Suchergebnisse

The purpose of the study is to identify the characteristics of pulmonary gas exchange and assess its efficiency during the period of the adaptive voltage stage in the military when moving to the Arctic zone. The survey included 36 men of 18–20 years old who arrived in the Arctic zone from the southern regions of the Russian Federation to the training center of the Navy for military service on conscription. Every month, for 5 months, the servicemen underwent a spirographic study, in addition to this, the composition of exhaled air was selected and analyzed. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using the STATA 12 software. It was established that for recruits, the actual values of oxygen consumption (PO2) in the first two months of observation exceeded the proper values (225,2±15,9 ml/min) by 48,3 and 20,5% respectively (p<0,00–0,01). However, 3, 4 and 5 months were characterized by the fact that they had a decrease in PO2, respectively, by 4,9; 26,8 (p<0,001) and 29,2% (p<0,001), which was combined with reduced oxygen utilization rates (CIO2) during this period. The decrease in ventilation efficiency coincides with an increase in POvid by 29–35% (p<0,001) and an increase in the O2 content in the exhaled air. In the first two months, the oxygen effect of one respiratory and one cardiac cycle exceeded the proper values by 43 and 14%, respectively, and by 49 and 21% (p<0,05–0,001), which indicates a reduced efficiency of the respiratory and cardiovascular system. Thus, the first two months after the arrival of recruits to the Arctic zone are characterized by a significant intensification of oxidative metabolism, a combination of sufficiently effective ventilation and gas exchange and reduced efficiency of one respiratory and one cardiac cycles. ; Цель исследования: выявить особенности легочного газообмена и оценить его экономичность в период стадии адаптивного напряжения у военнослужащих при переезде в арктическую зону. Обследованы 36 мужчин 18–20 лет, прибывших в Арктическую зону из южных регионов РФ в учебный центр ВМФ для прохождения воинской службы по призыву. В течение 5 месяцев военнослужащие ежемесячно проходили спирографическое исследование, кроме этого отбирался и анализировался состав выдыхаемого воздуха. Статистическая обработка результатов проводилась с использованием программного обеспечения STATA 12. Установлено, что у новобранцев фактические величины потребления кислорода (ПО2) в первые два месяца наблюдения превышали должные значения (225,2±15,9 мл/мин) на 48,3 и 20,5% соответственно (p<0,00–0,01). Однако 3, 4 и 5-й месяцы характеризовались тем, что у них произошло снижение величины ПО2 соответственно на 4,9; 26,8 (p<0,001) и 29,2% (p<0,001), что сочеталось со сниженными величинами коэффициента использования кислорода (КИО2) в этот период. Снижение эффективности вентиляции совпадает с увеличением РОвыд на 29–35% (p<0,001) и увеличением содержания О2 в выдыхаемом воздухе. В первые два месяца кислородный эффект одного дыхательного и одного сердечного циклов превышали должные значения соответственно на 43 и 14%, а также на 49 и 21% (p<0,05–0,001), что указывает на сниженную экономичность работы дыхательной и сердечно-сосудистой системы. Таким образом, первые два месяца после приезда новобранцев в Арктическую зону характеризуются значительной интенсификацией окислительного метаболизма, сочетанием достаточно эффективной вентиляции и газообмена и сниженной экономичностью одного дыхательного и одного сердечного циклов.

1 Principles of instrumentation for physiological ecology -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Measurement and measurement errors -- 1.3 Instrument organization -- 1.4 Instrument initiation -- 1.5 Postscript -- 2 Field data acquisition -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Analog recorders -- 2.3 Digital recorders -- 2.4 Integrators -- 2.5 Sampling considerations -- 3 Water in the environment -- 3.1 Soil moisture -- 3.2 Atmospheric moisture -- 3.3 Moisture flux -- 4 Measurement of wind speed near vegetation -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Flow in wind tunnels, growth cabinets and ducts -- 4.3 Weather stations and field survey -- 4.4 Wind profiles above vegetation -- 4.5 Boundary layer resistance -- 4.6 Calibration -- 4.7 Aerodynamic influence by masts -- 4.8 Visualization -- 4.9 Pressure measurements -- 4.10 Some applications -- 5 Soil nutrient availability -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Difficulties in measuring nutrient availability -- 5.3 Nitrogen availability -- 5.4 Phosphorus availability -- 5.5 Sulfur availability -- 5.6 Availability of essential cations -- 5.7 Micronutrient availability -- 5.8 Soil classification -- 5.9 Bioassay of nutrient availability -- 5.10 Soil acidity -- 5.11 Soil salinity -- 5.12 Soil redox potential -- 5.13 Comments on sampling -- 5.14 Index units -- 6 Radiation and light measurements -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Definitions and units -- 6.3 Energy versus photons as a measure of PAR -- 6.4 Radiation sensors: general characteristics -- 6.5 Determination of the diffuse and direct components of radiation -- 6.6 Calibration of radiation sensors -- 6.7 Sampling considerations -- 6.8 Photographic estimations of light climate -- 6.9 Spectral radiometry -- 7 Temperature and energy budgets -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Energy budget approach -- 7.3 Variations in air and leaf temperatures with height -- 7.4 Temperature and its measurement -- 7.5 Orientation and its measurement -- 7.6 Calculation of incident solar radiation on different surfaces -- 7.7 Leaf absorptance and its measurement -- 7.8 Boundary layer considerations -- 8 Measurement of transpiration and leaf conductance -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Leaf transpiration rate -- 8.3 Leaf conductance to water vapor -- 8.4 Instrumentation for transpiration measurements -- 8.5 Calibration of water vapor sensors -- 8.6 Systems for measuring transpiration and leaf conductance -- 8.7 Whole-plant measurements of transpiration -- 9 Plant water status, hydraulic resistance and capacitance -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Water potential and its components -- 9.3 Water content -- 9.4 Hydraulic resistance and capacitance -- 9.5 Conclusion -- 10 Approaches to studying nutrient uptake, use and loss in plants -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Nutrient uptake -- 10.3 Nutrient use and nutrient status -- 10.4 Chemical analysis -- 10.5 Nutrient loss -- 11 Photosynthesis: principles and field techniques -- 11.1 The system concept -- 11.2 Principles of photosynthesis measurement -- 11.3 Components of gas-exchange systems -- 11.4 Real photosynthesis systems -- 11.5 Matching instrument to objective -- 11.6 Calibrating photosynthesis systems -- 11.7 Calculating gas-exchange parameters -- 11.8 List of symbols -- 12 Crassulacean acid metabolism -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Measurement of succulence -- 12.3 Nocturnal acidification -- 12.4 Nocturnal CO2 fixation -- 12.5 Analysis of day-night and seasonal patterns of CO2 and H2O vapor exchange -- 12.6 Measurement of photosynthesis and respiration by O2 exchange -- 12.7 Water relations -- 12.8 Stress physiology -- 13 Stable isotopes -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Natural abundances of stable isotopes of ecological interest -- 13.3 Stable isotope mass spectrometry -- 13.4 Sample preparation -- 13.5 Sample variability -- 13.6 Application of stable isotopes in ecological studies -- 14 Canopy structure -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Direct methods -- 14.3 Semidirect methods -- 14.4 Indirect methods -- 14.5 Summary -- 15 Growth, carbon allocation and cost of plant tissues -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Growth analysis -- 15.3 Fate of carbon -- 15.4 Carbon and energy costs of growth and maintenance -- 16 Root systems -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Assessing root system structure and biomass in the field — determining what is there -- 16.3 Determination of root length and surface area -- 16.4 Microscale distributions of roots -- 16.5 Root system turnover and production -- 16.6 Root phenology and growth -- 16.7 Root system function -- 16.8 Root associations -- 16.9 Concluding thoughts -- 17 Field methods used for air pollution research with plants -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Studies of air pollution absorption -- 17.3 Air pollution instrumentation -- 17.4 Cuvettes -- 17.5 Field fumigation systems and approaches -- 17.6 Summary.

This work reports the temperature dependence of the rate coefficients for the reactions of atomic bromine with the xylenes that are determined experimentally and theoretically. The experiments were carried out in a Pyrex chamber equipped with fluorescent lamps to measure the rate coefficients at temperatures from 295 K to 346 K. Experiments were made at several concentrations of oxygen to assess its potential kinetic role under atmospheric conditions and to validate comparison of our rate coefficients with those obtained by others using air as the diluent. Br2 was used to generate Br atoms photolytically. The relative rate method was used to obtain the rate coefficients for the reactions of Br atoms with the xylenes. The reactions of Br with both toluene and diethyl ether (DEE) were used as reference reactions where the loss of the organic reactants was measured by gas chromatography. The rate coefficient for the reaction of Br with diethyl ether was also measured in the same way over the same temperature range with toluene as the reference reactant. The rate coefficients were independent of the concentration of O2. The experimentally determined temperature dependence of the rate coefficients of these reactions can be given in the units cm3 molecule−1 s−1 by: o-xylene + Br, log10(k) = (−10.03 ± 0.35) − (921 ± 110)/T; m-xylene + Br, log10(k) = (−10.78 ± 0.09) − (787 ± 92/T); p-xylene + Br, log10(k) = (−9.98 ± 0.39) − (956 ± 121)/T; diethyl ether + Br, log10(k) = (−7.69 ± 0.55) − (1700 ± 180)/T). This leads to the following rate coefficients, in the units of cm3 molecule−1 s−1, based on our experimental measurements: o-xylene + Br, k(298 K) = 7.53 × 10−14; m-xylene + Br, k(298 K) = 3.77 × 10−14; p-xylene + Br, k(298 K) = 6.43 × 10−14; diethyl ether + Br, k(298 K) = 4.02 × 10−14. Various ab initio methods including G3, G4, CCSD(T)/cc-pV(D,T)Z//MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ and CCSD(T)/cc-pV(D,T)Z//B3LYP/cc-pVTZ levels of theory were employed to gain detailed information about the kinetics as well as the thermochemical quantities. Among the ab initio methods, the G4 method performed remarkably well in describing the kinetics and thermochemistry of the xylenes + Br reaction system. Our theoretical calculations revealed that the reaction of Br atoms with the xylenes proceeds via a complex forming mechanism in an overall endothermic reaction. The rate determining step is the intramolecular rearrangement of the pre-reactive complex leading to the post-reactive complex. After lowering the relative energy of the corresponding transition state by less than 1.5 kJ mol−1 for this step in the reaction of each of the xylenes with Br, the calculated rate coefficients are in very good agreement with the experimental data. ; Research reported in this work was funded by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). This research was also supported by the European Union and the Hungarian State, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund in the framework of the GINOP-2.3.4-15-2016-00004 project, aimed to promote the cooperation between the higher education and the industry. Further support has been provided by the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund (Hungary) within the TKP2021-NVA-14 project. The experimental work was supported by Acadia University and by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

