Suchergebnisse

Ist die Stadtbaugeschichte Berlins bereits in vielen Facetten untersucht worden, so standen die Randbezirke, insbesondere im ehemaligen Ostteil der Stadt, bisher nicht im Fokus bauhistorischer Analysen. Diese Arbeit lenkt den Blick erstmals auf zwei dieser Randbezirke, die 1920 gegründeten nordöstlichen Verwaltungsbezirke Weißensee und Pankow, die mit ihrer heterogenen Bebauung aus urbanen Stadträumen, kleinstädtischen Siedlungsgebieten und dörflichen Gemeinden noch heute in besonderer Weise die verschiedenen Suburbanisierungsphasen seit dem letzten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts an der Peripherie der stetig wachsenden Metropole Berlin erkennen lassen. Eingebettet in internationale städtebaulich-architektonische Diskurse des späten 19. und des 20. Jahrhunderts einerseits, wie auch in die politische, wirtschaftliche, soziale und bauplanerische Entwicklung der Gesamtstadt Berlin andererseits werden die urbanen Besonderheiten der Bezirke Weißensee und Pankow zwischen 1870 und 1970 erstmals zusammenhängend dargestellt. Dabei wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwiefern sich die Suburbanisierung im Spannungsfeld zwischen planmäßiger Stadterweiterung auf der einen und unkoordinierter, sogenannter wilder Siedlungstätigkeit auf der anderen Seite vollzog, vor dem Hintergrund einer hier seit den 1870er Jahren intensiv betriebenen Rieselwirtschaft, die eine großflächige Erschließung und Bebauung des Berliner Nordostraumes lange Zeit verhinderte. Erst mit der schrittweisen Aufhebung der Rieselfelder setzte ab den 1970er Jahren eine zweite Phase der Stadterweiterung im Nordosten Berlins ein, die, bis in die Gegenwart hineinreichend, ausblickend skizziert wird. Drei Aspekte stehen im Fokus der bauhistorischen Untersuchung zwischen 1870 und 1970. Zunächst werden bedeutende realisierte wie auch unrealisiert gebliebene Architekturbeispiele der Bezirke Weißensee und Pankow dokumentiert. Den Schwerpunkt bildet der Wohnungsbau, dessen Entwicklung nachvollzogen wird von der Entstehung erster Villenkolonien und Mietshausviertel Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts, über den sozialen Wohnungsbau der 1920er Jahre, die Bauplanungen im Zuge der Umgestaltung Berlins zur 'Welthauptstadt Germania' unter den Nationalsozialisten in den 1930er Jahren bis hin zum frühen industriellen Bauen der 1950er und 1960er Jahre im Rahmen des unter sozialistischen Vorzeichen stehenden Wiederaufbaus Ost-Berlins zur Hauptstadt der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik. Daneben werden auch im Untersuchungsgebiet entstandene Verwaltungseinrichtungen, Schulen, Sozial- und Gesundheitsbauten, Sport- und Unterhaltungsstätten sowie die Grundzüge der Grünplanung in einem Überblick zusammengetragen. Zweitens wirft die Untersuchung einen näheren Blick auf die Akteure, welche die Stadterweiterungen im Nordosten Berlins maßgeblich initiiert und durchgeführt haben. Die Strukturen und Kompetenzen der sich zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts in beiden Bezirken konstituierenden kommunalen Bauverwaltungen, die Bedeutung der lokalen Terraingesellschaften und Wohnungsbauunternehmen – wie die 1919 gegründete Pankower Heimstätten-Gesellschaft mbH – sowie biografische Hintergründe wichtiger hier tätiger, jedoch heute kaum mehr bekannter Architekten und Baubeamter – wie Gemeidebaurat Carl Fenten, Magistratsbaurat Reinhold Mittmann oder die Stadtbezirksarchitektin Ludmilla Herzenstein – werden herausgearbeitet. Drittens wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwiefern im polyzentralen Gefüge Berlins sich auch im Nordosten der Stadt städtebaulich-gesellschaftliche Zentren herausgebildet haben oder diese geplant wurden. Der Bogen spannt sich vom reformorientierten 'Kommunalen Forum' in Weißensee, das zu Beginn den 20. Jahrhunderts vor allem besserverdienende Bürger in die finanzschwache Berliner Vorortgemeinde locken sollte, bis hin zum bezirksüberspannenden und auf gleiche Versorgung aller Bevölkerungsschichten abzielenden, hierarchischen Konzept aus Stadtbezirks-, Wohnbezirks- und Wohnkomplexzentren der 1950er und 1960er Jahre, welches aufgrund mangelnder Ressourcen in der Bauwirtschaft der DDR über das Planungsstadium jedoch kaum hinauskam. Auf besondere bauliche Werte am nordöstlichen Berliner Stadtrand aufmerksam zu machen, dabei Kontinuitäten und Brüche der Baugeschichte der Bezirke Weißensee und Pankow über einen Zeitraum von 100 Jahren hinweg nachzuvollziehen, aber auch denkmalpflegerische Herausforderungen und strukturelle Probleme des Nordostraumes in Hinblick auf die in jüngster Zeit wieder stark wachsende Gesamtstadt Berlin aufzuzeigen ist das Anliegen dieser Arbeit. ; The urban history of Berlin has been subject of many investigations, but the peripheral districts, especially in the former East Berlin, have hitherto been neglected. For the first time, this thesis is drawing attention to two of these districts, Weißensee and Pankow. Both founded in 1920, they exhibit today a heterogeneous structure of urban, small-town and rural areas which is still reflecting the different suburbanisation phases of the constantly growing metropolis Berlin since the end of the 19th century. This work systematically reviews the urban development of Weißensee and Pankow between 1870 and 1970 with regard to Berlins political, economical, social and architectural evolution in the context of international urban and architectural discourses of the late 19th and the 20th century. The addressed question is how the suburbanisation took place under the conflicting influence of planned urban expansion, uncoordinated, so-called "wild" settlement and the widespread establishment of sewage farms which have been preventing large-scale urban development in the northeast of Berlin until the 1970s when their gradual abandonment triggered a still ongoing second phase of urban expansion. The architectural analysis deals with the following three aspects. Firstly, important realised and unrealised architectural examples of Weißensee and Pankow are documented. The main emphasis is placed on the development of residential constructions from the late 19th century' villa colonies and tenement areas, to the 1920s' social housing, the 1930s' national socialistic plannings to transform Berlin into the 'Welthauptstadt Germania', and the 1950s' and 1960s' early industrial housing constructions within the scope of the socialist reconstruction of East Berlin to the capital of the German Democratic Republic. In addition, notable administration buildings, schools, social and healthcare buildings, sports and entertainment facilities als well as the main features of urban green planning were collated. Secondly, light is shed on the structure and competences of significant protagonists who initiated and realized the urban expansion in the northeast of Berlin. This includes the municipal building authorities which have been constituted at the beginning of the 20th century and the local housing associations such as the 'Pankower Heimstätten-Gesellschaft mbH' founded in 1919. Also given is the biographical background of important, but nowadays little known architects and officials such as the government building officers Carl Fenten, Reinhold Mittmann and Ludmilla Herzenstein. Thirdly, this work examines to what extent urban social centres have been planned or realized and in doing so contributed to the polycentral structure of the city. Prominent examples for these centres are the reform-oriented 'Kommunale Forum' in Weißensee, which was created in the beginning of the 20th century to attract citizens with higher income to settle in the financially weak suburb of Berlin, as well as the hierarchical concept of 'Stadtbezirks-, Wohnbezirks- und Wohnkomplexzentren' in the 1950s an 1960s, which was designed to guarantee equal and adequate infrastructural supply for all citizens, but could not be realized due to a lack of resources in the GDR. In summary, the main objective of this thesis is to call attention to the architectural qualities of the northeastern outskirts of Berlin, to trace continuities and breaks in the building history of the city districts Weißensee and Pankow, to point out challenges concerning monument preservation and to discuss structural problems in the northeast with regard to Berlin's recent growth.

