video Gaming as a 'Body without Organs' /Corné du Plessis -- Funny Games: Understanding Videogames as Slapstick and the Experience of Game-Worlds as Shared Cultural References /Ben Hudson -- Gaming the Taboo in the Finlandisation Era Finland: The Case of Raid over Moscow /Tero Pasanen -- Immersion vs. Emersive Effects in Videogames /Piotr Kubiński -- Playing with Fiction: Ludology and the Evolution of Narrative in Videogames /Dawn Stobbart -- What Is Videogame History? /Nick Webber -- Text as Ruleset: How Games Precede Humanities /Roger Travis -- Challenging Ideologies of Gender through Indie Games /Karen Mentz -- The Backwards Progressional: Is More Really Better? /Sarah Hope Scoggins -- Videogames as Art: The Spirit of the 'Literary Artist' in the Discourse of Game-Making /Agnieszka Kliś-Brodowska and Bartłomiej Kuchciński -- Ergodic Agency: How Play Manifests Understanding /Isaac Karth -- 'Get Over It!': Sexuality and Sexual Diversity in Video Games /René Schallegger -- The End of the End as We Know It: A Philosophical Look at the Narration in Mass Effect /Thomas Morisset -- The Virtual Identities of Actual Gamers: An Analysis of Popular Response to Mass Effect 3 /Jakub Siwak -- Implicit and Explicit Video Game Structure in Shaun of the Dead and Scott Pilgrim vs. The World /Jamie Skidmore -- Rewriting Morality: Women, Sexuality and Morality in Dishonored /Meaghan Ingram -- Spaces of the Past: Nostalgia in the Murder on the Orient Express and The Last Express /Radha Dalal -- Constructing a Reality: A Post-Structural Analysis of Deus Ex /Luke S. Bernfeld.

Frontmatter -- Section I: Introduction. Illicit Drugs and the Environment / Christian G Daughton -- Section II: The Physiology of Illicit Drugs. Metabolism and Excretion of Illicit Drugs in Humans / Manuela Melis, Sara Castiglioni, Ettore Zuccato -- Section III: Mass Spectrometry in Illicit Drugs Detection and Measurement ₆ Current and Novel Environmental Applications. Analytical Methods for the Detection of Illicit Drugs in Wastewaters and Surface Waters / Renzo Bagnati, Enrico Davoli -- Wide-Scope Screening of Illicit Drugs in Urban Wastewater by UHPLC₆QTOF MS / F̌lix Herǹndez, Juan V Sancho, Lubertus Bijlsma -- Determination of Illicit Drugs in the Water Cycle by LC₆Orbitrap MS / Pim de Voogt, Erik Emke, Rick Helmus, Pavlos Panteliadis, Jan A van Leerdam -- Section IVA: Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Illicit Drugs in the Environment. Occurrence of Illicit Drugs in Wastewater in Spain / Cristina Postigo, Miren L̤pez de Alda, Damia Barceḷ -- Occurrence of Illicit Drugs in Wastewater and Surface Water in Italy / Sara Castiglioni, Ettore Zuccato -- Occurrence of Illicit Drugs in Surface Water and Wastewater in the UK / Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern -- On the Frontier: Analytical Chemistry and the Occurrence of Illicit Drugs into Surface Waters in the United States / Tammy Jones-Lepp, David Alvarez, Bommanna Loganathan -- Monitoring Nonprescription Drugs in Surface Water in Nebraska (USA) / Shannon Bartelt-Hunt, Daniel D Snow -- Section IVB: Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Illicit Drugs in the Environment. Presence and Removal of Illicit Drugs in Conventional Drinking Water Treatment Plants / Maria Huerta-Fontela, Maria Teresa Galceran, Francesc Ventura -- Analysis of Illicit Drugs in Water Using Direct-Injection Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Rebecca A Trenholm, Shane A Snyder -- Section IVC: Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Illicit Drugs in the Environment. Psychotropic Substances in Urban Airborne Particulates / Angelo Cecinato, Catia Balducci -- Section V: Applications of Illicit Drug Analysis in the Environment. Illicit Drugs in the Environment: Implication for Ecotoxicology / Guido Domingo, Kristin Schirmer, Marcella Bracale, Francesco Pomati -- Drug Addiction₆Potential of a New Approach to Monitoring Drug Consumption / Norbert Frost -- Assessing Illicit Drug Consumption by Wastewater Analysis: History, Potential, and Limitation of a Novel Approach / Ettore Zuccato, Sara Castiglioni -- Cocaine and Metabolites in Wastewater as a Tool to Calculate Local and National Cocaine Consumption Prevalence in Belgium / Alexander L N van Nuijs, Lieven Bervoets, Philippe G Jorens, Ronny Blust, Hugo Neels, Adrian Covaci -- Measurement of Illicit Drug Consumption in Small Populations: Prognosis for Noninvasive Drug Testing of Student Populations / Deepika Panawennage, Sara Castiglioni, Ettore Zuccato, Enrico Davoli, M Paul Chiarelli -- Section VI: Conclusions. Conclusions and Future Perspectives / Roberto Fanelli -- Index -- Wiley-Interscience Series in Mass Spectrometry.