The HYDECAT project was initiated to make a targeted effort in the field of hydrodesulfurization (HDS), which is the process where sulfur is removed from crude oil by addition of hydrogen to form hydrocarbons and hydrogen sulfide. This PhD thesis represents my share in the project. Due to the adverse environmental and societal effects of sulfur emissions from on-road transportation, legislation has been continuously tightened, pushing oil refiners to produce ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD), with a maximum sulfur content of 15 ppm. Since these specifications are expected to be further tightened, the existing HDS catalysts fall short. Experiments were performed on a setup dedicated to testing minute amounts of well-defined catalytic systems in the ambient pressure gas phase HDS of the model compounds dibenzothiophene (DBT) and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT). An existing µ-reactor platform connected to a high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS) was modified and optimized for this specific reaction. The µ-reactor has a reaction volume of only 240 nL and can be operated between 0.1-5 bar and temperatures up to 400 ◦C. Only 0.01 % of the mixed gas flows from the two inlets, O1 and O2, is bypassed through the reaction chamber and exposed to the catalyst. A channel terminated by a narrow capillary ensures that the entire reaction gas volume can be directed into the TOF-MS by probing only 5·1014 molecules/s. The low vapor pressure of both DBT and 4,6-DMDBT complicated the process of introducing them in their gaseous form into the µ-reactor at ambient pressure, and a specially designed flange with an incorporated ion source and internal heat tracing was implemented. HDS of DBT and 4,6-DMDBT at 800 mbar on six mass-selected Pt samples were conducted. Two Pt samples of ∼3 nm (185 kamu) and two samples of ∼6 nm (1500 kamu) all showed that only the direct desulfurization (DDS) pathway was followed, hence resulting in biphenyl (BiPhe) and 3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl (3,3'- DMBiPhe), respectively. The same was observed for two samples of Pt single atoms. One 1500 ,kamu sample reached full conversion and was used to derive a sensitivity factor, x , relating the DBT and BiPhe signals, since most ionization cross sections were unknown. This was applied in all the following data interpretation. Large deviations between the, in theory, identical samples made it difficult to see any clear trends, and it was estimated that a reaction temperature difference of 30 ◦C could have induced the different activities observed. Four NiMo-based samples were tested in the HDS of DBT. Two metallic NiMo samples of ∼3.5 nm (134 kamu), and two in-flight sulfided NiMoS x samples - one of ∼5 nm (200 kamu) and one of∼6.5 nm (440 kamu). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and activity measurements emphasized the need for a sulfidation step prior to the reaction, since exposure to air revealed the formation of an oxide layer. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images of the in-flight sulfided NiMoS x samples showed flat lying platelet-like particles in the 200 kamu sample and upright standing particles in the 440 kamu sample. When normalized to the amount of metal in each sample, the activity of the flat lying particles were exceeded by the activity of the upright standing particles by an order of magnitude, indicating that more active edge sites are exposed in the latter and thereby enabling better HDS activity.

Vapor-based growth of thin metal films with controlled morphology on weakly-interacting substrates (WIS), including oxides and van der Waals materials, is essential for the fabrication of multifunctional metal contacts in a wide array of optoelectronic devices. Achieving this entails a great challenge, since weak film/substrate interactions yield a pronounced and uncontrolled 3D morphology. Moreover, the far-from-equilibrium nature of vapor-based film growth often leads to generation of mechanical stress, which may further compromise device reliability and functionality. The objectives of this thesis are related to metal film growth on WIS and seek to: (i) contribute to the understanding of atomic-scale processes that control film morphological evolution; (ii) elucidate the dynamic competition between nanoscale processes that govern film stress generation and evolution; and (iii) develop methodologies for manipulating and controlling nanoscale film morphology between 2D and 3D. Investigations focus on magnetron sputter-deposited Ag and Cu films on SiO2 and amorphous carbon (a-C) substrates. Research is conducted by strategically combining of in situ and real-time film growth monitoring, ex situ chemical and (micro)-structural analysis, optical modelling, and deterministic growth simulations. In the first part, the scaling behavior of characteristic morphological transition thicknesses (i.e., percolation and continuous film formation thickness) during growth of Ag and Cu films on a-C are established as function of deposition rate and temperature. These data are interpreted using a theoretical framework based on the droplet growth theory and the kinetic freezing model for island coalescence, from which the diffusion rates of film forming species during Ag and Cu growth are estimated. By combining experimental data with ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, diffusion of multiatomic clusters, rather than monomers, is identified as the rate-limiting structure-forming process. In the second part, the effect of minority metallic or gaseous species (Cu, N2, O2) on Ag film morphological evolution on SiO2 is studied. By employing in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry, it is found that addition of minority species at the film growth front promotes 2D morphology, but also yields an increased continuous-layer resistivity. Ex situ analyses show that 2D morphology is favored because minority species hinder the rate of coalescence completion. Hence, a novel growth manipulation strategy is compiled in which minority species are deployed with high temporal precision to selectively target specific film growth stages and achieve 2D morphology, while retaining opto-electronic properties of pure Ag films. In the third part, the evolution of stress during Ag and Cu film growth on a-C and its dependence on growth kinetics (as determined by deposition rate, substrate temperature) is systematically investigated. A general trend toward smaller compressive stress magnitudes with increasing temperature/deposition rate is found, related to increasing grain size/decreasing adatom diffusion length. Exception to this trend is found for Cu films, in which oxygen incorporation from the residual growth atmosphere at low deposition rates inhibits adatom diffusivity and decreases the magnitude of compressive stress. The effect of N2 on stress type and magnitude in Ag films is also studied. While Ag grown in N2-free atmosphere exhibits a typical compressive-tensile-compressive stress evolution as function of thickness, addition of a few percent of N2 yields to a stress turnaround from compressive to tensile stress after film continuity which is attributed to giant grain growth and film roughening. The overall results of the thesis provide the foundation to: (i) determine diffusion rates over a wide range of WIS film/substrates systems; (ii) design non-invasive strategies for multifunctional contacts in optoelectronic devices; (iii) complete important missing pieces in the fundamental understanding of stress, which can be used to expand theoretical descriptions for predicting and tuning stress magnitude. ; La morphologie de films minces métalliques polycristallins élaborés par condensation d'une phase vapeur sur des substrats à faible interaction (SFI) possède un caractère 3D intrinsèque. De plus, la nature hors équilibre de la croissance du film depuis une phase vapeur conduit souvent à la génération de contraintes mécaniques, ce qui peut compromettre davantage la fiabilité et la fonctionnalité des dispositifs optoélectroniques. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont liés à la croissance de films métalliques sur SFI et visent à: (i) contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des processus à l'échelle atomique qui contrôlent l'évolution morphologique des films; (ii) élucider les processus dynamiques qui régissent la génération et l'évolution des contraintes en cours de croissance; et (iii) développer des méthodologies pour manipuler et contrôler la morphologie des films à l'échelle nanométrique. L'originalité de l'approche mise en œuvre consiste à suivre la croissance des films in situ et en temps réel par couplage de plusieurs diagnostics, complété par des analyses microstructurales ex situ. Les grandeurs mesurées sont confrontées à des modèles optiques et des simulations atomistiques. La première partie est consacrée à une étude de comportement d'échelonnement des épaisseurs de transition morphologiques caractéristiques, à savoir la percolation et la continuité du film, lors de la croissance de films polycristallins d'Ag et de Cu sur carbone amorphe (a-C). Ces grandeurs sont examinées de façon systématique en fonction de la vitesse de dépôt et de la température du substrat, et interprétées dans le cadre de la théorie de la croissance de gouttelettes suivant un modèle cinétique décrivant la coalescence d'îlots, à partir duquel les coefficients de diffusion des espèces métalliques sont estimés. En confrontant les données expérimentales à des simulations par dynamique moléculaire ab initio, la diffusion de clusters multiatomiques est identifiée comme l'étape limitante le processus de croissance. Dans la seconde partie, l'incorporation, et l'impact sur la morphologie, d'espèces métalliques ou gazeuses minoritaires (Cu, N2, O2) lors de la croissance de film Ag sur SiO2 est étudié. A partir de mesures ellipsométriques in situ, on constate que l'addition d'espèces minoritaires favorise une morphologie 2D, entravant le taux d'achèvement de la coalescence, mais donne également une résistivité accrue de la couche continue. Par conséquent, une stratégie de manipulation de la croissance est proposée dans laquelle des espèces minoritaires sont déployées avec une grande précision temporelle pour cibler sélectivement des stades de croissance de film spécifiques et obtenir une morphologie 2D, tout en conservant les propriétés optoélectroniques des films d'Ag pur. Dans la troisième partie, l'évolution des contraintes résiduelles lors de la croissance des films d'Ag et de Cu sur a-C et leur dépendance à la cinétique de croissance est systématiquement étudiée. On observe une tendance générale vers des amplitudes de contrainte de compression plus faibles avec une augmentation de la température/vitesse de dépôt, liée à l'augmentation de la taille des grains/à la diminution de la longueur de diffusion des adatomes. Également, l'ajout dans le plasma de N2 sur le type et l'amplitude des contraintes dans les films d'Ag est étudié. L'ajout de quelques pourcents de N2 en phase gaz donne lieu à un renversement de la contrainte de compression et une évolution en tension au-delà de la continuité du film. Cet effet est attribué à une croissance anormale des grains géants et le développement de rugosité de surface. L'ensemble des résultats obtenus dans cette thèse fournissent les bases pour: (i) déterminer les coefficients de diffusion sur une large gamme de systèmes films/SFI; (ii) concevoir des stratégies non invasives pour les contacts multifonctionnels dans les dispositifs optoélectroniques; (iii) apporter des éléments de compréhension à l'origine du développement de contrainte, qui permettent de prédire et contrôler le niveau de contrainte intrinsèque à la croissance de films minces polycristallins. ; Forskningsfinansiärer: French Government program "Investissements d'Avenir" (LABEX INTERACTIFS, reference ANR-11-LABX-0017-01) and the ÅForsk foundation (contract ÅF 19-137). I acknowledge travelsupport by the ÖMSE program of the French Institute of Sweden, and financing ofinter-disciplinary collaboration within Linköping University by the Center of NanoScience and Technology.