Im Jahre 2020 werden nach Hochrechnungen drei Viertel der Weltbevölkerung in den Großstädten der Entwicklungsländer Asiens, Afrikas und Latein Amerikas leben. Die Armen in den Städten wohnen meistens im Stadtzentrum. Sie besetzen die öffentlichen Plätze, für die es keine besondere Nutzung gibt, sowie Plätze entlang der Bahnlinie, unter den Brücken, auf dem Friedhof und entlang des Flusses. Wie in anderen Entwicklungsländern gibt es mehrere Städte in Indonesien, durch die kleinere oder größere Flüsse fließen. Wenn arme Leute, die keine Familie haben, in der Stadt einwandern, besetzen sie die öffentlichen Räume entlang des Flusses, um ihre informellen Häuser zu bauen. Sie ziehen zum Wohnen diese Gebiete vor, weil sie nicht zu weit vom Stadtzentrum entfernt sind, in dem sie normalerweise arbeiten. Der andere Grund ist, dass diese Leute entlang des Flusses kostenlos leben können. Die Flussufergebiete können gut, gemäßigt, gefährlich, ja vielleicht sehr gefährlich sein. Die armen Leute überlegen das aber nicht. Selbst wenn es so ist, leben sie gerne in informellen Siedlungen, weil sie wenigsten eine Hütte haben, die ihr tägliches Leben schützt. Sie zahlen ja auch kein Geld, wohnen in der Nähe des informellen Arbeitplatzes, und der Fluss als ein Naturelement ist einfach erreichbar. In den Spontansiedlungen müssen die Armen sich an minimale Einrichtungen gewöhnen. Im Allgemeinen betrachtet die Volksgruppe, die außerhalb der Armensiedlungen lebt, die Siedlungsplätze der armen Bevölkerungsschichten als hässliches und ungesundes Wohngebiet, als Quellen der Kriminalität und als eine Ursache für die negative Vorstellung vom Image der Stadt. Wenn sie versuchen, die Probleme der Armensiedlungen in den Griff zu bekommen, so kann man fast mit Sicherheit sagen, dass sie sich nach der Schönheit der Städte in den fortgeschrittenen Ländern sehnen, und deshalb die Armensiedlungen ihres eigenen Landes zerstören und an deren Stelle Villenviertel errichten und Grünanlagen anlegen. Wenn die Armen nicht umziehen wollen, verjagt die Regierung sie dadurch, dass die Regierung die Siedlungen verbrennt oder zerstört. Das Regierungsprogramm zur Verschiebung der Wohnsiedlungen armer Leute kann mit der Redeweise "Tutup Lobang - Gali Lobang" (Schließ ein Loch - grab ein Loch) gekennzeichnet werden, denn das Programm dieser Verschiebung löst offenkundig die Problematik der Elendsviertel in einer Gegend, aber dasselbe Programm schafft indirekt neue Spontansiedlungen in anderen Gegenden der Städte. Dieser Zustand besteht, weil die armen Bevölkerungen, deren Hütten verschoben werden, auch danach in keiner Weise im Stande sind, Häuser im Rahmen des offiziellen Wohnungsbaus zu erwerben. Trotz allem sind und bleiben sie gezwungen, in derselben Stadt eine noch freiliegende Fläche zu suchen, um dort illegal eine neue Bleibe zu schaffen. Das Hauptziel dieser Forschung ist es, den Charakter der Entwicklung der informellen Spontansiedlungen entlang des Flusses in großen Städten in Indonesien herauszufinden. Das andere Ziel ist die Untersuchung des Lebensstils der Bewohner und wie diese mit der schlechten Umgebung und minimalen Infrastruktureinrichtungen leben können. Die physischen Aspekte des Wohnviertels sollen aufmerksam beobachtet werden. Weil in den Flussufergebieten die Häuser von den Armen gebaut wurden, muss deren Gefährdung untersucht werden. Auf Grund von Beobachtungen bei der Feldforschung gibt es im Allgemeinen zwei Siedlungsmuster. Das erste ist das lineare Modell, das sich parallel zum Fluss entwickelt; das zweite ist eines, das senkrecht zum Strom des Flusses entsteht. Die Freiräume sind spontan der Hausentwicklung folgend und ohne vorausgehende Planung entstanden. Die existierenden Freiräume richten sich nicht nach bestimmten Mustern oder Maßen, sondern werden von der örtlichen Bevölkerung nach den Grundsätzen der maximalen Ausnutzung festgelegt. Im Allgemeinen sind der Dachformen der Häuser so einfach mit einfachem Baumaterial. Auch die Wände der Wohnhäuser variieren stark, angefangen bei den sehr einfachen Baumaterialien Karton, Plastik, Zink und Bambus bis zu Bauten aus Backsteinwänden. Die Fußböden der Wohnhäuser in Form von Pfahlbauten bestehen aus Holzbrettern, es gibt aber auch solche, die aus Bambus gebaut sind. Bei Wohnhäusern, die nicht am Ufer eines Flusses errichtet wurden, bestehen die Flure aus wechselnden Materialien, aus Pflasterungen mit Zement, aus Terrazzoziegeln, Keramik oder auch aus Erde. Die hier vorgeschlagene Methodik immer nur das eine Ziel im Auge hat, der armen Bevölkerung in den informellen Spontansiedlungen zu helfen, so kann man sie mit gutem Recht in folgender Weise benennen: "Methodik für eine Weiterentwicklung, die in erster Linie die arme Bevölkerung im Auge hat" (Strategy for Poor Priority Development). Durch dem Konzept "Advocacy Development Planning for and with the Poor" können die Lebensqualität der Armen und ihre Siedlungsgebiet verbessern. ; By 2020 three-quarters of the world's urban dwellers will live in cities and towns of the developing world in Africa, Asia and Latin America. In developing countries, poor people live mostly around the city center. They occupy unused areas, for instance along the side areas of the railway tracks, vacant lots, spaces under the bridges, and also along the riverbanks. As in other developing countries there are many cities in Indonesia passed by a river along which informal spontaneous housing areas grow. By living along the riverbanks low-income people do not have to pay anything for the land and they can build their houses from very simple building materials. The riverbanks can be rated as good, moderate, risky and maybe very risky areas to be inhabited. Usually the poor people who live there are not concerned about how dangerous the riverbank area is, because the most important aspects for them are that they have a shelter to protect themselves from the climate, they do not have to pay rent, they are close to the city center for work opportunities, and the river as a resource is easily accessible. In spontaneous housing areas along the riverbanks, people have to deal with minimal infrastructure facilities. Because the environmental quality within these areas is poor, the government implements upgrading programs on the riverbanks which often get rid of the spontaneous settlements and move the people to other areas. Sometimes if people refuse to move, the government forces them by burning or bulldozing the settlements. According to experiences in several cities, removing the poor from their housing area in the cities does not solve their problems. Because they are too poor, they cannot pay the formal housing price asked by both the government and private developers, so they will continue to try to find other vacant areas in the city and build their new informal settlements. The main objective of this research is to define the character of informal housing areas along the riverbanks within the city. Therefore the research also studies how the poor can struggle and deal with the minimal infrastructure facilities available. The other objective of the research is to identify the risks of spontaneous settlements built on the periphery of the river. To obtain these objectives, the characteristics of physical aspects and environmental qualities of these areas as well as the socio-culture of their inhabitants must be observed cautiously. Using qualitative and quantitative research, the methodology emphasizes the relationship between the informal housing facilities including the architectural aspects and the daily activities of inhabitants. Housing patterns in informal housing areas along the riverbanks are usually linear, parallel with the river flow and influenced mostly by the declivity of riverbanks. Open spaces and small streets or alleys within the settlement are spontaneously formed as a consequence of disorganized housing development. Nevertheless the people use them quite intensively. Architecture forms and space arrangement of the houses are very simple. Building materials used for the houses are varied: carton, plastic, used boards, zinc and also some bricks for permanent houses. After studying the characteristics and risks of such informal housing areas, an alternative plan proposes the concept "Advocacy Development Planning for and with the Poor." This concept should be implemented with the strategy by giving priority to the poor people to improve their own housing areas and also their socio-economics.