"An outcrop of hell" : history, environment, and the politics of the Trail Smelter dispute / James R. Allum -- The Trail Smelter dispute (abridged) / John E. Read -- Of paradoxes, precedents, and progeny : the Trail Smelter arbitration 65 years later / Stephen C. McCaffrey -- Pollution by analogy : the Trail Smelter arbitration (abridged) / Alfred P. Rubin -- Has international law outgrown Trail Smelter? / Jaye Ellis -- The flawed Trail Smelter procedure : the wrong tribunal, the wrong parties, and the wrong law / John H. Knox -- Rereading Trail Smelter (abridged) / Karin Mickelson -- Trail Smelter and the international law commission's work on state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts and state liability / Mark A. Drumbl -- Derivative versus direct liability as a basis for state liability for transboundary harms / Mark Anderson -- Transboundary pollution, unilateralism, and the limits of extraterritorial jurisdiction : the second Trail Smelter dispute / Neil Craik -- Trail Smelter in contemporary international environmental law : its relevance in the nuclear energy context / Günther Handl -- Through the looking glass : sustainable development and other emerging concepts of international environmental law in the Gabčikovo-Nagymaros case and the Trail Smelter arbitration / James F. Jacobson -- Trial Smelter's (semi) precautionary legacy / Rebecca M. Bratspies -- Surprising parallels between Trail Smelter and the global climate change regime / Russell A. Miller -- Sovereignty's continuing importance : traces of Trail Smelter in the international law governing hazardous waste transport / Austen L. Parrish -- The legacy of Trail Smelter in the field of transboundary air pollution / Phoebe Okowa -- The impact of the Trail Smelter arbitration on the law of the sea / Stuart B. Kaye -- Trail smelter and terrorism : international mechanisms to combat transboundary harm / Pierre-Marie Dupuy and Cristina Hoss -- The conundrum of corporate social responsibility : reflections on the changing nature of firms and states / Peer Zumbansen -- A pyrrhic victory : applying the Trail Smelter principle to state creation of refugees / Jennifer Peavey-Joanis -- Transboundary harm : Internet torts / Holger P. Hestermeyer -- International drug pollution? : reflections on Trail Smelter and Latin American drug trafficking / Judith Wise and Eric L. Jensen -- Application of international human rights conventions to transboundary state acts / Nicola Vennemann -- Convention between the United States of America and the dominion of Canada relative to the establishment of a tribunal to decide questions of indemnity and future regime arising from the operation of Smelter at Trail, British Columbia -- Trail Smelter arbitral tribunal decision, April 16, 1938 -- Trail Smelter arbitral tribunal March 11, 1941.

Up to the 1980s prisoners of war were hardly even mentioned in military history. Only in recent years have scientists acknowledged the importance of this topic. For their investigations some of them chose the First World War, especially the Eastern front, where more than 5 million soldiers were captured until the revolutionary events of 1917/18.
Contrary to the few existing studies, the present publication concentrates more on the evaluation of captivity in the historical background rather than on the description of "POW-fates" in "the hands of their enemies". It therefore focuses on the meaning of captivity and repatriation during the Russian Revolution and the establishment of the Communist International.