Abstract Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are regulated by stringent legislation that sets high requirements for treatment systems. Catalytic total oxidation is a feasible technology to treat VOC emissions both cost-effectively and in a destructive way. Catalysts used in VOC oxidation need to be highly active and selective yet additionally resist catalyst deactivation. In this work, 33 catalysts supported on γ-Al2O3, CeO2, Al2O3-CeO2 and Al2O3-TiO2 were investigated in dichloromethane (DCM, 23 catalysts) and dimethyl disulphide (DMDS, 18 catalysts) oxidation. Pt, Au, Pd, Rh, Cu or V2O5 alone or as combinations were used as the active phases. The catalysts were extensively characterised using various methods. The main aim of the thesis was to study the applicability of Au catalysts in the oxidation of chlorinated and sulphur-containing VOCs. The obtained results can be used to develop better commercial catalysts for VOC incinerators intended for industry. In DCM oxidation, the deposition of an active metal on the supports enhanced selectivity, while the effect was insignificant in DCM conversion, with the exception of Au/Al2O3 and Pt-Au/Al2O3 catalysts. Amongst the studied catalysts, Pt/Al2O3, Au/Al2O3 and Pt-Au/Al2O3 were the most active and selective in DCM oxidation. The performance of Pt/Al2O3 was explained by high acidity and reducibility, whereas with Au/Al2O3 and Pt-Au/Al2O3, it was a result of high acidity, small particle size and uniform distribution of Au. Stability experiments showed that the Pt/Al2O3 and Pt-Au/Al2O3 catalysts were durable. In DMDS oxidation, in most cases the active phases improved the activity and selectivity of the supports. The presence of Cu and CeO2 resulted in significant formation of formaldehyde instead of CO2. The H2-TPR experiments suggested that improved reducibility plays a key role in DMDS oxidation. In addition, oxygen activation showed correlation with the formation of oxidation products. The most active catalysts were Cu-containing catalysts, while the highest concurrent SO2 and CO2 yields were reached with Pt-Au/CeO2 andPt-Au/CeO2-Al2O3 catalysts. Stability experiments on the Au/Ce-O2-Al2O3 catalyst proved that the catalyst was stable, but its selectivity needed to be improved, whereas the Pt-Au/CeO2-Al2O3 catalyst was not stable enough. ; Tiivistelmä Haihtuvien orgaanisten yhdisteiden (VOC) päästöjä rajoitetaan tiukalla lainsäädännöllä haitallisten vaikutuksien vuoksi, ja siksi päästöjä käsittelevien teknologioiden täytyy olla tehokkaita. Katalyyttinen kokonaishapetus on toimiva menetelmä, jolla VOC-ilmapäästöjä voidaan käsitellä ympäristöystävällisesti ja taloudellisesti. Katalyyttimateriaalien täytyy olla aktiivisia, selektiivisiä sekä erittäin kestäviä. Tutkimuksessa arvioitiin 33 erilaista γ-Al2O3-, CeO2-, Al2O3-CeO2-, Al2O3-TiO2 -tuettua katalyyttiä dikloorimetaanin (DCM, 23 katalyyttiä) ja dimetyylidisulfidin (DMDS, 18 katalyyttiä) hapetuksessa. Aktiivisina aineina käytettiin platinaa, kultaa, palladiumia, rodiumia, kuparia tai vanadiinia yksin tai seoksina. Katalyyttejä karakterisoitiin kattavasti eri menetelmillä. Tavoitteena oli tutkia kultakatalyyttien soveltuvuutta klooria ja rikkiä sisältävien VOC-yhdisteiden kokonaishapetuksessa. Koetuloksia voidaan hyödyntää VOC-polttolaitteistojen kaupallisten katalyyttien kehitystyössä. Dikloorimetaanin hapetuksessa aktiivisen metallin lisäys paransi selektiivisyyttä useimmilla katalyyteillä, kun taas vaikutus dikloorimetaanin konversioon oli merkityksetön paitsi Au/Al2O3 ja Pt-Au/Al2O3 katalyyttien tapauksissa. Tutkituista katalyyteista Pt/Al2O3-, Au/Al2O3- ja Pt-Au/Al2O3 -katalyytit olivat aktiivisimmat ja selektiivisimmät. Korkea happamuus ja hyvä pelkistyvyys selittivät Pt/Al2O3 -katalyytin suorituskykyä, kun taas Au/Al2O3- ja Pt-Au/Al2O3 -katalyyttien tapauksissa korkea happamuus, kultapartikkelin pieni koko ja hyvä dispersio selittivät suorituskykyä. Pt/Al2O3- ja Pt-Au/Al2O3 -katalyytit olivat kokeiden perusteella stabiileja. Dimetyylidisulfidin hapetuksessa aktiivisten metallien lisääminen paransi katalyyttien aktiivisuutta ja selektiivisyyttä useimmissa tapauksissa. Cu ja CeO2 aiheuttivat formaldehydin muodostumista hiilidioksidin sijaan. H2-TPR kokeiden perusteella katalyyttien pelkistyvyydellä on tärkeä rooli dimetyylidisulfidin hapetuksessa. Lisäksi hapen aktivointi korreloi hapetustuotteiden muodostumisen kanssa. Cu-katalyytit olivat tutkituista katalyyteista aktiivisimpia, ja korkeimmat SO2- sekä CO2-saannot saavutettiin Pt-Au/CeO2- ja Pt-Au/CeO2-Al2O3 -katalyyteillä. Kestävyyskokeet todistivat, että Au/CeO2-Al2O3 -katalyytti on stabiili, mutta sen selektiivisyyttä tulisi parantaa, kun taas Pt-Au/CeO2-Al2O3 -katalyytti ei ollut riittävän kestävä.

This work explores the electric field induced strain mechanisms in environmentally benign Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 (BNT) based piezoelectric thin films. Although BNT-based materials show promise as replacements for toxic Pb-based piezoelectrics, the displacement mechanisms are not consistent between thin films and bulk materials, and the differences have yet to be well understood. Here, in-situ structural characterization (2-dimensional X-Ray Diffraction (XRD2)) under applied field has been utilized and the effects of substrate clamping have been shown to be a large contributor to the differences between bulk and thin film embodiments. Piezoelectric materials convert mechanical strain into dielectric displacement, and the converse, making these materials suitable for use as sensors, actuators, and transducers. Lead-based materials have received the most attention due to their high strain response and tunability, but the toxicity of lead is leading to legislative directives limiting its use. This is driving a search for suitable replacement materials, and BNT-based ergodic relaxor materials in bulk embodiments display properties that make them ideal for actuator applications. In thin film embodiments of the same materials, however, the response appears to be quite different. Initial work was done to optimize the deposition of the bottom platinum electrode for the metal-insulator-metal devices commonly used to study piezoelectric films. A dense, smooth, and crystallographically textured Pt will yield better active, piezoelectric, layers by acting as crystal template and a diffusion barrier (true for both lead-based and non-lead-based piezoelectric thin films). Pt is sputter deposited on TiOx, which is oxidized from Ti that was sputter deposited on SiO2/Si. The thickness of the initial Ti was found to affect the achievable Pt surface roughness and crystal texture. Pt was smoothest and most textured with 30 nm of Ti. With quality Pt bottom electrodes understood, chemical solution deposition of the active layer was then optimized to achieve optimal properties. The morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) composition, where structural instabilities result in enhanced dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties, 80Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-20Bi0.5K0.5TiO3 (80-20 BNKT) and ergodic relaxor compositions [75-x/2](Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 - [25-x/2](Bi0.5K0.5)TiO3 - [x]Bi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3 (BNKT-xBMgT) where x = 2.5, 5, 10 were explored. Main process parameters; cation excess, pyrolysis temperature and time, and crystallization ramp rate, hold time, hold temperature, and atmosphere were studied. X-ray diffraction was used to confirm phase purity and atomic force microscopy was used to understand morphology changes with processing parameters. The dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties were characterized and values of the d33,f piezoelectric coefficient were extracted from double beam laser interferometry measurements. For 675 μm diameter top electrodes dielectric constant, loss, and d33,f ranged from 450-900, 2-10%, and 16-96 pm/V respectively. Best case process parameters were: - 6-12-12 % excess for Bi-Na-K in 80-20 BNKT and 4-8-8% excess for Bi-Na-K for BNKT-xBMgT - 400 °C for 4 mins pyrolysis - 100 °/sec ramp rate to 700 °C hold for 5 min all under 2 SLPM O2 crystallization While 80-20 BNKT is the most researched BNT-based system, there remain differences in displacement response between films and bulk that have not been explained. In the BNT-BKT-xBMgT system, the differences between films and bulk are even more pronounced, with bulk systems showing a displacement response almost 8 times that of thin films. The in-situ XRD2 experiments have revealed that the fully clamped film embodiments undergo an irreversible strain with application of field but not a phase change as seen in bulk. Also, strain is almost entirely due to intrinsic effects and little extrinsic (non-180° domain rotation) effects. In partially released films, however, signs of phase change under applied field are present, and extrinsic effects are more prominent. These results show that the clamping stresses due to the substrate may be causing some of the differences between bulk and thin film embodiments. Further studies on fully released films should be completed to confirm these results.