The background study for the national strategy on social inclusion and poverty reduction 2015-2020 was produced under a RAS agreement with the Ministry of Labor, Family, Social Protection, and Elderly of Romania. The report is a companion volume of the strategy, adopted by the Romanian Government in May 2015, and summarizes the diagnostics and analyses carried out by the World Bank team to provide a sound empirical base for the strategy. Given the multi-dimensional nature of poverty, the report includes diagnostics and policy recommendations on employment, social protection, education, health, housing, social participation, as well as regional and rural development policies. The document is based on a combination of desk research, qualitative data analysis, new data collected by the World Bank team and analyses of administrative, census, and survey data. This included qualitative research (for example, case-studies in two counties, interviews with representatives of central governmental bodies, interviews with recipients and eligible potential beneficiaries of means-tested benefits and with social workers), and quantitative data collection and analysis (a census on social housing stock; census of frontline social workers; a consolidated database of physicians, representatives of the pharmacies, community nurses, and health mediators; administrative dataset with social services for elderly, social services for people with disabilities and specialized child protection services; analysis of poverty. The book is organized in four parts. The first part starts with an analysis of the trends in poverty and social exclusion over the past few years and with a poverty forecast for the next five years (2015 to 2020). The second part analyzes the sectoral policies that must be implemented to tackle the problems identified in the first part of the volume. The third part turns its focus to area-based policies and discusses regional disparities, urban-rural differences, and specific problems in small towns and villages, rural, and urban marginalized areas, and Roma and non-Roma communities. The fourth part discusses the actions needed to strengthen the capacity of the public system to reduce poverty and increase social inclusion.

 It is funny how these things go: I thought ordering a specific oven would mean that the last piece of the renovation would be that.  Nope, the counters were delayed and delayed again. So, tomorrow, I can declare a completed renovation after our contractor, Ron, does the last bit of paint, caulk, and outlet covers.  We started in late April, the cabinets arrived in a timely fashion as our contractor was finishing the prep work (new ceiling was a surprise as we needed more space for the potlights), and so all but the counters were done in late May.  Ron did a great job of cutting one of the extra cabinet pieces into a temporary counter, installing the sink and faucet, so the kitchen has been operational all summer, even though the island had no top, some counters had cardboard covers, and the rest had handy cabinet pieces as counters.  I wish we did this four years ago, so I would have had a better pandemic baking environment, but ¯\_(ツ)_/¯.  Mrs. Spew was out of town for most of the planning/ordering since she was taking care of her mother who was moving.  Some of the color scheme (blue/gray) and the idea of a farmhouse sink was hers, but I was able to design the structure with the handy person at HD, and make most of the decisions without too much bargaining ;).So, before:After:How do I love my new kitchen?  Let me count the ways:An island!  We never made good use of the big dance floor. The island gives us a heap of counter space so that I can work without blocking the entire kitchen.  It also has drawers for most of our appliances (hand mixer, rice cooker, food processor, etc) and for bowls and other stuff.The bookcase in the island!  I forget whose kitchen inspired this, but now I have all of my Nigella Lawson, Sally's Baking Addiction, Smitten Kitchen, Air Fryer cook books handy plus binders containing the NYT and other recipes I have amassed.A pantry!  So much handier to have roll out shelves, easy to organize, easy to get stuff.A double-oven.  Yep, for cooking pitas and the stuff that goes in them at the same time.  Also handy for cookie baking outbursts.The lighting!  Our previous kitchen was pretty dark.  Now, we have a better system of undercabinet lights plus a heap of potlights.Lots of storage space especially in the corners.  We have a lazy susan in one corner and really cool pullout shelves in the other.A huge sink. This was my wife's idea, but the color choice was mine (added a few bucks to the cost).  Now, if we had triplets, we could bathe them in there.  Instead, pretty much all of my cooking gear fits into their to be cleaned.  The faucet is pretty cool as well--can turn on/off with a wave of a hand, which is great for when my hands are covered in chicken juice.Microwave no longer sits on the counter, so we have a place to put our air fryer.  New fridge with filtered water/ice on the outside.  So much more convenient than having to make our own ice and have a water pitcher.  We opted for a bigger freezer/smaller frig, which we are getting used to.  It will come in super handy when I make a lot of cookies that need to be frozen before delivery day.There is more to it, but those are highlights.  Last house, we also renovated the kitchen but only enjoyed it for a few years before moving here.  And it didn't have as much special stuff.  This time, we splurged as we plan to be here a while. 