Based on documents of the central archives in Vienna and Moscow, the thesis comes to the following results: On the one hand, conflicts between the soldiers of the Central Powers in the former Tsarist empire, in particular between the Austro-Hungarian nationalities, for example between the "Bolshevik internationalists" and the "Czech Legion", played a decisive role in the beginning of an Eastern European "period of confusion" which can hardly be entitled a "Russian Civil War". On the other hand, former prisoners functioned as founders of the Comintern and leaders of the first communist parties outside Soviet Russia. The activities of POWs thus marked the starting point of the international cadrerecruitment for the Comintern, which became a significant aspect in the foreign politics of the "first proletarian republic" and consequently in the so called "short 20th century" defined by the existance of the USSR and its "satellite states". - Zwischen 1914 und 1918 gerieten 1,4 Millionen "Soldaten des Zaren" in Gewahrsam der deutschen Truppen. Mindestens eine knappe Million brachten die österreichisch-ungarischen Streitkräfte ein. In Rußland, Turkestan und Sibirien wiederum wurden ungefähr zwei Millionen Heeresangehörige der Mittelmächte festgehalten; der überwiegende Teil davon stammte aus der Donaumonarchie.
Erstmals ist es nun möglich, dieses Massenphänomen des Ersten Weltkrieges zu überblicken. In mehr als fünfjähriger Forschungsarbeit haben die Autoren Material aus insgesamt fünfzehn russischen und österreichischen Archiven zusammengetragen. Unter Einbeziehung gedruckter Quellen, allen voran mehr als 80 Zeitungen und Zeitschriften sowie rund 150 Memoiren, kann nun ein facettenreiches Gesamtbild der Kriegsgefangenenproblematik in Mittel- und Osteuropa gezeichnet werden.
Neben dem Ziel, der Historiographie wissenschaftliches Neuland zu erschließen, ging es allerdings bei den Untersuchungen auch darum, die politische Bedeutung der Thematik in der revolutionären Epoche von 1917 bis 1920 zu bewerten. Eine Frage rückte dabei immer mehr in den Mittelpunkt: Welchen Einfluß haben die "in Feindeshand geratenen Soldaten" auf die frühe Entwicklung des Kommunismus ausgeübt?
Abgesehen von ihrer Darstellung der unterschiedlichen Versuche sozialrevolutionärer und nationaler Kräfte, die Gefangenen ideologisch zu beeinflussen, sind die Verfasser in dieser Hinsicht vor allem bemüht, zwei Aspekte hervorzuheben: Erstens ist die Anwesenheit hunderttausender deutscher, österreichischer und ungarischer Soldaten auf dem Territorium des untergegangenen Romanovimperiums eng mit dem Ausbruch jener Konflikte verknüpft, die sich bei vorliegendem Kenntnisstand nur schwer unter dem Begriff "russischer Bürgerkrieg" subsumieren lassen. Zweitens bildet das Netzwerk probolschewistischer Gefangenen- und Heimkehrervereinigungen inner- und außerhalb des Machtbereichs der Bol´seviki den Kern der entstehenden Kommunistischen Internationale. Studien zu den Anfängen der Sowjetunion und der Komintern haben in Hinkunft Aspekte der Kriegsgefangenschaft und ihrer Folgewirkungen größeren Stellenwert einzuräumen

The question about beginning of archaeology in Bosnia and Herzegovina throughout traditional archaeological discourse, used to be observed as product of Austro-Hungarian westernisation of Ottoman Bosnia. If we look deeper, and pay attention to works of early eighteenth century and further, it apparently becomes clear that something in that interpretationwent wrong. It could be discussed about antiquarianism and archaeology its self, referring to interpretation of the beginning, but however that definition is unsustainable, because both existed from eighteenth century, and indisputable evidences are left in travel writers works and autochthonous population, as also in some state laws. Writing down their observationsXIX century explorers and travelers as Evans, Giljferding, Baltić, Lozić, Boué, Jukić and others, left important proofs of the interest in history, existence of, so called collectors, and in extremis, about some excavations and researches done in eighteenth and nineteenth century in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Giljferding wrote about being convinced by the story of some peasants about the rock and old signs on it, so in his works he gave insight into the knowledge and awareness of those people about past and its importance. Baltić wrote about excavations in search of the treasure, where besides mere people, official army took participation in such events. On the other side Evans participated in investigations, and looked at everydetail to find out and write down everything about the reviewed, and left us even his drawings. From the other side, Jukić worked and lived in Bosnia, and was among the first ones to encourage people to look after antiquities and keep it well, and tried to influence their conscience about the importance of it trough his petitions, giving the idea of the foundation of the firstBosnian Museum, starting from making his own collection repurchasing antiquities. Beside this works, at the same time government was bringing different laws about the protection of antiquities and monument in Bosnia and Herzegovina. One of those was the law brought at the year 1869, consisting of 7 paragraphs about collecting, exploring and preserving antiquities,that was brought independently, 4 years before Austro-Hungarian epoch, and 5 years before the official government in Ottoman empire. Parallel to it, founding pressrooms has provided people to easily get news about archaeology, and therefore to get more familiar and interested into the subject. At the and it is still intriguing, and probably will stay unsolved, thefact about negligence of some very obvious witnesses of the existence of archaeology in Bosnia and Herzegovina, from early nineteenth century, the latest.