The Farrington Daniels Memorial Lecture Solar Energy -- Symposia -- Photophysical and Photochemical Properties of Excited States -- Photophysical and Photochemical Properties of Excited States Introduction -- The Rules of Organic Molecular Fluorescence -- Elementary Photochemical Reactions -- Photoreactions in Biological Macromolecular Complexes -- Photoreactions in Biological Macromolecular Complexes (Introductory Remarks) -- Excited State Interactions and Photochemical Reactions in Protein-Nucleic Acid Complexes -- Structural Relationships in Macromolecular Complexes Determined by Photochemical Crosslinking -- Photodegradation of Biomembranes -- Photomovement in Microorganisms -- Photomovement in Microorganisms — Introduction to the Symposium -- Photomovement in Microorganisms: Strategies of Response -- Pigments Involved in the Photomotion of Microorganisms -- Speculations about Sensory Transduction -- Panel Discussion of Photomovement -- Photosynthesis -- Present Status of the O2 Evolution Model -- Low Temperature Reactions in Photosynthesis -- Control of the Electron Transfer by the Transmembrane Electric Field and Structure of System II Centers -- Modulating Effects on the Delayed Luminescence from Photosystem II of Photosynthesis -- In Vitro Photosynthesis -- Comparative Effects of Exciting and Ionizing Radiations -- Quantitative Mutagenesis by Chemicals and by Radiations: Prerequisites for the Establishment of Rad-Equivalences -- A Comparative Study of Several Survival Responses of Mammalian Cells after UV and after X-Irradiation -- Ionizing and Ultraviolet Radiations: Genetic Effects and Repair in Yeast -- Ataxia Telangiectasia: an Inherited Human Disease Involving Radiosensitivity, Malignancy and Defective DNA Repair -- Effects of Vacuum-UV and Excited Gases on DNA -- Photosensitized Reactions of Nucleic Acids and Proteins -- Photosensitization in Biological Systems -- The Role of Oxygen in Photosynthetized Reactions of Proteins and Nucleic Acids -- New Chemical Aspects of the Photoreaction between Psoralen and DNA -- Excited States of Skin-Sensitizing Psoralens and their Reactions with Nucleic Acids -- Photochemotherapeutic, Photobiological, and Photochemical Properties of Psoralens -- Repair of Radiation Damage -- DNA Repair Schemes in Bacteria and in Human Cells -- Postreplication Repair in Human Fibroblasts -- Studies on the Enzymology of Excision Repair in Extracts of Mammalian Cells -- Human Photoreactivating Enzymes -- Effects of Ultraviolet-Light and of Some Major Chemical Carcinogens of E. Coli K12 (?) -- Solar Energy Conversion Systems -- Hydrogen Metabolism in Photosynthetic Organisms, the Mechanims of Hydrogen Photoevolution -- Chemical Reactions for the Utilization of Solar Energy -- Photosynthesis — a Practical Energy Source? -- Photoproduction of Hydrogen in Photosynthetic Systems -- Determinants of Feasibility in Bioconversion of Solar Energy -- Photobiology in Medicine -- Photobiology in Medicine -- Photophysiological Research — Preventive Medicine -- Erythropoietic Protoporphyria — the Disease, and its treatment with Beta-Carotene -- Photochemotherapy of Psoriasis (PUVA) -- Advantages and Disadvantages of Phototherapy in Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia -- Phototherapy of Neonatal Jaundice: Effect on Blood Biorhythms -- Phototherapy of Human Tumors -- Cancerogenic Effects of Radiation -- Carcinogenic Effects of Radiation — Introduction -- Defective DNA Repair and Cancer -- Experimental Ultraviolet Carcinogenesis -- Sunlight and Melanomas -- Cutaneous Carcinogenic Effects of Sunlight in Humans -- Role of DNA Repair in Physical, Chemical and Viral Carcinogenesis -- Light and Development -- Control of Chloroplast Development and Chlorophyll Synthesis by Phytochrome -- Progress Toward an Understanding of the Molecular Mode of Action of Phytochrome -- Phototransformations of Phytochrome -- Biogenesis of Chloroplast Membranes in Algae -- Light-Induced Cytochrome Reduction in Neurospora Crassa Membrane Fractions -- Light Induced Degeneration of Skin: Chronic Actinic Dermatosis -- Studies on the Pathomechanics of Chronic Actinic Dermatosis -- Clinical Pattern of the Actinic Chronic Dermatosis -- Distribution and General Factors Causing Chronic Actinic Dermatosis -- Environment-Space Interactions: Photobiological Implications -- Introductory Remarks -- The Stratospheric Photochemistry of Chlorine Compounds and its Influence on the Ozone Layer -- The Effects of Solar UV-B Radiation (280–315 nm) on Higher Plants: Implications of stratospheric Ozone Reduction -- Epidemiology of Malignant Melanoma of the Skin in Norway with Special Reference to the Effect of Solar Radiation -- Estimating the Increase in Skin Cancer Caused by Increases in Ultraviolet Radiation -- Vision -- MSP Measurements of Rod and Cone Visual Pigments in a Retina (Scardinius Erythrophthalmus) that can be either Vitamin A1 — or Vitamin A2—Based -- The Ionochromic Behavior of Gecko Visual Pigments -- Membrane Adaptations of Visual Photoreceptors for the Analysis of Plane-Polarized Light -- Dynamic Aspects of the Molecular Architecture of Photoreceptor Membranes -- The Photochemistry of Rhodopsin Excited in the 280 nm (?) Band -- Degenerations of the Retina Induced by Light -- Mutagenic Effects of Radiation -- Mutagenic Repair Pathways in Yeast -- Pathways of UV Repair and Mutagenesis in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae -- Mitochondrial Mutagenesis by 2-6-Diaminopurine in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae: Effect of UV Light -- On the Molecular Mechanism of Mutagenesis by Carcinogenic Mutagens -- Chromosome Effects Induced by Low Levels of Mutagens -- Round Tables -- Units, Nomenclature and Dosimetry in Photobiology -- Protection from UV and Visible Radiations -- Topical Photoprotection of Normal Skin -- Photochemotherapy (PUVA) of Psoriasis -- Photobiology and Education -- Author Index.