This thesis argues that the creation of the north-midland National Forest in Britain is one of the most ambitious and successful large-scale woodland regeneration projects in the nation's history and therefore critical historical analysis of its development is important for informing the planning and management of future regional reforestation schemes. It demonstrates how a concept for a large-scale forest modelled upon the New Forest and developed by the Countryside Commission became the inspiration for a new forest in lowland England, close to major conurbations, that would provide crucial new social and economic opportunities through woodland industries, leisure and tourism. The thesis provides the first full comprehensive and authoritative analysis of the development of the National Forest during its first few decades in regional and national context, demonstrating its importance for the future of forestry and the pivotal role of major community afforestation schemes in the adaption to- and mitigation of- climate change. Researched and written by a community environmental and heritage activist with close personal knowledge of the formation of the National Forest, it utilises archival, institutional and media sources and draws upon interviews with key players in the development of the Forest. The thesis provides essential original contributions to knowledge and informs understanding of current and future impacts of afforestation and national environmental policies. Through an examination of the vital role played in the development of multi-purpose forestry and ecology infrastructure, it demonstrates the dramatic impact of extensive afforestation strategies. The thesis shows how and why the National Forest has had a major regional economic, social and environmental impact, in an area that had experienced long-term fundamental economic and environmental problems, transforming those parts of North West Leicestershire, South Derbyshire and East Staffordshire into the first English National Forest. The region had previously relied heavily on the industries of coal mining and clay extraction for employment, but by the late 1980s these were in steep decline, leaving a legacy of mounting unemployment, slag heaps and despoiled landscapes, with a mere 1 per cent tree cover in the worst affected areas. The National Forest plan that emerged, based upon the Needwood-Charnwood bid, succeeded because it was founded upon partnership working from the outset, had high public support and provided the strongest economic, social and ecological benefits. The cultural power and value of trees was recognised and harnessed through connecting the remnant ancient forests of Needwood and Charnwood, lending authenticity and credence. However, the thesis demonstrates how the development of this multi-purpose forest providing environmental regeneration through the creation of a new economic base was not an inevitable outcome of the original plans but only emerged after sometimes tense negotiations involving all stakeholders across the region, especially local and national government bodies, landowners, environmental associations, community organisations and the general public. In adapting to shifting political and economic circumstances, the National Forest facilitated economic and social regeneration and had a major environmental and ecological impact upon the north Midland countryside and nearby urban areas. The importance of tree planting and the role of trees in providing social and health benefits is also revealed and the thesis argues that urban forestry and the integration of towns and cities with tree places is of prime importance for future similar projects. The thesis maintains that by demonstrating the role of partnership working, social engagement and sustained public consultation in the creation of the Forest, a critical historical analysis of its development illustrates how it provides a valuable model for future multi-purpose afforestation projects. The role of the National Forest Company, for example, and its close partnerships with local and broader communities, can inform other woodland-based environmental regeneration schemes such as the Northern Forest and the Welsh National Forest. Critical examination of the National Forest's history is indispensable for our understanding of woodland conservation and development and demonstrates how such future tree-based projects can provide sustainable environmental and economic regeneration and therefore help to mitigate and adapt to the realities of climate change. ; N/A

UK: Встановлено, що реформа освіти в Україніузгоджена з реформою децентралізації. Визначено, що в процесі реформи децентралізації громади мають важливе стратегічне завдання – створення менеджменту освіти. Зазначено, що передача фінансових повноважень на місцевий рівень може допомогти Україні відійти від попередньої системи планування та виконання освітньої політики шляхом зменшення розриву між операційним та фінансовим управлінням, а участь місцевої влади та шкіл в процесі прийняття рішень має покращити розподіл бюджетних коштів. В свою чергу, це має призвести до підвищення доступу до якісної освіти, особливо в більш віддалених районах України. Наголошено, що в умовах децентралізації рішення про відкриття та закриття шкіл приймають громади, виходячи із своїх можливостей та потреб, крім того, ніхто крім сільського, селищного або міського голови та його помічників, не знає, де повинна бути школа, де повинен бути дитсадок, яка школа дає якісні знання, а яка не має достатнього ресурсу для надання якісних освітніх послуг і жоден чиновник з облдержадміністрації чи Міністерства освіти не володіє ситуацією краще за них. Відповідно, оптимізація шкільної мережі тільки частково є ініціативою центрального уряду – кожна громада може відмовитись від закриття навіть найменших шкіл, якщо може і хоче їх фінансувати.Фінансовий аспект децентралізації освітньої системи в Україні є основним, адже далеко не всі громади наразі є спроможними. Головною метою ОТГ є скорочення витрат на утримання закладів освіти поряд із покращенням якості освітніх послуг. Для цього в Україні активно триває процес створення опорних шкіл.У статті розглянуто успішні приклади менеджменту освітніх мереж створення в деяких новостворених ОТГ Запорізької області, а саме Приазовської, Гірсівської та Оріхівської. В кожній з цих об'єднаних територіальних громад вже створені та успішно функціонують опорні школи. Такі кроки дозволили значно скоротити видатки на утримання закладів освіти.Всі педагоги, які хотіли продовжувати свою трудову діяльність, були працевлаштовані при реформуванні. EN: The reform of education in Ukraine has been found to be consistent with the reform of decentralization. It is determined that in the process of decentralization reform, communities have an important strategic task – creating education management. It has been stated that the transfer of financial authority to the local level can help Ukraine to move away from the previous system of planning and implementation of educational policy by reducing the gap between operational and financial management, and the involvement of local authorities and schools in the decision-making process should improve the allocation of budgetary resources. In turn, this should lead to increased access to quality education, especially in more remote areas of Ukraine. It is emphasized that in the context of decentralization, the decision to open and close schools is taken by the communities based on their capabilities and needs, and no one except the village, town or city mayor and his assistants knows where the school should be, where the kindergarten should be, which school provides quality knowledge and which does not have sufficient resources to provide quality educational services and no official from the regional state administration or the Ministry of Education has a better situation than them. Accordingly, the optimization of the school network is only partly an initiative of the central government – every community can refuse to close even the smallest schools if it can and wants to finance them. The financial aspect of decentralization of the education system in Ukraine is fundamental, because not all communities are currently capable. The main objective of the CTA is to reduce the costs of maintaining educational institutions along with improving the quality of educational services. For this purpose in Ukraine the process of creation of reference schools is actively proceeding. The article examines successful examples of management of educational networks of creation in some newly created RTGs of Zaporizhzhya region, namely Priazovskaya, Girsivska and Orikhovska. Supportive schools have already been established and are operating successfully in each of these integrated territorial communities. These steps have significantly reduced the cost of maintaining educational institutions. All educators who wanted to continue their work were employed in reforming.

This paper discusses the main socio-environmental elements that influence the presence of natural and anthropogenic risks, as well as the vulnerability of different geographical areas and social groups of this city, which has been affected repeatedly throughout history by earthquakes and floods. An assessment is given of the deleterious effects resulting from the 1985 and 2017 earthquakes. The main problems are identified, especially as related to housing loss and the processes of depletion and contamination of water bodies that supply the inhabitants of Mexico City. The various forms of participation by public and social institutions are identified as they occurred in the stages of emergency response and reconstruction of affected areas of the city. The objective of this article is to recount the process of construction of social networks to support victims in Mexico City, in particular in the town of San Gregorio Atlapulco, Xochimilco. Aspects examined include participation by the public sector, taking into account the planning tools and public policies of the current government; the contribution of the private sector, ranging from covering basic needs to constructing housing; and the participation of existing social organizations and new organizations that arose in response to the earthquake, in which the work done by young people is particularly notable. In addition, the paper gives a comparative analysis of the effects of the September 1985 and 2018 earthquakes, showing the advances in resource management capacity, specifically of social organizations; and advances in technological, scientific and economic knowledge supporting the reconstruction process in the affected areas in response to emergencies, with particular reference to Mexico City. Among the problems identified there exists a deficiency in updating and application of environmental conservation and urban development programs associated with social vulnerability, and a deficiency in communication with the victims, especially in respect to clarity about the spending of funds allocated to reconstruction. ; Este artículo muestra los principales elementos socio-ambientales que influyen en la presencia de riesgos naturales y antrópicos, así como la vulnerabilidad de distintas zonas geográficas y grupos sociales de la Ciudad de México que han sido históricamente afectados por la recurrencia de sismos e inundaciones. Se identifican los principales problemas en la elaboración del diagnóstico de las afectaciones derivadas de los sismos de 1985 y 2017, especialmente los relacionados con la pérdida de vivienda y a los procesos de merma y contaminación de cuerpos de agua que abastecen a los habitantes de la Ciudad de México. Se describe también las diversas formas de participación de instituciones públicas y sociales en las etapas de emergencia y de reconstrucción de zonas de la ciudad. El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar el proceso de construcción de redes sociales para el apoyo a damnificados en la Ciudad de México, especialmente en el pueblo de San Gregorio, Atlapulco, Xochimilco; la participación del sector público, considerando los instrumentos de planeación y las políticas públicas del actual gobierno; la contribución del sector privado para cubrir desde algunas necesidades básicas hasta la construcción de vivienda; la participación de organizaciones sociales existentes y aquellas que surgieron a raíz del sismo, en las que destaca el trabajo de los jóvenes. Además se desarrolla un análisis comparativo de los efectos de los sismos de septiembre de 1985 y 2018, con el fin de comprender los avances de nuestra sociedad en el desarrollo de capacidades de gestión de recursos, de la organización social en específico, de los avances de conocimientos técnico-científicos y económicos ante las emergencias, que apoyen el proceso de reconstrucción de las zonas afectadas, particularmente en la Ciudad de México. Entre los problemas identificados se encuentra la falta de actualización y aplicación de programas de conservación ambiental y de desarrollo urbano asociados a una mayor vulnerabilidad social, así como la falta de comunicación con los damnificados y especialmente claridad sobre el ejercicio de recursos asignados a la reconstrucción.