Introduction. Charles de Coster's "Flemish Legends" were published in 1858 in French. With the growth of the national consciousness of the Flemings, this book, having particular artistic and cultural meaning, had to be translated, anyhow, into the Flemish variant of Dutch. There have been several translations, which differ significantly. To understand the specifics and success of a particular translation, it is necessary to analyze the cultural-linguistic and socio-political circumstances of its creation, to study the personalities of the translators, their artistic biographies, and also to assess the impact of the culture-forming factors.Methodology and sources. The research methodology is based on the descriptive method. At that we take into account a lot of linguistic, historical, social and cultural variables. As a study material two translations of "Flemish Legends" into Dutch (1917 and 1998) are chosen, as well as several sources describing the history of Belgium after 1830. For collating the translations the comparative method is used, taking into account the lexical, grammatical and stylistic features of the analyzed texts.Results and discussion. Charles De Coster, being a bilingual, preferred the French language. This can be explained by his desire to make folklore an asset of the upper social class, mainly bilinguals and francophones, upon these legends being already known among the Flemings. In addition, for the proper resonance, it was more profitable to publish the book in French. It can also be assumed that the legends were collected throughout Flanders; therefore, there were significant dialectal differences and problems for choosing a unified version of the Flemish language. To convey the medieval flavor, Charles de Coster used a deliberately archaized language. At the beginning of the 20th century S. Streuvels created a specific translation, more reminiscent of calque from French and preserving the features of the original text. At the end of the 20th century, W. Spillebeen translated the French text into a modern language, which was not the Belgian Dutch, but the standard Dutch.Conclusion. The translations discussed are quite different. S. Streuvels retained the style and structure of the original text, so his work was difficult for perception even by his contemporaries, and today the translation has become practically unreadable. W. Spillebeen tried to translate the legends into a modern language, bringing the structural components in line with the modern norm and preserving only the most necessary archaisms. Nevertheless, the text of the "Flemish legends" in the Belgian Dutch does not exist: they are written either in dialects, or in the "Frenchified" Dutch, or in the standard Dutch.