Not Available ; Quality Protein Maize (QPM): Importance and production requirements Ramesh Kumar, DP Chaudhary, AK Das and Sujay Rakshit ICAR - Indian Institute of Maize Research, Ludhiana Introduction The present scenario of increasing population puts pressure on agriculture not only to increase production and productivity but also the grain quality. It is imperative that increasing production of food crops to ensure food and nutritional security of the nation has become a necessity rather a matter of choice. However, the challenge to meet the growing demand for food seems to be a daunting task due to rapid reduction in agricultural land, reduced availability of water resources and climate change. Moreover, ensuring the nutritional security or improving the nutritional status of the poorer section on sustainable manner is an added challenge. The present food production scenario indicates that much of the future food production is expected to come from coarse cereals, particularly maize because of its highest yield potential as compared to any other food crop. Maize has already credited as queen of cereal and further due to its high content of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and some of the important vitamins and minerals, it has also acquired a well - deserved reputation as 'poor man's nutri - cereal'(Kumar et al .,2012). Maize contributes 15% of the world's protein and 19% of the calories derived from food crops (Vasal SK, 2002). Millions of people in the world, and particularly in developing countries, derive a part of their protein and daily calorie requirements from maize (Mbuya et al.,2011). In recent years the diversified uses of maize as food, feed and as an industrial raw material is also increasing. In addition to this maize is part of the livestock - to - meat cycle across the world (Tanumihardjo et al., 2019). The food processing industries are coming up with new value - added products of corn like flakes, chips, biscuits, sooji etc. Increased demand from consumers has led to higher per capita consumption and demand for maize. Improved growth in Indian economy has increased per capita income thereby improving the purchasing power of its people. The consequence of all these events has led to change in the food habits with an increased non - vegetarian population of the country. The increased non - vegetarian populations had its own cascaded of events on food/feed and meat industries. The increased demand of meat has increased the demand of maize from poultry and piggery feed industries. In this particular context, quality protein maize (QPM) can play a crucial and very important special role in ensuring the food and nutritional security of the country. Nutritive Value of Quality Protein Maize The maize grain on an average contains around 15 % moisture, 8 - 12 % protein, 2 - 4 % fat, 3 % fibre, 67 - 72 % starch and around 1.5% minerals. Hence it is a good source of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and some of the important vitamins and minerals and, therefore, termed as nutri - cereal. Majority of the population depend on cereals for their livelihood and maize is the staple cereal food for several million people, especially in the developing countries across Sub - saharan Africa who derive their >30% of the total dietary protein and >20% of the daily calories requirements from maize as it supplies many macro and micronutrients necessary for human metabolic needs. The kernel protein is made up of five different fractions, viz., albumin 7 %, globulin 5 %, non - protein nitrogen 6 %, prolamine 52 % and glutelin 25% and the left - over 5 % is residual nitrogen. The quality of maize protein is poor due to the presence of large concentration of an alcohol soluble protein fraction, prolamine also known as zein in the endosperm. Zein is very low in lysine and tryptophan content and since this fraction contributes more than 50 percent of the total protein, the maize protein is, therefore, deficient in lysine and tryptophan content. On the other hand, zein fraction contains very high amount of leucine and imbalanced proportion of isoleucine. The ill - proportion of four essential amino acids in normal maize kernels results in poor protein quality of traditional maize kernels affecting its biological value i.e. the availability of protein to the body. Thus, the composition of maize protein has an in - built drawback of being deficient in two essential amino acids, viz., lysine and tryptophan. However, high - quality protein sources, such as eggs, meat, dairy products and legumes provide total or complementary sources of these amino acids, but many rural poor have limited access to these foods. Therefore, populations depending on maize as their staple food generally show the protein deficiency disorders like Marasmus and Kwashiorkar. In addition, maize lacks vitamin B and also due to high concentrations of phytate some minerals in the maize grain have low bioavailability. Therefore, a need was felt to improve the biological value of protein in maize varieties. In early 1960s the breeders at Purdue University obtained the natural mutants of maize which have soft and opaque grains. The biochemical and genetic analysis of mutant kernels revealed that they contain higher concentration of lysine and this nutritionally superior maize was named opaque - 2 maize, after discovering that "opaque - 2" single gene mutation is responsible for the improved protein quality (Mertz et al., 1964). It was mentioned that the original mutants obtained were soft and opaque, but they have some draw - backs like higher susceptibility to storage and ear rot. Therefore, to overcome this problem International Center for Maize and Wheat Improvement (CIMMYT) introduced endosperm modifier genes through continued recurrent selection breeding programme led by Dr. S. K. Vasal and team. As a result, hard endosperm o2 stocks were developed and were designated as quality protein maize (QPM) to distinguish it from soft o2 strains. Quality protein maize (QPM) was created by selecting genetic modifiers that convert the starchy endosperm of an opaque2 (o2) mutant to a hard, vitreous phenotype. However, not all of the hard endosperm o2 lines retained high levels of the critical amino acids. Later the genetic studies on QPM have shown that there are multiple, unlinked o2 modifiers (OPM), but their identity and mode of action are unknown. In QPM the concentration of zein is lowered by 30 percent, as a result the lysine and tryptophan content increases in comparison to maize. The lower contents of leucine in QPM further balance the ratios of leucine to isoleucine (Table1). The balanced proportion of all these essential amino acid in QPM enhances the biological value of protein (Table - 2). The true protein digestibility of maize vis - à - vis QPM is almost same, but the biological value of QPM is just double as compared to maize varieties (Fig1), rather it is highest among all cereals and pulses (Fig1). The reason behind it is that all cereals except QPM are deficient in lysine, an essential amino acid and all pulses are deficient in another essential amino acid methionine. Maize breeders have developed several QPM hybrids by incorporating opaque - 2 mutant gene modifiers in different parental lines. QPM looks and taste like normal maize, but it contains nearly twice the quality of lysine and tryptophan along with balanced amino acid profile. QPM as Food and Nutritional Security In India, tribal population constitutes approximately 10% of the total population and is found in most parts of the country especially in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, etc. Thus, a sizable tribal population exist which is economically deprived. Further, most of tribal population depends on maize as their basic diet. In these areas the scope for QPM to ensuring food and nutritional security is paramount. Substituting maize with QPM is a viable option for ensuring their nutritional requirements. Tribal peoples are acknowledged to have very close association with ecosystem and environment because of their dependence on nature directly for daily requirements. However, the problem of malnutrition arises due to inadequate intake of nutrients in the diet. The situations are almost same in some African countries. Several studies are conducted on human beings and animal and are continue to be conducted on positive health benefits of QPM consumption in their daily diet. Gunaratna et al., 2010 reported that consumption of QPM instead of maize leads to an increase in growth rate of height and weight by 12 and 9%, respectively in infants and young children coming from population with mild to moderate under nutrition where maize is the significant component of the diet. This happened due to the higher biological value of QPM as compared to the maize (Table 2). The results are encouraging and based on these results the Indian policy makers can think of providing QPM in the tribal belt or in the areas where there is a problem of malnutrition. Government of India can also think of introducing QPM in public distribution system and QPM based food in mid - day meal in schools and Aanganwadis. Government of India has already started Tribal - Sub Plan (TSP) and under this programme the Directorate of Maize Research has provided QPM hybrid seeds for cultivation in the areas where tribal population is more. Some on - farm trainings have also being organized in these areas for creating awareness to use QPM as staple food. QPM and Animal feed Maize is an integral part of the animal feed used in India and outside. There are several studies where maize has been replaced by QPM as an ingredient of animal feed and encouraging results have been observed in case of broilers, chickens and pigs. Feed trials have repeatedly shown that pigs fed with QPM grow twice as fast as those fed with commercial maize (Krivanek et al., 2007). Some nutritional studies with pigs and chicken diets have shown that performance is improved when QPM is substituted for maize without any additional protein supplement. In broiler diet, the substitution of QPM for maize at a rate of 60% substantially reduces the need for soybean meal and therefore the cost (Subsuban et al., 1990). Similarly, in an experiment with finisher pigs, less soybean meal was needed to maximize performance in diets based on QPM compared with diets having maize. Beef steers fed on high–lysine maize gained faster weight compared to those fed on normal maize. Thus, QPM can reduce the cost of animal feed by decreasing the expenditure incurred on more expensive high protein sources. Linear programming models allow feed companies to identify the cheapest way of providing the minimum dietary requirements for farm stock. Calculations for pig and poultry ration containing maize, QPM, sorghum, soybeans meal and synthetic lysine and tryptophan showed that the usage of QPM instead of maize resulted in saving of 2.8% on chickens feed and 3.4 % on pig feed (Lopez - Pereira, 1992). It is also evident that if QPM was to replace maize in broiler feed in Kenya, the 5% cost reduction would translate into a gain of US dollars 300,000 either as reduced costs for farmers or profit for feed manufactures. In India also it can happen if we use QPM as an ingredient in animal feed. It will help in reducing the cost of feed as well as in increase the growth of the animal either it is broiler, chicken, pig or cattle. The broilers and chickens fed with QPM matured in less time as compared to non QPM fed ones and the farmer benefitted by selling more number of animals in a short span of time. Additionally, QPM fed pigs experience rapid weight gain and are ready for market sooner or can provide an additional quality protein source for small farm families. Impact of QPM Babies and adults consuming QPM are healthier and at lower risk for malnutrition disorders such as marasmus and kwashiorkor. Data from Latin America and Africa showed the role of QPM in reversing the effects of malnutrition in those who are already affected. QPM offers 90% the nutritional value of skim milk, the standard for adequate nutrition value. At a time when UNICEF reports that 1,000,000 infants and small children are starving each month, the inclusion of QPM in daily rations improves health and saves lives. Additionally, QPM fed pigs experience rapid weight gain and are ready for market sooner or can provide an additional quality protein source for small farm families. The commercial success of QPM can be achieved as several QPM hybrids have been developed and tested across varying climatic and growing conditions. At present QPM varieties are grown on roughly 9 million acres (36,000 km²) worldwide. Meanwhile, QPM research and development have spread from Mexico to Latin America, Africa, Europe, and Asia. In Guizhou, the poorest province in China, where QPM hybrid yields are 10% higher than those of other hybrids, and the crop has enabled new pig production enterprises, bringing increased food security and disposable income. In total, the QPM germplasm is being grown worldwide and it is contributing over $1 billion annually to the economies of developing countries. Production requirements Isolation distance The foremost requirement for QPM cultivation is isolation distance of minimum 400 meters. There should not be any other maize crop (non - QPM) in surrounding of 400 meters. The opaque - 2 gene is expressed when it present in homozygous conditions, if any other maize crop is there in surrounding area and pollen of other maize will fall on QPM silk and it will create heterozygous conditions resulting opaque 2 gene will not express that is why it is strongly recommended that we will have to grow QPM crop in isolation or we can grow this in a specified area where only QPM is grown. Soil and climate QPM can be grown successfully in a wide range of soil from loamy sand to clay. But it performs well in high organic matter content soil with high water holding capacity and neutral in pH. Soil should have high drainage capacity as maize is more susceptible to water logging condition. QPM can be successfully grown in varied climatic conditions though out the country in an altitude from mean sea level to 3000 m height. Selection of cultivar A no. of QPM hybrids have been released in India for cultivation namely, HQPM1, HQPM 4, HQPM 5, HQPM 7, Shaktiman 1, Shaktiman 2, Shaktiman 3, Shaktiman 4, Shaktiman 5, Pusa HM 8, Pusa HM 9, Vivek QPM 9 and Pusa Vivek QPM 9 improved. The farmers can select anyone among these hybrids in consultation with local maize breeder/agriculture expert. Sowing time QPM can be grown in all the seasons viz. kharif, rabi and spring. Seed rate Seed rate varied according to seed size, season, sowing method. But on an average 20 kg/ha is optimum for higher yield. Seed treatment To protect the seed from seed and soil borne diseases and pest seed should be treated before sowing with fungicide Bavistin + Captan in 1:1 ratio @ 2 g/kg seed. Method of sowing Line sowing in furrows at 60 - 70 x 20 - 25 cm (row x plant) spacing to obtain the optimum plant population of 70000 to 80000 per ha with sowing depth of 4 - 5 cm is the best method. Nutrient management The requirement of nutrient and fertilizers are as follows: Nutrient Dose Form Requirement (Kg/ha) N 150 - 180 Urea 3255 - 3906 P2O5 70 - 80 SSP 438 - 500 K2O 70 - 80 MOP 116 - 133 Besides that ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha and FYM @ 10 t/ha is required for high productivity of QPM. FYM should be applied at 10 - 15 days before sowing. The whole amount of SSP, MOP, ZnSO4 and 10% of urea should apply as basal in furrows. The remaining urea should be applied in three split applications. 20% urea at 4 leaf stage, 40% at 8 leaf stage and remaining 30% at flowering stage. Fertilizers should be applied from both sides of rows. Three days before application of fertilizers light hoeing is needed for optimum use of nutrients by crops. Water management If irrigation facility is available then irrigation should be done in furrows up to 2/3rd height of the ridge at knee high stage, flowering and grain filling stage. Weed management Weed is a serious problem of maize in Tirap district of Arunachal Pradesh which may causes yield loss up to 35%. Therefore, timely weed management is essential for good yield. Pre - emergence herbicide atrazine @ 1.0 - 1.5 kg a.i./ha in 600 litre water is very effective for control of weed. Tembotrione @ 262 ml in 375 litre water is recommended for post - emergence application and it should be applied when the crop is 25 - 30 days old. Earthing up Earthing up is a very essential operation in QPM cultivation. Earthing up should be done when the crop is 35 - 40 days old. Insect Pest Management: Maize stem borer (Chilo partellus) The pest lays eggs on the lower surface of central whorl leaf and the larvae enter the plant from the central whorl and eventually results in dead heat formation Foliar application of Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.3 ml / litre water in 200 litre water per ha is quite effective The spray should be done at the appearance of symptoms on 2 - 3 weeks old crop. It can also be controlled by release of 8 trico cards (Trichogramma chilonis) per ha at 10 & 17days after germination. Pink stem borer (Sesamia inferens) This insect is more serious in peninsular India during rabi season. Foliar application of Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.3 ml / litre water in 200 litre water per ha is quite effective. The spray should be done at the appearance of symptoms on 2 - 3 weeks old crop. Shoot fly (Atherigona spp.) It is more serious during spring season in northern India. It lays eggs on emerging seedlings and maggets cuts the growing point resulting in dead heart formation. Seed treatment gaucho 600FS @ 6.0 ml/ kg seed is most effective. Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) It is new exotic pest in maize ecosystem. It feeds heavily on central whorl leaves and it is more serious on crop up to six weeks old. It lays eggs in clusters on upper and lower surface of the leaves. Young larvae cause papery windows on leaves while grown larvae feeds by making bigger irregular wholes, cut the leaf margins and may damage the central whorl leaves also. The infected plants are filled with its excreta. The seed treatment with Cyantraniliprole 19.8% + Thiamethoxam 19.8% FS @ 6 ml/kg of seed offers protection for 15 - 20 days of crop growth against Fall Armyworm is quite effective up to 3 leaves/ 20 days old crop. Release of egg parasitoids viz., Telenomus remus (4000/ ac) or Trichogramma pretiosum @ 50,000/acre at 7 and 14 days following first spray using neem formulation with the trap catch of one moth/day observed continuously. Note: Parasitoid release may be alternated with neem spray at weekly intervals, but not to be applied simultaneously. For management of early instar larvae with a damage level of 5 - 10%, whorl application of Bacillus thuringiensis v. kurstaki formulations 2% (400g/acre) applied @ 2g/l or Metarhizium anisopliae or Beauveria bassiana (1kg/acre) applied @ 5 g/liter is recommended. If infestation is more than 10%, spray with anyone of the recommended insecticides with label claim, viz., Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC (80 ml/acre) applied @ 0.4 ml/l or Thiamethoxam 12.6 % + Lambda cyhalothrin 9.5% ZC (50ml/acre) applied @ 0.25 ml/l or Spinetoram 11.7 % SC (100ml/acre) applied @ 0.5 ml/l is recommended. DISEASE MANAGEMENT Turcicum leaf blight: Spray Zineb/Meneb @ 2.5 - 4.0 g/l water 2 - 4 times at 8 - 10 days intervals as a control measure. Maydis leaf blight: It can be controlled by 2 - 4 times spraying of Dithane Z - 75 or Zineb @ 2.4 - 4.0 g/l water at 8 - 10 days intervals after first appearance of the symptoms of disease. Banded leaf and sheath blight: Seed treatment of peat - based formulation (Pseudomonas fluorescence) @ 16 g/kg of seed or soil application @ 7 g/l water as soil drenching or foliar spray of Sheethmar (Validamycin) @ 2.7 ml/l water is effective against this disease. Bird management In some places mature cobs are damaged by birds. In such situations matured cob can be protected from bird damage by tying cobs with leaf of the same plant. Harvesting Harvesting should be done at optimum moisture content (20%) in grain to avoid postharvest loses due to store grain pest and diseases. Harvesting immediately after shower should be avoided. The harvested cobs should be sun dried before shelling and should be shelled at 13 - 14% grain moisture. During storage the moisture content of grain should be 8 - 10 %. Table 1. Essential amino acid content of maize Amino acid Normal (mg per g N) QPM (mg per g N) Lysine Isoleucine Leucine Sulphur amino acid Aromatic amino acid Threonine Tryptophan Valine 177 206 827 188 505 213 35 292 256 193 507 188 502 199 78 298 Table 2. Protein quality of maize Quality measures Normal QPM True protein digestibility Biological value (%) Amount needed for equilibrium 8040 - 47547 92 80 230 References Gunarathna NS, De Groote H, Nestel P, Pixley KV and McCabe GP. (2010). A meta - Analysis of community level studies on quality protein maize. Food Policy. 35: 202 - 210. Krivanek AF, De Groote H, Guraratna NS, Diallo AO and Friesen D. (2007). Breeding and Disseminating quality protein maize (QPM) for Africa. African J. Biotech. 6 (4):312 - 324. Kumar RS, Kumar B, Kaul J, Chikkappa GK, Jat SL, Parihar CM and Kumar A. (2012). Maize research in India - historical prospective and future challenges. Maize Journal. 1(1):1 - 6. Lopez - Pereira MA.(1992). The economics of quality protein maize as an animal feed: Case Studies of Brazil and EI Salvador, CIMMYT, Mexico, DF. Mertz ET. (1970). Nutritive value of corn and its products. In: Inglett GE, editor. Corn: culture, Processing, products. Westport, Conn.: Avi Publishing. p 350–9. Subsuban CP, Olanday PO, Cambel IH. (1990). Advantages of quality protein maize (QPM) In broiler ration. Research and Development Journal (Philippines). 1(1): 5 - 17. Vasal, S.K. (2002). Quality protein maize development: An exciting experience. In Integrated Approaches to Higher Maize Productivity in the New Millennium, Proceedings of the Seventh Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Maize Conference, Nairobi, Kenya,5–11February2002;Friesen,D.,Palmer,A.F.E.,Eds.;CIMMYT(InternationalMaize and Wheat Improvement Center) and KARI (Kenya Agricultural Research Institute): Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 2–9. 3. Mbuya, K.; Nkongolo, K.K.; Kalonji - Mbuyi, A. (2011). Nutritional analysis of quality protein maize varieties selected for agronomic characteristics in a breeding program. Int. J. Plant Breed. Genet. Vol.(5): 317–327. Tanumihardjo, S., McCulley, I., Roh, R., Lopez - Ridaura,S., Palacious - Rojas,N. and Vellakumar, S.(2014). Introgression of low phytic acid locus (lpa2 - 2) into elite maize (Zea mays) inbred through marker Assisted backcross breeding. Aust. J Crop Sci., 8:1224 - 1231. ; Not Available