Cultural heritage is an indispensable attraction for tourism. Heritage tourism can help to achieve poverty alleviation in some areas, but it can also lead to unsustainable situations and even longterm destruction of the cultural resource. The danger of the existence of a vicious development model is that the demand for tourism leads to commercialization, and tourist gentrification – specifically when related to heritage cities and villages. This can lead to a perceived lack of authenticity which will in turn reduce visitor satisfaction to some extent. As a result, continued unmanaged development may lead to alienation of local stakeholders and a diminished tourism experience. Discussions on heritage, its value, and local consequences requires a targeted approach. Balancing the economic benefits and maintaining the core value of cultural heritage is a particularly challenging task. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to understand the impact of tourism development on heritage cities with ethnic minorities, specifically focusing on the ancient city of Lijiang in China. The main research question was defined as: "What are the effects of tourism development on local culture and the visitor experience within the old town of Lijiang, China." Because of the increase in urbanization and tourism, excessive commercialization and gentrification have affected the sustainable resource management of heritage sites. Legacy is not a renewable resource; it should be effectively preserved. However, because of its management complexity, there is no unified method. This study uses a qualitative method of inductive inference. The research phase begins with a secondary data collection based on the research questions. Through identifying the stages of tourism development in Lijiang, introducing the government management structure , as well as the government's management strategies at different times, conclusions could be made in terms of restrictions on remaining residents, and a general loss of local homeownership in favour of non-local entrepreneurship. As a second research method, visitor reviews of a travel website (Tripadvisor) were collected over 3 periods (2009-2011, 2012-2014, 2015-2017), and analysed via thematic coding. This allowed for a recognition of overall trends in changes to the visitor experience from 2009 to 2017, specifically: positive reviews (such as the perception of the attractiveness of the ancient city) have declined year by year, and negative reviews (such as lack of authenticity and over-development) have increased year by year. Therefore, the study found that the government's management strategy mainly aimed at the uninterrupted growth of the tourism industry and tourism gentrification are two major factors that hinder the sustainable development of Lijiang heritage tourism. Therefore, this dissertation proposes to strengthen the understanding of the non-market value of the ancient city, changing the business philosophy, redefining the functional location of the ancient city and creating quality tourism products. Through this, tt may be possible to try to improve the status quo in Lijiang and realize the sustainable development of ancient city tourism. While the use of longitudinal analysis of visitor reviews offers an interesting monitoring tool, there were also some inherent limitations to the study design. The history of the Old Town's planning and management strategy could only be reviewed through secondary data. This may not be very comprehensive and detailed and cannot exactly match the timeframes for which tourism reviews were collected. At the same time, the factors of group thinking and social influence in the review cannot be ruled out. For future research it is suggested that a more in-depth interview approach can better understand the Naxi community's views on the current tourism development. As far as the second topic of this study is concerned, on the travel experience, more understanding can be provided by comparing the comments of domestic and foreign tourists and associating tourism experiences with tourism characteristics.

Magistritöö Maakorralduse ja kinnisvara planeerimise õppekaval ; Magistritöö eesmärk on kirjeldada, kuidas on toimunud arendustegevusega kaasnevate kohustuste täitmine Kambja valla Räni aleviku uute elamurajoonide näitel. Magistritöö raames käsitletakse arenduskohustuste täitmise regulatsioone ning erinevate tegurite mõju elamurajoonide hoonestusele. Teoreetiline osa on koostatud nii Eesti kui rahvusvaheliste allikate alusel. Püstitatud eesmärgi saavutamiseks on valitud kvalitatiivne meetod. Tulemuste osa koostamiseks kasutati juhtumiuuringu meetodit, mis seisnes konkreetses asumis elamurajoonide kohta andmete kogumisest ja nende töötlemisest. Töö käigus uuriti kokku 215 elamumaa katastriüksust Kambja valla Räni aleviku üheksas uues elamurajoonis, millest 77% on hoonestatud. Suurim hoonestuse protsent on Saareääre tänaval, Kivimi tänaval ja Jaani teel. Nendes elamurajoonides on elanikele tagatud tolmuvaba tee. Lisaks uuriti rajoonide asukoha mõju nende hoonestuse protsendile. Räniküla tänav, kus arenduskohustused on täitamata ning hoonestuse protsent on üks madalamatest, on Tartu kesklinnale ja Lõunakeskusele kõige lähedamal. Kõige kaugemal asuvad Jaani ja Kaval-Antsu elamurajoonid, kus on rajatud kohustuslik taristu, kuid hoonestuse osakaal on erinev. Töö autor jõudis järelduseni, et kõige vähem arendamata elamumaad on Räni aleviku väiksemates elamurajoonides, lisaks tihedam hoonestus on elamurajoonides, kus on tehtud tolmuvaba tee ja tänavavalgustus. Kaugus Tartu kesklinnast ega Lõunakeskusest ei ole uuritud piirkondades avaldanud mõju arendatud elamumaaüksuste arvu. Räni alevikus asuva Jaani tee elamurajoonis on tänaseks täidetud kõik arenduskohustused. Ehitus selles elamurajoonis algas 2006. aastal. Ülenurme Vallavalitsus sõlmis ettevõttega OÜ ABV Linnaarendus ehitusseaduse § 13 kohaselt arenduslepingu, mille kohaselt kohalik omavalitsus andis arendajale oma kohustused üle. Aastal 2008 algatati ettevõtte pankrotimenetlus, kuna arendajal ei olnud võimalik finantseerida enam ehitustöid. Sellega tekkis olukord, kus kinnisvara omanikud pidid ise finantseerima tolmuvaba tee ehitust. Jaani tee elamurajooni näide kinnitab, et paraku peavad praktikas kinnisvara omanikud oma kuludega taristu valmis ehitama selleks, et tagada head elukeskkonda. ; The aim of this master´s thesis is to describe the how the obligations concomitant with developmental activity were fulfilled on example of Räni borough in Kambja parish. This master´s thesis deals with how developmental obligations are regulated in new living areas and how different factors affect the building activity in these areas. To answer established research questions theoretical background based on various sources (Estonian and international) was composed. To reach the declared goal the quantitative method was applied in this work. More specifically, the case of study method, was implied: the data concerning specific living area was gathered and processed. The study of 215 residential cadastral units in nine new districts in Räni borough showed that 77% were built up. The highest build-up level was on Saareääre street, Kivimi street, and Jaani street: In these districts, the residents were provided with a dust-free road. In addition, the effect of district location on the level of its build up was studied. The Räniküla street, where the developmental obligations have not been fulfilled, has the lowest percentage of build-up plots and is the closest district to the centre of Tartu and Lõunakeskus shopping centre (located at the edge of the town). In addition, the most distant living areas, Jaani and Kaval-Antsu, where the obligatory infrastructure is developed, have different levels of built-up plots. The author of this thesis concluded that the lowest level of undeveloped land is in the smallest districts of Räni parish. In addition, the districts that have dust-free roads and street lights are built up denser. The distance from the centre of Tartu and Lõunakeskus did not affect the amount of the developed plots. Jaani tee living area has all the developmental obligations fulfilled. The development of this living area started in 2006. According to Planning Act § 131 and Building Act § 13 – valid until 2015 – Ülenurme local government and OÜ ABV Linnaarendus (Jaani tee developer), signed a development agreement, based on which the local government handed its obligations over to the developer. At the beginning of 2008, bankruptcy proceedings were initiated due to the inability of the developer to finance the construction works. In this situation, the property owners were forced to finance the construction of the dust-free road. The example of Jaani tee living area confirms that in real life, residents often have to spend their own funds to create a decent living environment.