La dictadura cívico-militar (1973-1985) ha causado una terrible herida a la población uruguaya, provocando que el pasado reciente esté aún presente en la memoria colectiva. Actualmente, la transmisión intergeneracional propicia la revisión de la memoria histórica despertando y dando voz a nuevos relatos sobre presos políticos, desapariciones, migración y violencia, (re)construyendo el ayer a través de discursos del pasado en torno a la representación de la historia más reciente de Uruguay y la memoria del trauma. Un ejemplo de ello es el documental Secretos de Lucha (2007), de la directora francesa de origen vasco Maiana Bidegain quien, a partir de la compilación de testimonios, inicia un proceso de descubrimiento y restauración de la memoria histórica familiar como hija de migrantes uruguayos. Este artículo analiza la representación del conflicto y el trauma generado por la dictadura a través de la mirada intergeneracional. Bidegain sigue los pasos que un día dieron sus padres para profundizar en la identidad de sus orígenes, permitiendo que el foco de atención resida en el discurso de la experiencia. Por medio de la exploración de su obra, se pretende estudiar cómo es la representación de la memoria histórica contemporánea de Uruguay en uno de los capítulos más dolorosos para su población ; The civil-military dictatorship (1973-1985) has caused a terrible wound to the Uruguayan population, causing the recent past to still be present in the collective memory. In these moments, intergenerational transmission favours the revision of historical memory, awakening and giving voice to new narratives about political prisoners, disappearances, migration and violence, (re)constructing yesterday through discourses of the past around the representation of Uruguay's most recent history and the memory of trauma. An example of this is the documentary Secretos de Lucha (2007), the work of the French director of Basque origin Maiana Bidegain who, through the compilation of testimonies, begins a process of discovery and restoration of her family's historical memory as the daughter of Uruguayan migrants.This article analyses the representation of the conflict and trauma generated by the Uruguayan dictatorship through the eyes of a new generation. Bidegain follows in the footsteps of her parents to delve deeper into the Uruguayan identity of her origins, allowing the focus to reside in the discourse of experience. Likewise, through the exploration of his documentary work, the aim is to study the representation of Uruguay's contemporary historical memory in one of the most painful chapters for its population

Muluken Getachew,1 Dereje Haile,2 Chuchu Churko,3 Addisu Alemayehu Gube4 1Gofa Zone Health Department, Gofa, Southern Ethiopia; 2Reproductive Health and Nutrition Department, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Southern Ethiopia; 3Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Southern Ethiopia; 4Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Dilla University, Dilla, Southern EthiopiaCorrespondence: Dereje Haile Email derehaile2010@gmail.comBackground: Sexually transmitted infection is an infection that is typically transmitted by sexual contact and may either end or develop into a sexually transmitted disease. Today, young people are recognized as groups with special health-related vulnerabilities like drug use, unprotected sex and sexually transmitted infections. Despitea number of strategies which focused on young people's health, there was limited evidence of sexually transmitted infection among young incarcerated persons. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the self-reported syndromes of sexually transmitted infections and associated factors among young incarcerated persons (18– 29 years) in correctional facilities of the Gamo Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia.Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 1 to 15, 2019. Simple random sampling was used to select a total of 414 prisoners. The data were entered into Epi.info version 7 and exported and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were carried out. Statistical significance was declared by using the p value of < 0.05 at 95% confidence interval.The Results: In this study, 403 respondents participated with the response rate of 97.3%. The overall prevalence of self-reported STIs was 35 (8.7%). STI syndromes before incarceration (AOR: 5.267 (95% CI: 1.863, 14.893)), not having family support (AOR; 6.645 (95% CI: 2.327, 18.975)), history of imprisonment (AOR; 2.871 (95% CI: 1.065, 7.42)), not always using condom (AOR; 7.417, (95% CI 2.526, 21.781)), alcohol use (AOR; 5.926, (95% CI 2.282, 15.392)), chat use (AOR; 4.736, (95% CI (1.387, 16.172)) and having sex with commercial sex workers (AOR; 2.764, (95% CI 1.034, 7.388)) were significantly and independently associated with self-reported STIs.Conclusion: Prevalence of self-reported syndromes of STI was high. Attention is needed about sexually transmitted infections for incarcerated young people by concerned bodies, including governmental and non-governmental organizations.Keywords: STI, sexually transmitted infection, young, prison, Ethiopia