Background: Scuba-diving exposes the lungs to numerous constraints due to the improvement of the ambient pressure forcing modifications of the air flow in the bronchi. Several studies showed modifications of the pulmonary function tests (PFT) in experienced civilian professional scuba-divers. The objective of this study is to compare the evolution of PFTs in military divers after 16 years of practice with their initial results. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 103 military divers, divided in 2 groups : 59 in 1st category (CAT1), diving with air only and staying above a depth of 20m and 44 in 2nd category (CAT2), diving to a depth of 80m and using enhanced O2 concentrations in their gas mixtures or air recycling devices. Their medical monitoring required a PFT every 4 year. The PFT of the inclusion visit has been compared with the one obtained at the 4th follow-up consultation 16 years later. The studied parameters were FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, MEF 50 and MMEF. They were then compared with the values given by the Global lung initiative (GLI) equations. Results: This study shows that FEV1/FVC, MEF50 and MMEF decreased significatively in the overall population of the study and in CAT1 group after 16 years of diving practice. There is no evolution concerning FEV1 and FVC. There is also no evolution of the PFTs in CAT2 group during follow up. There is no difference with the theoretical values at the inclusion visit but after 16 years, FEV1, FVC and MMEF values are significantly higher in the overall population and the 2 groups, whereas there is no variation of the FEV1/FVC ratio. Conclusion: Military divers seem to have a conservation of their respiratory capacities with an age-related loss slower than the general population. The explanation may be the training of the respiratory muscles. Indeed CAT2 divers with more diving experience and deeper dives showed no evolution of their PFTs contrary to CAT1 divers. There seem to be no effect of oxygen toxicity on the lungs but no DLCO data were available. With these results, the utility of realizing systematic PFTs to military divers during follow up can be questioned. ; Introduction : la plongée sous-marine expose le poumon du plongeur à de nombreuses contraintes du fait de l'augmentation de la pression environnante, engendrant une modification de l'écoulement de l'air dans les bronches. Plusieurs études ont montré une perturbation de l'épreuve fonctionnelle respiratoire (EFR) avec le temps chez les plongeurs professionnels civils. L'objectif de cette étude est donc de comparer les EFR des plongeurs militaires à l'inclusion et après 16 années de pratique de la plongée.Matériels et méthodes : cette étude de cohorte rétrospective a inclus 103 plongeurs militaires, répartis en 2 groupes : 59 dans le groupe catégorie 1 (CAT1) pour les plongeurs à l'air n'excédant pas 20m de profondeur et 44 dans le groupe catégorie 2 (CAT2), plongeant jusqu'à 80m et utilisant des mélanges enrichis en oxygène ou un recycleur d'air. Ils effectuaient une EFR tous les 4 ans dans le cadre de leur suivi médical. L'EFR réalisé à l'inclusion a été comparé aux valeurs obtenues après 4 visites soit 16 ans plus tard. Les valeurs étudiées étaient le VEMS, la CVF, le coefficient de Tiffeneau, le DEM 50 et le DEM 25-75. Les valeurs ont ensuite été comparées aux résultats théoriques données par les équations de la Global Lung Initiative (GLI). Résultats : les résultats de cette étude montrent une diminution du coefficient de Tiffeneau et des débits distaux (DEM 50 et DEM25-75) significative dans la population totale de l'étude et dans le groupe CAT1 après 16 années de suivi. Il n'y a pas de modifications du VEMS et de la CVF. Il n'existe aucune modification significative des EFR dans le groupe CAT2 dans le même intervalle. Il n'existe pas de différence significative avec les équations de la GLI en début de suivi, mais après 16 années de suivi, les valeurs chez les plongeurs sont significativement plus élevées pour le VEMS, la CVF et le DEM25-75 dans la population globale et les groupes CAT1 et CAT2, le coefficient de Tiffeneau ne variant pas. Conclusion : Les plongeurs militaires semblent avoir une conservation de leur capacité respiratoire avec une perte de fonction liée à l'âge moins rapide que dans la population générale. Ceci est probablement lié à l'entrainement des muscles respiratoires, les plongeurs du groupe CAT2 plongeant plus souvent et à plus grande profondeur ayant une perte moins élevée que le groupe CAT1. Il n'y a pas d'effet toxique décelé des mélanges gazeux utilisés par le groupe CAT2, mais les données concernant la DLCO sont indisponibles. Devant ces résultats, se pose la question de l'intérêt de la réalisation d'EFR systématiques chez des plongeurs asymptomatiques.

Background: Scuba-diving exposes the lungs to numerous constraints due to the improvement of the ambient pressure forcing modifications of the air flow in the bronchi. Several studies showed modifications of the pulmonary function tests (PFT) in experienced civilian professional scuba-divers. The objective of this study is to compare the evolution of PFTs in military divers after 16 years of practice with their initial results. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 103 military divers, divided in 2 groups : 59 in 1st category (CAT1), diving with air only and staying above a depth of 20m and 44 in 2nd category (CAT2), diving to a depth of 80m and using enhanced O2 concentrations in their gas mixtures or air recycling devices. Their medical monitoring required a PFT every 4 year. The PFT of the inclusion visit has been compared with the one obtained at the 4th follow-up consultation 16 years later. The studied parameters were FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, MEF 50 and MMEF. They were then compared with the values given by the Global lung initiative (GLI) equations. Results: This study shows that FEV1/FVC, MEF50 and MMEF decreased significatively in the overall population of the study and in CAT1 group after 16 years of diving practice. There is no evolution concerning FEV1 and FVC. There is also no evolution of the PFTs in CAT2 group during follow up. There is no difference with the theoretical values at the inclusion visit but after 16 years, FEV1, FVC and MMEF values are significantly higher in the overall population and the 2 groups, whereas there is no variation of the FEV1/FVC ratio. Conclusion: Military divers seem to have a conservation of their respiratory capacities with an age-related loss slower than the general population. The explanation may be the training of the respiratory muscles. Indeed CAT2 divers with more diving experience and deeper dives showed no evolution of their PFTs contrary to CAT1 divers. There seem to be no effect of oxygen toxicity on the lungs but no DLCO data were available. With these results, the utility of realizing systematic PFTs to military divers during follow up can be questioned. ; Introduction : la plongée sous-marine expose le poumon du plongeur à de nombreuses contraintes du fait de l'augmentation de la pression environnante, engendrant une modification de l'écoulement de l'air dans les bronches. Plusieurs études ont montré une perturbation de l'épreuve fonctionnelle respiratoire (EFR) avec le temps chez les plongeurs professionnels civils. L'objectif de cette étude est donc de comparer les EFR des plongeurs militaires à l'inclusion et après 16 années de pratique de la plongée.Matériels et méthodes : cette étude de cohorte rétrospective a inclus 103 plongeurs militaires, répartis en 2 groupes : 59 dans le groupe catégorie 1 (CAT1) pour les plongeurs à l'air n'excédant pas 20m de profondeur et 44 dans le groupe catégorie 2 (CAT2), plongeant jusqu'à 80m et utilisant des mélanges enrichis en oxygène ou un recycleur d'air. Ils effectuaient une EFR tous les 4 ans dans le cadre de leur suivi médical. L'EFR réalisé à l'inclusion a été comparé aux valeurs obtenues après 4 visites soit 16 ans plus tard. Les valeurs étudiées étaient le VEMS, la CVF, le coefficient de Tiffeneau, le DEM 50 et le DEM 25-75. Les valeurs ont ensuite été comparées aux résultats théoriques données par les équations de la Global Lung Initiative (GLI). Résultats : les résultats de cette étude montrent une diminution du coefficient de Tiffeneau et des débits distaux (DEM 50 et DEM25-75) significative dans la population totale de l'étude et dans le groupe CAT1 après 16 années de suivi. Il n'y a pas de modifications du VEMS et de la CVF. Il n'existe aucune modification significative des EFR dans le groupe CAT2 dans le même intervalle. Il n'existe pas de différence significative avec les équations de la GLI en début de suivi, mais après 16 années de suivi, les valeurs chez les plongeurs sont significativement plus élevées pour le VEMS, la CVF et le DEM25-75 dans la population globale et les groupes CAT1 et CAT2, le coefficient de Tiffeneau ne variant pas. Conclusion : Les plongeurs militaires semblent avoir une conservation de leur capacité respiratoire avec une perte de fonction liée à l'âge moins rapide que dans la population générale. Ceci est probablement lié à l'entrainement des muscles respiratoires, les plongeurs du groupe CAT2 plongeant plus souvent et à plus grande profondeur ayant une perte moins élevée que le groupe CAT1. Il n'y a pas d'effet toxique décelé des mélanges gazeux utilisés par le groupe CAT2, mais les données concernant la DLCO sont indisponibles. Devant ces résultats, se pose la question de l'intérêt de la réalisation d'EFR systématiques chez des plongeurs asymptomatiques.

Beurteilung von Parteien und Politikern. Einstellung zu politischen
Fragen.