The research on " Guidelines for Developing Tourism activities and Destination for Sustainable Tourism of Amphawa Floating Market, Samut Songkram Province", purpose of this research were to (1) study the Thai tourists' demographies have an effect on satisfaction to Amphawa floating market tourism of Thai tourists (2) study the physical environment, the tourist attractions and sustainable tourism activities have an effect on satisfaction to Amphawa floating market tourism of Thaitourists (3) study relationship between satisfaction to tourism and tourism behavior in Amphawafloating market of Thai tourists (4) study tourism behavior and sustainable tourism principle have an effect on repeated tourism tendency in Amphawa floating market of Thai tourists (5) study the guidelines for developing tourism activities and destination for sustainable tourism of Amphawa floating market, Samut Songkram province. The research used qualitative research and quantitative research methodology. The sampling groups were government officers in Amphawa district, traders in Amphawa district, community representatives and Thai tourists. The quantitative research result found that most of tourists were single female aged 26-35 years old. Their educational level was bachelor degree. Their income was 10,001-20,000Baht and their home-town was in Bangkok. The opinion to physical environment of Amphawa floating market in overall was in good level. The opinion to tourist attractions in overall and in each aspect including restaurants nearby canal, souvenir shops and temple, church, ancient remains were in good level. Requirement in sustainable tourism activities in overall was in demand level. The satisfaction to Amphawa floating market tourism in overall was satisfy level. Most of Tourists behavior travelled with family, private vehicles was used. The average number of purchase in travelling was less than 2,000 baht per time, average time to travelling was minimum 1hour and maximum 10hours. per time, average of expense was minimum 100 Baht and maximum 4,500 Baht per time, number to travelling within 1 year was minimum 1 time and maximum 13 times per year. Repeated tourism tendency in overall was in excellent level and opportunity to come back to travelling within 1 year was maximum 15 times the opinion to sustainable tourism principle Amphawa floating market was in good level. As for the qualitative research result found that the municipal Amphawadistric was determined the policy for developing and unhurriedly achieve, step by step and continuity activities for simple to direct management and able to control. Because of the Amphawa floating market was suddenly growth rapidly without direction and there was no the measure to efficiently control. For the suggestion, since the municipal Amphawadistric is a small-sized municipality therefore, they obtained the limited budget and mostly income originates from the tourists. As for the Amphawa floating community, there will be the policy to participate with vendor association, community leader and the Amphawa lover's community listen to the trouble by each other side for solve the problem and sustainable floating market development. For the planning of floating market in the future, there are more plans: to expand footpath and will plan to open daily, not only on Friday, Saturday and Sunday. By the way,system should develop. Cost and product quality must control for the better way and sustainable tourism development at Amphawa floating market. ; การวิจัยเรื่อง แนวทางการพัฒนากิจกรรมการท่องเที่ยวและแหล่งท่องเที่ยวให้เกิดความยั่งยืนของตลาดน้ำอัมพวา จังหวัดสมุทรสงครามมีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อ (1) ศึกษาลักษณะส่วนบุคคลที่มีผลต่อความพึงพอใจต่อการท่องเที่ยวตลาดน้ำอัมพวา จังหวัดสมุทรสงครามของนักท่องเที่ยวชาวไทย (2) ศึกษาศึกษาลักษณะทางกายภาพ แหล่งท่องเที่ยว และกิจกรรมการท่องเที่ยวอย่างยั่งยืนของตลาดน้ำอัมพวาที่มีผลต่อความพึงพอใจต่อการท่องเที่ยวตลาดน้ำอัมพวาจังหวัดสมุทรสงคราม ของนักท่องเที่ยวชาวไทย (3)ศึกษาความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างความพึงพอใจต่อการท่องเที่ยวกับพฤติกรรมการท่องเที่ยวตลาดน้ำอัมพวาจังหวัดสมุทรสงคราม ของนักท่องเที่ยวชาวไทย (4)ศึกษาพฤติกรรมการท่องเที่ยวและพฤติกรรมที่ใช้หลักความยั่งยืนในการท่องเที่ยวที่มีผลต่อแนวโน้มการท่องเที่ยวซ้ำในอนาคตที่ตลาดน้ำอัมพวา จังหวัดสมุทรสงคราม ของนักท่องเที่ยวชาวไทย (5) ศึกษาแนวทางการพัฒนากิจกรรมการท่องเที่ยวและแหล่งท่องเที่ยวให้เกิดความยั่งยืนของตลาดน้ำอัมพวา จังหวัดสมุทรสงครามการศึกษาครั้งนี้ใช้วิธีการศึกษาวิจัยเชิงปริมาณ และเชิงคุณภาพ โดยมีกลุ่มคนที่ศึกษา คือ กลุ่มเจ้าหน้าที่ในอำเภออัมพวา ผู้ประกอบการในตลาดน้ำอัมพวา กลุ่มตัวแทนชุมชน และกลุ่มนักท่องเที่ยวชาวไทย ผลการวิจัยเชิงปริมาณพบว่า นักท่องเที่ยวส่วนใหญ่เป็นเพศหญิง อายุ 26-35 ปี สถานภาพโสดระดับการศึกษาขั้นปริญญาตรี รายได้ต่อเดือน 10,001-20,000 บาท และกรุงเทพมหานคร มีความคิดเห็นต่อลักษณะทางกายภาพโดยรวมของตลาดน้ำอัมพวา จังหวัดสมุทรสงคราม โดยรวมในระดับดี มีความคิดเห็นต่อแหล่งท่องเที่ยวในตลาดน้ำอัมพวา จังหวัดสมุทรสงครามโดยรวม ในเรื่องของร้านอาหารริมคลองร้านขายของที่ระลึก และวัด,โบสถ์คริสต์โบราณสถาน อยู่ในระดับดี มีความต้องการในเรื่องกิจกรรมการท่องเที่ยวอย่างยั่งยืนในตลาดน้ำอัมพวา จังหวัดสมุทรสงครามโดยรวมในระดับต้องการ มีความพึงพอใจต่อการท่องเที่ยวตลาดน้ำอัมพวา จังหวัดสมุทรสงคราม โดยรวมในระดับพอใจ พฤติกรรมนักท่องเที่ยวส่วนใหญ่มากับครอบครัว มาโดยรถส่วนตัว ค่าใช้จ่ายในการท่องเที่ยวโดยเฉลี่ยต่อครั้งต่ำกว่า 2,000 บาทเวลาที่ใช้ในการท่องเที่ยวโดยเฉลี่ย(ชม./ครั้ง)ต่ำสุด 1 ชม./ครั้ง สูงสุด 10 ชม./ครั้ง มูลค่าในการซื้อสินค้าในแต่ละครั้งโดยเฉลี่ย(บาท)ต่ำสุด 100 บาท สูงสุด 4,500 บาท จำนวนครั้งในมาเที่ยวตลาดน้ำอัมพวาในรอบ 