The civil-military dictatorship (1973-1985) has caused a terrible wound to the Uruguayan population, causing the recent past to still be present in the collective memory. In these moments, intergenerational transmission favours the revision of historical memory, awakening and giving voice to new narratives about political prisoners, disappearances, migration and violence, (re)constructing yesterday through discourses of the past around the representation of Uruguay's most recent history and the memory of trauma. An example of this is the documentary Secretos de Lucha (2007), the work of the French director of Basque origin Maiana Bidegain who, through the compilation of testimonies, begins a process of discovery and restoration of her family's historical memory as the daughter of Uruguayan migrants. This article analyses the representation of the conflict and trauma generated by the Uruguayan dictatorship through the eyes of a new generation. Bidegain follows in the footsteps of her parents to delve deeper into the Uruguayan identity of her origins, allowing the focus to reside in the discourse of experience. Likewise, through the exploration of his documentary work, the aim is to study the representation of Uruguay's contemporary historical memory in one of the most painful chapters for its population. ; La dictadura cívico-militar (1973-1985) ha causado una terrible herida a la población uruguaya, provocando que el pasado reciente esté aún presente en la memoria colectiva. Actualmente, la transmisión intergeneracional propicia la revisión de la memoria histórica despertando y dando voz a nuevos relatos sobre presos políticos, desapariciones, migración y violencia, (re)construyendo el ayer a través de discursos del pasado en torno a la representación de la historia más reciente de Uruguay y la memoria del trauma. Un ejemplo de ello es el documental Secretos de Lucha (2007), de la directora francesa de origen vasco Maiana Bidegain quien, a partir de la compilación de testimonios, inicia un proceso de descubrimiento y restauración de la memoria histórica familiar como hija de migrantes uruguayos. Este artículo analiza la representación del conflicto y el trauma generado por la dictadura a través de la mirada intergeneracional. Bidegain sigue los pasos que un día dieron sus padres para profundizar en la identidad de sus orígenes, permitiendo que el foco de atención resida en el discurso de la experiencia. Por medio de la exploración de su obra, se pretende estudiar cómo es la representación de la memoria histórica contemporánea de Uruguay en uno de los capítulos más dolorosos para su población.

The article analyzes the use of land resources of countries in the context of globalization. Investment-attractive regions have been identified, the socio-economic and political conditions of which contribute to the seizure of land by foreign investors. Sources of food security of countries with developed economies are substantiated. Peculiarities of formation of land and resource space of European neo-colonial countries are determined. One of the most important historical events in the political and socio-economic dimensions of the world was colonialism, associated with the development of capitalism. In the book, Eric Wolfe, "Europe and People Without History", describes in detail the global expansion of the borders of European states in order to control both human and natural resources, as well as to expand global development and promote Christianity. European colonialism became an early form of globalization that shaped most of the world's current political borders. In this way, technologies, food and ideas based on the colonial countries - Britain, Spain, France, Portugal and the Netherlands, etc. were transported. The main goal is to use the limited resources of the colony country and make a profit. This approach is called neocolonialism (corporate colonialism), just as classical European colonialism aims at the comprehensive exploitation of natural resources, labor, and markets for superprofits.Key words: territory, land use, land acquisition, food security, agricultural land, land. ; У статті проведено аналіз використання земельно-ресурсного потенціалу країн в умовах глобалізації. Визначено інвестиційно привабливі регіони, соціально-економічні та політичні умови яких сприяють захопленню земель з боку іноземних інвесторів. Обґрунтовано джерела продовольчої безпеки країн із розвиненими економіками. Визначені особливості формування земельного-ресурсного простору європейських країн-неоколоніалістів. Однією із найважливіших історичних подій у політичному та соціально-економічному вимірах світу став колоніалізм, пов'язаний з розвитком капіталізму. У книзі, Ерік Вульф, «Європа та люди без історії», детально описує світове розширення кордонів європейських держав з метою контролю як людських, так і природних ресурсів, а також для розширення світового розвитку держав та просування християнства. Європейський колоніалізм став ранньою формою глобалізації, що формувало більшість нинішніх політичних кордонів світу. Таким способом транспортувалися технології, продукти харчування та ідеї, що базувалися в межах країн-колоніалістів - Великобританії, Іспанії, Франції, Португалії та Нідерландів тощо. Головною метою виступають можливості щодо використання обмежених ресурсів країни-колоній та отримання прибутку. Такий підхід називається неоколоніалізмом (корпоративний колоніалізм), як і класичний європейський колоніалізм на меті має всебічну експлуатацію природних ресурсів, робочої сили та ринків для отримання надприбутків.Ключові слова: територія, землекористування, захоплення земель, продовольча безпека, сільськогосподарські землі, угіддя.