Themen: Politisches Interesse (Politikinteresse); Politisches
Interesse (Bund, Land, Europa); Demokratiezufriedenheit (Land,
Deutschland, Europa); Wahlbeteiligungsabsicht, BTW 2013; Beabsichtigte
Stimmabgabe, BTW 2013; Hypothetische Stimmabgabe, BTW 2013; Stimmabgabe
Briefwähler; Skalometer Politiker (Angela Merkel, Peer Steinbrück,
Rainer Brüderele, Jürgen Trittin, Gregor Gysi); Leistung
Bundesregierung; Leistung Regierungsparteien (CDU, CSU, FDP); Leistung
Oppositionsparteien (SPD, DIE LINKE, GRÜNE); Skalometer Parteien (CDU,
CSU, SPD, FDP, DIE LINKE, GRÜNE, PIRATEN, AfD); Eigene wirtschaftliche
Lage, (aktuell, retrospektiv, prospektiv); Verantwortlichkeit für
eigene wirtschaftliche Lage, (Bundesregierung Landesregierung,
Europäische Union); Allgemeine wirtschaftliche Lage (aktuell,
retrospektiv, prospektiv); Allgemeine wirtschaftliche Lage,
Verantwortlichkeit (Bundesregierung, Landesregierung, Europäische
Union); Wirtschaft, Vergleich; (Zweit-)Wichtigstes Problem und
Lösungskompetenz; Klimawandel, Parteien (CDU, CSU, SPD, FDP, DIE LINKE,
GRÜNE, PIRATEN, AfD); Klimawandel, Ego; Klimawandel, Salienz; Recall,
Wahlberechtigung BTW 2009; Recall, Wahlteilnahme, BTW 2009; Recall,
Wahlentscheidung, BTW 2009; Recall, hypothetische Wahlentscheidung, BTW
2009 ; Interesse am Wahlkampf (LTW); Wichtigste Informationsquelle;
Printmediennutzung (Bild-Zeitung, Frankfurter Rundschau, Frankfurter
Allgemeine Zeitung, Süddeutsche Zeitung, die tageszeitung(taz), Die
Welt, Lokal- oder Regionalzeitung, Online-Zeitung); Printmedien,
Nutzung, Wochenzeitschriften - auch Online-Ausgabe (Spiegel, Focus,
Stern, Die Zeit); TV-Nachrichten-Nutzung (Tagesschau oder Tagesthemen,
Heute oder Heute Journal, RTL Aktuell, Sa.1 Nachrichten, Pro7
Newstime); TV-Nachrichten-Nutzung (ARD, ZDF, RTL, Sat.1 Pro7);
Internetnutzung, allgemein; Internetnutzung, politische Information;
Internetnutzung (Onlinezeitungen (sueddeutsche.de, ...),
Onlinezeitschriften (spiegel.de, stern.de, ...), Fernsehsender (ard.de,
zdf.de, rtl.de,...), Radiosender (swr3.de, wdr3.de, ...),
E-Mail-Anbieter (1&1, o2, google.de,...), soziale Netzwerke
(facebook.de, twitter.de, ...), Parteien (spd.de, cdu.de, ...) );
Wahlbeteiligung, Nachbarschaft; Call for Question; Medieneinfluss
Bevölkerung; Call for Question; Medieneinfluss ego; Wahlberechtigung,
LTW; Wahlbeteiligungsabsicht, LTW; Beabsichtigte Stimmabgabe, LTW;
Briefwahl, LTW; Hypothetische Wahlbeteiligung (nicht wahlberechtigt),
LTW; Hypotetische Stimmabgabe (nicht wahlberechtigt), LTW; Sicherheit
der Wahlabsicht, LTW; Wichtigkeit der Wahlebene, LTW (Landespolitik,
Bundespolitik, Europapolitik); Ausgang der Wahl, LTW; Skalometer
Parteien, LTW (CDU, SPD, FDP, DIE LINKE, GRÜNE, PIRATEN, AfD);
Skalometer Politiker, LTW (Volker Bouffier, Thorsten Schäfer-Gümbel,
Jörg-Uwe Hahn, Tarek Al-Wazir, Janine Wissler); Eigenschaften
Kandidaten, LTW (durchsetzungsfähig / führungsstark, vertrauenswürdig,
als Mensch symphatisch, vernünftige Vorschellungen um die Wirtschaft
anzukurbeln, repräsentiert Werte / politische Vorstellungen seiner
Partei, durchsetzungsfähig); Präferenz Ministerpräsident, LTW;
Wichtigstes Problem und Lösungskompetenz, LTW; Leistung Regierung, LTW;
Leistung Regierungsparteien, LTW (CDU,FDP); Leistung Oppositionspartei,
LTW (SPD, DIE LINKE, GRÜNE); Skalometer Koalition, LTW (CDU und SPD
(Große Koalition), SPD und GRÜNE (Rot-Grüne Koalition), CDU und FDP
(Schwarz-Gelbe Koalition), SPD, DIE LINKE und GRÜNE (Rot-Rot-Grüne
Koalition),CDU und GRÜNE (Schwarz-Grüne Koalition), SPD, FDP und GRÜNE
(Ampel-Koalition), CDU, FDP und GRÜNE (Jamaika-Koalition)); Erwartete
Koalition, LTW (CDU und SPD (Große Koalition), SPD und GRÜNE (Rot-Grüne
Koalition), CDU und FDP (Schwarz-Gelbe Koalition), SPD, DIE LINKE und
GRÜNE (Rot-Rot-Grüne Koalition),CDU und GRÜNE (Schwarz-Grüne
Koalition), SPD, FDP und GRÜNE (Ampel-Koalition), CDU, FDP und GRÜNE
(Jamaika-Koalition)); Call for Question; strategisches Wählen;
Einzugswahrscheinlichkeit Kleine Parteien (FDP, DIE LINKE, PIRATEN,
AfD); Allgemeine wirtschaftliche Lage , LTW, (aktuell, retrospektiv,
prospektiv); Verantwortlichkeit für allgemeine wirtschaftliche Lage ,
LTW (Landesregierung, Bundesregierung, Europäische Union); Vergleich
der Wirtschaften, LTW; Wichtigste Informationsquelle, LTW;
Parteikontakte, LTW (Wahlveranstaltungen, E-Mails,
Informationsmaterial, Wahlanzeigen, Plakate, Wahlkampfstand,
Werbesendung Fernsehen, hausbesuche, Telefon, Internet); Wahlkampf:
hilfreich; TV-Duell, LTW (Rezeption, Aufmerksamkeit, Wahrgenommener
Ausgang, Rezeption des Medienurteils, Wahrgenommenes Medienurteil,
Rezeption im sozialen Umfeld, Urteil des sozialen Umfeldes, Hilfe bei
Wahlentscheidung); Recall, Wahlberechtigung, LTW; Recall,
Wahlteilnahme, LTW; Recall, LTW; Gespräche über Politik; Gespräche über
Politik, LTW; Netzwerkgröße; Gesprächspartner, LTW (Beziehung,
intensität, Verständnis von Politik, Meinungsverschiedenheit,
Wahleintscheidung); Wahlbeteiligung, Nachbarschaft, LTW; Wissen um
Standpunkte der Parteien (CDU); Eigene Standpunkte (Schulsystem Hessen
sollte nicht verändert werden, Hessen sollte sich für gesetzlichen
Mindestlohn einsetzen, Länderfinanzausgleich sollte abgeschafft
werden); Unterschied Regierung (LTW); Links-Rechts-Einstufung Parteien
(CDU, CSU, SPD, FDP, DIE LINKE, GRÜNE, PIRATEN, AfD);
Links-Rechts-Selbsteinstufung; Unterschied Parteien (LTW);
Positionsissue: Sozioökonomische Dimension der Parteien (CDU);
Sozioökonomische Dimension, Parteien (CDU, CSU, SPD, FDP, DIE LINKE,
GRÜNE, PIRATEN, AfD); Sozioökonomische Dimension (Ego);
Sozioökonomische Dimension (Salienz); Libertär-autoritäre Dimension der
Parteien (CDU, CSU, SPD, FDP, DIE LINKE, GRÜNE, PIRATEN, AfD);
Libertär-autoritäre Dimension, Ego; Libertär-autoritäre Dimension,
Salienz; Fragebatterie zur Verbundenheit Verbundenheit (Gemeinde,
Region, Bundesland, Westdeutschland, Ostdeutschland,
Deutschland,Europäische Union, Europa insgesamt); Issuebatterie
(Einwanderer sollen sich Integrieren, Frauenqote in Aufsichtsräten,
Staat soll sich aus Wirtschaft heraushalten, Regierung soll
Einkommensunterscheide verringern, BRD soll arme EU-Mitgliedsstaaten
finanziell unterstützen, Volkeentscheide auf Bundesebene,
Energieversorgung durch Atomkraft, Gleichgeschlechtliche Ehen
gesetzlich gleichstellen, Besserverdiener sollen mehr Steuern Zahlen,
Arbeitslose sollen gemeinnützige Arbeit verrichten, stärkere
Orientierung an Gott); Parteiidentifikation (Dauer, Stärke);
Organisationsmitgliedschaft (Gewerkschaft, Unternehmerverband,
Arbeitgeberverband, Berufsvereinigung, Berufsverband, Bauernverband,
Landwirtschaftsverband, religiöse/kirchliche Gruppe, Sportverein,
Hobbyverein, Partei, Globalisierungskritische Gruppe (z.B. ATTAC),
Frauenorganisation, Partei); Lebenszufriedenheit; Angst vor
Stellenverlust; Häufigkeit Gottesdienst; Subjektive
Schichtzugehörigkeit

zusätzlich vercodet wurde: Studiennummer; GESIS Archiv Version;
Erhebungsjahr; Erhebungszeitraum; GLES-Komponente; Laufende Nummer;
Genutzter Browser; Nutzung Smartphone; Teilnahmestatus; Unterbrechung
der Befragung; Zuletzt gestellte Frage; Inteviewdauer;
Zeitunterschreiter-Index; Anzahl gestellter Fragen; Anzahl Fragen ohne
Antwort; Größte Antwortdauer einer Frage; Durchschnittliche
Antwortdauer je Frage; Gewichte; Wahlkreis (Electoral District);
BIK-Regionsgrößenklassen

Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; Schulabschluss; Bundesland;
Familienstand; Haushaltsgröße; Haushaltsmitglieder, Alter; Berufliche
Bildung ; (frühere) Erwerbstätigkeit; (früherer)Beschäftigungssektor;
(früherer) Beruf; Religionszugehörigkeit; Deutsche Staatsbürgerschaft
(Dauer); Geburtsland (eigenes, der Mutter, des Vaters); Nettoeinkommen
HH (Haushaltsnettoeinkommen)

Beurteilung von Parteien und Politikern. Einstellung zu politischen
Fragen.