1 ปี (ครั้ง) ต่ำสุด 1 ครั้ง/ปี สูงสุด 13 ครั้ง/ปี แนวโน้มการท่องเที่ยวซ้ำตลาดน้ำอัมพวาในอนาคตโดยรวม อยู่ในระดับดีอย่างมากแนวโน้มการท่องเที่ยวซ้ำในอนาคตในเรื่องโอกาสที่จะกลับมาเที่ยวตลาดน้ำอัมพวาในอนาคตภายใน 1 ปี (ครั้ง) ต่ำสุด 0 ครั้ง สูงสุด 15 ครั้ง นักท่องเที่ยวมีความคิดเห็นต่อพฤติกรรมที่ใช้หลักความยั่งยืนในการท่องเที่ยวในตลาดน้ำอัมพวา จังหวัดสมุทรสงครามโดยรวมอยู่ในระดับดี สำหรับผลการวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพพบว่า ทางเทศบาลตำบลอัมพวาได้กำหนดนโยบายแบบแผนเพื่อการพัฒนาไว้เรียบร้อย โดยดำเนินการไปอย่างช้าๆพัฒนาแบบทีละขั้นและต่อเนื่องเพื่อการบริหารและการจัดการนั้นง่ายขึ้นและสามารถควบคุมได้เพราะที่ผ่านมานั้น ตลาดน้ำอัมพวาเติบโตเร็วเกินจนไร้ทิศทาง และไม่มีมาตรการที่สามารถจะควบคุมได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ ส่วนข้อเสนอะแนะเนื่องจากเทศบาลอัมพวาเป็นเทศบาลขนาดเล็ก จึงส่งผลให้ได้รับงบประมาณที่จะนำมาพัฒนาจำนวนไม่มาก เพราะรายได้ส่วนมากมาจากนักท่องเที่ยว ในส่วนของชุมชนตลาดน้ำอัมพวานั้น จะมีนโยบายให้มีการรวมกลุ่มกันโดยการให้ชมรมแม่ค้าแผงลอย ประธานชุมชน ชุมชนคนรักอัมพวา มาปรึกษารับฟังปัญหาของแต่ละฝ่ายในแต่ละด้าน เพื่อแก้ไขปัญหาและเพื่อให้เกิดการพัฒนาตลาดน้ำให้ยั่งยืนต่อไป ส่วนนโยบายเรื่องตลาดน้ำของเทศบาล ในอนาคตอาจจะขยายทางเดินริมคลองให้กว้างขึ้นโดยให้เกิดผลกระทบต่อผู้ประกอบการน้อยที่สุด และมีแผนการพัฒนา ให้มีตลาดน้ำทุกวันไม่ใช่เฉพาะวันศุกร์ เสาร์ อาทิตย์ เพียงอย่างเดียว แต่อาจจะต้องพัฒนาไปอย่างเป็นระบบ มีการควบคุมราคาสินค้าและคุณภาพให้เหมาะสม เพื่อเป็นการพัฒนาให้ตลาดน้ำอัมพวาดีขึ้นและอยู่อย่างยั่งยืนต่อไป

The case of a 17-month baby starved to death has made the whole town questioning about the existing prevention systems and about the real functioning of a service net defined, by different documents, as one of the principal instruments to face with social problems. How is it possible to let people starve to death today? Starting from this question, the case of this young victim has been constantly studied: a baby who has been exposed to physical and psychological mistreatments for months and months, losing her dignity as a "person" and living an existence on the borderline between "visible and invisible". The authors have delved deeper into the matter, analysing what has been done and what should have been done. An analysis of the context in which facts occurred, paying attention to the institutional contradictions that were the real background in the baby's life events. After an introduction to the international, national and regional laws about childhood protection, the authors focused their attention on the activities carried out by local services, analysing the importance of Pediatricians' role, Social Welfare Services and people. The analysis about interventions and strategies aimed to protect the childhood world has pointed out how difficult it is to switch from an initial planning to the definitive realization of practical interventions about health and social services. These difficulties are partially due to a series of legislative and bureaucratic steps that strongly slow down the projects realization. This young baby's death was a strong emotional shock for the entire city that started to call into question health and social services systems already existing over the territory. Nevertheless this case was also a way to reflect about people's attitude to feel as part of a community but without doing anything to play their roles as active citizens. Through the analysis of the actual situation in Bari, the authors have found important changes in policy towards children and families. ; il caso di una bambina di 17 mesi morta di fame ha fatto interrogare l'intera città di Bari sui sistemi di prevenzione esistenti, sul reale funzionamento di quella rete di servizi che numerosi documenti definiscono come uno degli strumenti principali per affrontare le problematiche sociali. Come è possibile che oggi si muoia ancora di fame? Partendo da questo interrogativo è stato approfondito il caso di questa piccola vittima, la quale per mesi è diventata oggetto di maltrattamenti fisici e psicologici, perdendo la dignità di "persona" e vivendo un'esistenza al confine tra il "visibile e l'invisibile". Gli autori hanno svolto una'analisi di quello che è stato fatto e di tutto ciò che si sarebbe potuto e dovuto fare, prestando attenzione al contesto all'interno del quale i fatti si sono svolti e alle contraddizioni istituzionali che hanno fatto da sfondo alle vicende di vita della bambina. Dopo una presentazione della normativa (internazionale, nazionale e regionale) in materia di tutela dell'infanzia, gli autori hanno focalizzato l'attenzione sull'attività svolta dai servizi territoriali, analizzando nello specifico il ruolo dei Pediatri di libera scelta, dei Servizi Socio-Assistenziali e della cittadinanza. La ricognizione sugli interventi e le strategie finalizzate a tutelare il mondo dell'infanzia ha evidenziato la difficoltà di passare dalla progettazione alla realizzazione degli interventi nell'area socio-sanitaria; tale difficoltà sembrerebbe determinata, in parte, da passaggi burocratici e legislativi che rallentano l'attuazione dei progetti. La morte di questa piccola bambina è stato uno shock emotivo per la città che ha messo in discussione non soltanto il sistema dei servizi già presenti sul territorio, ma anche il modo di sentirsi parte di una collettività troppo spesso abituata a non svolgere il proprio ruolo di cittadini attivi. Attraverso l'analisi dell'attuale realtà barese, gli autori hanno rilevato segni di importanti cambiamenti nell'ambito delle politiche per i minori e le famiglie.