The COVID-19 crisis, which hit the world with full force in 2020, represents one of the greatest health and economic crises in recent history. The pandemic paralysed the world economy, forcing many countries around the globe to take emergency measures. Countries' emergency responses to the crisis uncovered a tension between the continuous phenomenon of global economic interdependence and the tendency for nation-state governance during the crisis. Although this dichotomy was quite acute in the European Union (EU) at the onset of the pandemic – reflected overall by Member States' preferences for national solutions over common multilateral solutions – governments eventually converged towards similar responses to the spread of the virus. These responses to the crisis included partial or total isolation of populations, travel bans, and the temporary closure of non-essential businesses. This so-called phenomenon of 'copycat coronavirus policies' was the result of regulatory emulation, which occurred spontaneously, with limited direct impetus from the EU. Our paper investigates whether insolvency and restructuring laws, policies, and measures followed a similar pattern. The study focuses on six selected European countries: Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom (UK). From a methodological perspective, our contribution relies on a case study approach. Building on the findings of this case study, our paper, then, draws more general conclusions on the process of harmonisation across the EU. ; While the harmonisation of insolvency law in the European Union (EU) has been a top priority on the European institutions' agenda in the last decade, it is well known that this endeavour has been slow and has often met resistance from the Member States. The COVID-19 pandemic revealed that top-down harmonisation of insolvency (i.e., introduced at EU level) has been temporarily halted. The urgency to control or mitigate the economically and financially destructive effects of the pandemic has, nevertheless, forced European governments to adopt domestic strategies and laws in the area of insolvency. Interestingly, however, such measures show that insolvency and restructuring law responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, albeit largely uncoordinated, reflect a phenomenon of bottom-up harmonisation (i.e., introduced by Member States) indicating a convergence towards common approaches. This paper interrogates the insolvency law responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in six European countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, the United Kingdom). It uncovers the inadequacy of the EU's harmonisation language, and the limits of harmonisation strategies in insolvency and restructuring law. Finally, it promotes the formulation of a wider-encompassing definition of "legal harmonisation".

Precarious life emerges in the Latin American novel as an index of deterritorialization processes that, imperceptibly, have been altering since the last decades of the 20th century the linguistic, perceptual and practical coordinates within which we think and imagine Latin America, its power structures, the order of its discourses and the grid of its things and bodies. Signs of Life is a reading of the 90s and early 2000s that wants to give an account of a series of writings that find their politics in precarious life. Precariousness is the fundamental impulse of a series of texts that experiment with the vulnerability of the living, relating precariousness as an instrument of government with changes in language, vision and perception generated by the crisis. Suspicious of formal perfection, fictions of life turned the precariousness of existence into a field of experimentation and disputes over time and territory. Texts by, among others, Fogwill, Diamela Eltit, Sergio Chejfec, César Aira, Matilde Sánchez and Gabriela Cabezón Cámara, survive the catastrophe to tell what happened and emit, beyond the end of history, the signs of life of a literature to come. ; La vida precaria como terreno definitorio de los procesos de neoliberalización emerge en la novela de nuestro fin de siglo como índice de procesos de desterritorialización que, imperceptiblemente, vienen alterando desde las últimas décadas del siglo XX las coordenadas lingüísticas, perceptivas y prácticas dentro de las que pensamos e imaginamos América Latina, sus estructuras de poder, el orden de sus discursos y el cuadriculado de sus cuerpos, sus palabras y sus cosas. Señales de vida es una lectura de los años 90 y principios del 2000 que quiere dar cuenta de una serie de escrituras que encuentran en la vida precaria su política. La precariedad es el impulso fundamental de una serie de textos de fines de siglo XX y comienzos del XXI que ensayan con la vulnerabilidad de lo viviente, relacionando la precarización como instrumento de gobierno con mutaciones del lenguaje, la visión y la percepción generadas por la crisis. Recelosa de la perfección formal, las ficciones de vida hicieron de la precariedad de la existencia un campo de experimentación y de disputas por el tiempo y el territorio. A fuerza de precariedad, textos de, entre otros, Fogwill, Eltit, Chejfec, Aira, Sánchez y Cabezón Cámara, sobreviven a la catástrofe para contar lo que pasó y emitir, más allá del fin de la historia, las señales de vida de una literatura por venir.