Themen: politisches Interesse (Politikinteresse); Politisches
Interesse (Allgemein, Land, Europa); Demokratiezufriedenheit (Land,
Deutschland, Europa); Wahlbeteiligungsabsicht, BTW 2013; Beabsichtigte
Stimmabgabe, BTW 2013; Hypothetische Stimmabgabe; Stimmabgabe
Briefwähler; Skalometer Politiker (Angela Merkel, Peer Steinbrück,
Rainer Brüderle, Jürgen Trittin, Gregor Gysi); Leistung
Bundesregierung; Leistung Regierungsparteien (CDU, CSU, FDP); Leistung
Oppositionsparteien (SPD, DIE LINKE, GRÜNE); Skalometer Parteien (CDU,
CSU, SPD, FDP, DIE LINKE, GRÜNE, PIRATEN, AfD); Eigene wirtschaftliche
Lage, (aktuell, retrospektiv, psospektiv); Eigene wirtschaftliche Lage,
Verantwortlichkeit (Bundesregierung, Landesregierung, Europäische
Union); Allgemeine wirtschaftliche Lage (aktuell, retrospektiv,
prospektiv); Allgemeine wirtschaftliche Lage, Verantwortlichkeit
(Bundesregierung, Landesregierung, Europäische Union); Wirtschaft,
Vergleich; (Zweit)Wichtigstes Problem und Lösungskompetenz;
Positionsissue: Klimawandel, Parteien (CDU, CSU, SPD, FDP, DIE LINKE,
GRÜNE, PIRATEN, AfD); Positionsissue: Klimawandel, Ego; Positionsissue:
Klimawandel, Salienz; Recall, (hyp.) Wahlberechtigung BTW 2009; Recall,
(hyp.) Wahlteilnahme, BTW 2009; Recall, (hyp.) Wahlentscheidung, BTW
2009 ; Interesse am Wahlkampf (LTW); Wichtigste Informationsquelle;
Printmedien, Nutzung (Bild-Zeitung, Süddeutsche Zeitung, die
Tageszeigung, Die Welt, Frankfurter Rundschau, Frankfurter Allgemeine
Zeitung, andere Tageszeitung, Online-Zeitung); Printmedien, Nutzung,
Wochenzeitschriften (Spiegel, Focus, Stern, Die Zeit - auch
Onlineausgabe); TV-Nachrichten, Nutzung (Tagesschau oder Tagesthemen,
Heute oder Heute Journal, RTL Aktuell, Sat.1 Nachrichten, Pro7
Newstime, ARD, ZDF, RTL, Sat.1 Pro7); Internetnutzung, allgemein;
Internetnutzung, politische Information; Internetnutzung, Seiten
(Onlinezeitungen (sueddeutsche.de, ...)); Internetnutzung, Seiten
(Onlinezeitschriften (spiegel.de, stern.de, ...)); Internetnutzung,
Seiten (Fernsehsender (ard.de, zdf.de, rtl.de, ...)); Internetnutzung,
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8 páginas, 6 figuras, 3 tablas, 1 esquema -- PAGS nros. 24840-24847 ; Aryl-alcohol oxidase (AAO) is a FAD-containing enzyme in the GMC (glucose-methanol-choline oxidase) family of oxidoreductases. AAO participates in fungal degradation of lignin, a process of high ecological and biotechnological relevance, by providing the hydrogen peroxide required by ligninolytic peroxidases. In the Pleurotus species, this peroxide is generated in the redox cycling of p-anisaldehyde, an extracellular fungal metabolite. In addition to p-anisyl alcohol, the enzyme also oxidizes other polyunsaturated primary alcohols. Its reaction mechanism was investigated here using p-anisyl alcohol and 2,4-hexadien-1-ol as two AAO model substrates. Steady state kinetic parameters and enzyme-monitored turnover were consistent with a sequential mechanism in which O2 reacts with reduced AAO before release of the aldehyde product. Pre-steady state analysis revealed that the AAO reductive half-reaction is essentially irreversible and rate limiting during catalysis. Substrate and solvent kinetic isotope effects under steady and pre-steady state conditions (the latter showing ∼9-fold slower enzyme reduction when α-bideuterated substrates were used, and ∼13-fold slower reduction when both substrate and solvent effects were simultaneously evaluated) revealed a synchronous mechanism in which hydride transfer from substrate α-carbon to FAD and proton abstraction from hydroxyl occur simultaneously. This significantly differs from the general mechanism proposed for other members of the GMC oxidoreductase family that implies hydride transfer from a previously stabilized substrate alkoxide. ; Wood and other lignocellulosic materials are the main source of renewable materials in earth. White-rot basidiomycetes are essential contributors to carbon cycling in forest and other land ecosystems because of their ability to degrade lignocellulose to carbon dioxide and water. This ability confers to these fungi and their ligninolytic enzymes high interest in industrial processes, such as bioethanol production and paper pulp manufacturing, where the removal of lignin is a previous and essential step to use the cellulose present in plant biomass as a source for renewable fuels, chemicals, and materials (1). Aryl-alcohol oxidase (AAO)5 is an extracellular FAD-containing enzyme (2) that, in collaboration with myceliar aryl-alcohol dehydrogenases, participates in lignin degradation by some white-rot fungi, such as Pleurotus (and Bjerkandera) species, by generating hydrogen peroxide in the redox cycling of aromatic fungal metabolites, such as p-anisaldehyde (3, 4). Fungal high redox-potential peroxidases catalyze the oxidative degradation of lignin by this extracellular peroxide (5). ; AAO was cloned for the first time in Pleurotus eryngii (6), a fungus of biotechnological interest because of its ability to degrade lignin selectively (7). The AAO amino acid sequence revealed moderate homology with glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger (8), a flavoenzyme in the glucose-methanol-choline oxidases (GMC) oxidoreductase family. The reported molecular model of AAO (9), based on the glucose oxidase crystal structure (10), showed common features with the overall structural topology of bacterial choline oxidase and almond hydroxynitrile lyase (a lyase with oxidoreductase structure), as well as with other members of the GMC family; such as the extracellular flavoenzymes pyranose-2-oxidase and cellobiose dehydrogenase from white-rot basidiomycetes, and bacterial cholesterol oxidase (11–15). In particular, P. eryngii AAO conserves two histidine residues, His-502 and His-546 (supplemental Fig. S1), involved in catalysis in different members of this family (the second residue is an asparagine in some of them) (9). Non-glycosylated P. eryngii AAO expressed in Escherichia coli (16) is used for further characterization studies. The enzyme catalyzes the oxidative dehydrogenation of unsaturated alcohols with a primary hydroxyl at Cα, exhibiting broad substrate specificity. In addition to benzyl alcohols, its active site also binds and oxidizes aliphatic polyunsaturated primary alcohols (such as 2,4-hexadien-1-ol), naphthyl, and cinnamyl alcohols, and shows low activity on some aromatic aldehydes (17). Methanol and other saturated alcohols are not AAO substrates, and the monounsaturated allyl alcohol is very slowly oxidized (2). ; It is suggested that the AAO catalytic mechanism proceeds via electrophilic attack and direct transfer of a hydride to the flavin (17). A recent mutational study confirmed the strict requirement for catalysis of His-502 and His-546 located near the isoalloxazine ring of FAD (supplemental Fig. S1), as well as the involvement of two aromatic residues (18). Here we present the first study on the reaction mechanism of AAO in which substrate and solvent kinetic isotope effect (KIE), in combination with bisubstrate steady state and pre-steady state kinetic approaches, have been used to investigate the mechanism of polyunsaturated primary alcohol oxidation by AAO. Its natural substrate, p-anisyl alcohol, as well as a structurally different (non-aromatic) AAO substrate, 2,4-hexadien-1-ol, were chosen as two models for the different AAO alcohol substrates ; This work was supported by the Spanish Projects BIO2005-03569, BIO2007-65890-C02-01, and BIO2008-01533, and the BIORENEW Project of the European Union (Contract NMP2-CT-2006-026456) ; Peer reviewed

International audience ; Geological storage of CO2 in deep saline aquifers is one of the options considered for the mitigation of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. A deep geological CO2 storage is not expected to leak but potential leakage monitoring is required by legislation, as e.g. the EU Directive relative to Geological Storage of CO2. To ensure that the storage will be permanent and safe for the environment and human health, the legislation require that the CCS operators monitor the injection, the storage complex and if needed the environment to detect any CO2 leakage and its hazardous effects on the environment. Various monitoring methods are available for the monitoring of CO2 storage sites and the environment as listed by the IEA-GHG and the monitoring selection tool. Geophysical based methods have a greater area of investigation but may suffer from insufficient sensitivities to detect small leakages. At the opposite, geochemical monitoring methods may have insufficient investigation area but may be able to detect more subtle changes even if monitoring in deep environments is not straightforward. Leakage detection is not yet well constrained and research efforts and tests are required to gain confidence into monitoring strategies. In the framework of the CIPRES project, funded by the French Research Agency, a shallow CO2 release experiment has been performed in October 2013 in a chalk aquifer from the Paris basin. The Catenoy site has been characterised since March 2013 through several wells set on a straight line oriented along the local flow (see Gombert et al., this conference). Such an experiment is designed to gain confidence in leakage detection in subsurface environments by understanding processes and principles governing seepage occurrence. Contrary to other experiments such as ZERT or CO2FieldLab ones, where gaseous CO2 was injected directly in the water, the injection was done with water saturated with CO2 at atmospheric pressure. 10 m3 of water were pumped from the aquifer, then saturated with 20 kg of food-grade CO2 and injected during 40 hours between 12 and 25 m depth. Daily monitoring of soil gases and water was performed during injection and post-injection phases (2 weeks duration) in the area previously delimited by a tracer test. The aim is to determine if geochemical methods are accurate enough to allow detecting small release in shallow environments. If successful, such an experiment can help to gain confidence in leakage detection. As expected, no change was noticed in the unsaturated zone. The shape of gas concentrations distribution at the surface (CO2, O2, N2, 4He, 222Rn) observed during the injection is strictly similar to the repartition of gas species observed since March 2013. The main process observed is respiration and no change linked to the injection was highlighted, only seasonal effects. Slight changes were observed in the saturated zone. The water was collected at 15 m deep excepted for one stratified borehole where water was sampled at 15 and 18 m. The pH of the injected water was lower (mean value: 5.3±0.1) than the initial pH of the aquifer (7.1-7.2) due to CO2 dissolution. Only two monitoring boreholes set 10 m and 20 m downstream from the injection well may be considered as influenced by the experiment. A probable enrichment in HCO3 linked to interaction of the CO2 saturated water with chalk was noticed, with an enrichment close to +8 to +10% of the initial value. For one borehole the pH value remained nearly stable in relation with pH buffering and in the other borehole a slight decrease was observed (-0.1 to -0.15 pH unit). However this decrease is significant as it is above the instrumental uncertainty of the electrodes. In addition, a slight increase of the electrical conductivity was noticed but it did not exceed +6% compared to baseline data. Such slight changes in the physico-chemical parameters are related to small variations in dissolved elements. Apart from HCO3, the other major ion affected by CO2-water rock-interaction is Ca as the aquifer is mainly composed by calcite. Concentrations increases by +8 to +9% whose amplitude is in agreement with the increase of HCO3. Trace elements were also little affected, the main change concerned Sr (+8 to +10% increase). Modifications occurring during this CO2 release experiment have small amplitude as expected but these results highlight that geochemical methods are able to detect small leakages. Consequently, effects were noticed only during a short period of time. It is not possible to determine if all the injected CO2 has migrated downwards in the direction of flow or if partial lateral migration has occurred, but post-injection monitoring and boreholes logging 12 days after the stop of injection did not reveal any discrepancy in the water columns. On the other hand, the magnitude of the pH change is consistent with the behaviour of the co-injected tracer (dilution ratio ~30). In the perspective of getting more information on the remobilisation of trace metal elements, a push-pull test will be performed in 2014 on the basis of the learning of this first experiment.