The abandonment of the campaigns in the modern rural areas to the plural aspects, our world is changing and the dichotomy between urban and rural entities weakens the benefit of a growing dialectic. The attracting new populations, the hyper mobility, the development of material and immaterial networks, the social demand nature, the modernization of agriculture is accompanied by the rural population decline and the end of the rural exodus are just some of the factors that led to the modernization of today's campaign. At the heart of these dynamic changes, the phenomenon of urban sprawl affects a large majority of rural municipalities whose French territory is composed of 78%, which represents two thirds of the population. It is causing a growing complementarity between urban and rural entitites that were once diametrically opposed. It's a creative process of new urban forms that require a lot of space. It is set up in the context of sustainable development concerned about the over-consumption, soil sealing and environmental and climate concerns. Born of a series of public policy and not dependent on any development strategies, this phenomenon is now at the heart of debates. The new rurality arising from these changes imply a change of view on these territories which have a future and will serve as areas of experimentation. These rural municipalities affected by urban sprawl are becoming the territories of sustainable development projects in order to preserve it without sanctuaries. Currently, many rural communities are turning into a municipalities described as "dormitories" and their centralities disappear. In this context, this thesis will therefore focus its reflection on this issue: "What kind of future do development strategies of revitalization in the area known as "rural" for the sustainable planning have? The adaptation of methods depending on the type of location and the concept described as "think local", can these proposals be applied as solutions to rural problems nowadays (abandonment of rural town centers, urban sprawl)? And should we think about the revaluation of our tools and our ways of doing things as a player in the development? What are the best practices of territorial projects?" ; De la déprise des campagnes au monde rural moderne aux aspects pluriels, notre monde change et la dichotomie entre entités urbaines et rurales s'affaiblit au profit d'une dialectique croissante. L'accueil de populations nouvelles, l'hyper mobilité, le développement des réseaux matériels et immatériels, la demande sociale de nature, la modernisation de l'agriculture accompagnée du déclin de la population paysanne et la fin de l'exode rural sont tout autant de facteurs qui ont conduit à la modernisation de la campagne d'aujourd'hui. Au cœur de ces dynamiques de changements, le phénomène d'étalement urbain touche une grande majorité des communes rurales dont le territoire français est composé à 78%, soit de deux tiers de la population. Il est à l'origine d'une complémentarité croissante entre entités urbaines et rurales qui autrefois étaient diamétralement opposées. C'est un processus créateur de nouvelles formes urbaines qui sont consommatrices d'espace. Il est mis en place dans un contexte de développement durable soucieux de la surconsommation, de l'artificialisation des sols et des préoccupations environnementales et climatiques. Né d'une succession de politiques publiques et ne dépendant d'aucunes stratégies de développement, ce phénomène est aujourd'hui au cœur des débats. Les nouvelles ruralités qui découlent de ces bouleversements impliquent un changement de regard sur ces territoires d'avenir et d'expérimentation. Ces communes rurales touchées par l'étalement urbain deviennent des territoires de projets d'aménagement durable afin de préserver sans pour cela sanctuariser. Actuellement, de nombreuses communes rurales se transforment en communes « dortoirs » et leurs centralités disparaissent. Dans ce contexte, ce mémoire portera donc sa réflexion autour de cette problématique : « Quel avenir pour les stratégies de développement de revitalisation au sein de l'espace dit « rural » pour un urbanisme durable ? L'adaptation des méthodes selon la typologie du lieu et le concept « penser local » sont-ils des solutions aux problèmes ruraux d'aujourd'hui (déprise des centres-bourgs ruraux, étalement urbain) ? Et doit-on penser à la réévaluation de nos outils et de nos manières de faire en tant qu'acteur de l'aménagement ? Quelles sont les bonnes pratiques de projets de territoire ? »

The abandonment of the campaigns in the modern rural areas to the plural aspects, our world is changing and the dichotomy between urban and rural entities weakens the benefit of a growing dialectic. The attracting new populations, the hyper mobility, the development of material and immaterial networks, the social demand nature, the modernization of agriculture is accompanied by the rural population decline and the end of the rural exodus are just some of the factors that led to the modernization of today's campaign. At the heart of these dynamic changes, the phenomenon of urban sprawl affects a large majority of rural municipalities whose French territory is composed of 78%, which represents two thirds of the population. It is causing a growing complementarity between urban and rural entitites that were once diametrically opposed. It's a creative process of new urban forms that require a lot of space. It is set up in the context of sustainable development concerned about the over-consumption, soil sealing and environmental and climate concerns. Born of a series of public policy and not dependent on any development strategies, this phenomenon is now at the heart of debates. The new rurality arising from these changes imply a change of view on these territories which have a future and will serve as areas of experimentation. These rural municipalities affected by urban sprawl are becoming the territories of sustainable development projects in order to preserve it without sanctuaries. Currently, many rural communities are turning into a municipalities described as "dormitories" and their centralities disappear. In this context, this thesis will therefore focus its reflection on this issue: "What kind of future do development strategies of revitalization in the area known as "rural" for the sustainable planning have? The adaptation of methods depending on the type of location and the concept described as "think local", can these proposals be applied as solutions to rural problems nowadays (abandonment of rural town centers, urban sprawl)? And should we think about the revaluation of our tools and our ways of doing things as a player in the development? What are the best practices of territorial projects?" ; De la déprise des campagnes au monde rural moderne aux aspects pluriels, notre monde change et la dichotomie entre entités urbaines et rurales s'affaiblit au profit d'une dialectique croissante. L'accueil de populations nouvelles, l'hyper mobilité, le développement des réseaux matériels et immatériels, la demande sociale de nature, la modernisation de l'agriculture accompagnée du déclin de la population paysanne et la fin de l'exode rural sont tout autant de facteurs qui ont conduit à la modernisation de la campagne d'aujourd'hui. Au cœur de ces dynamiques de changements, le phénomène d'étalement urbain touche une grande majorité des communes rurales dont le territoire français est composé à 78%, soit de deux tiers de la population. Il est à l'origine d'une complémentarité croissante entre entités urbaines et rurales qui autrefois étaient diamétralement opposées. C'est un processus créateur de nouvelles formes urbaines qui sont consommatrices d'espace. Il est mis en place dans un contexte de développement durable soucieux de la surconsommation, de l'artificialisation des sols et des préoccupations environnementales et climatiques. Né d'une succession de politiques publiques et ne dépendant d'aucunes stratégies de développement, ce phénomène est aujourd'hui au cœur des débats. Les nouvelles ruralités qui découlent de ces bouleversements impliquent un changement de regard sur ces territoires d'avenir et d'expérimentation. Ces communes rurales touchées par l'étalement urbain deviennent des territoires de projets d'aménagement durable afin de préserver sans pour cela sanctuariser. Actuellement, de nombreuses communes rurales se transforment en communes « dortoirs » et leurs centralités disparaissent. Dans ce contexte, ce mémoire portera donc sa réflexion autour de cette problématique : « Quel avenir pour les stratégies de développement de revitalisation au sein de l'espace dit « rural » pour un urbanisme durable ? L'adaptation des méthodes selon la typologie du lieu et le concept « penser local » sont-ils des solutions aux problèmes ruraux d'aujourd'hui (déprise des centres-bourgs ruraux, étalement urbain) ? Et doit-on penser à la réévaluation de nos outils et de nos manières de faire en tant qu'acteur de l'aménagement ? Quelles sont les bonnes pratiques de projets de territoire ? »

Le città sono l'espressione collettiva di una società e nelle città di mare questo fenomeno assume valenze particolari in quanto le comunità marittime condividono un'identità unitaria nel forte legame con la marineria, le navi e la navigazione. Il paesaggio urbano marittimo non può essere compreso pienamente se non dal mare e in navigazione, attraverso una percezione dinamica che ne restituisce la complessità.L'architettura delle città di mare ha nel mare l'elemento primario che sostanzia il paesaggio urbano, alimenta l'evoluzione culturale, influenza le dinamiche sociali e spinge le attività economiche. La crescita costante dei traffici marittimi indotti dalla globalizzazione dei mercati ha favorito lo sviluppo dei porti, che, se ben gestito può creare, ancora oggi, opportunità nelle città di mare. L'approccio ai temi della progettazione urbana incentrato su di una visione "dal mare" suggerisce di affrontare in modo integrato la dimensione portuale e la dimensione urbanistica. Attraverso un approccio "marecentrico" il porto può assumere una nuova centralità per la rigenerazione delle aree urbane costiere, diventando generatore del suo (auto)sviluppo e motore dello sviluppo locale urbano sostenibile.La relazione tra la città e il porto non è univoca ma, piuttosto, costituisce un processo continuo particolarmente complesso che prevede cambiamenti fisici e culturali spesso difficili da gestire e conseguire, ed in cui sono convolti soggetti e risorse differenti, spesso in conflitto. Questo significa affrontare in modo integrato la dimensione portuale e quella urbanistica, ricercando nell'identità marittima della città e della comunità urbana la continuità tra passato e futuro.Si propone il caso studio di Salerno dove, attraverso la continuità culturale della tradizione marittima, la crescita delle attività portuali è stata accompagnata da una vision urbana che ha il suo punto di forza nel ridisegno del waterfront urbano (Fig.1).Salerno ha individuato indirizzi, politiche e metodi per intraprendere la rigenerazione urbana, con la partecipazione dell'Amministrazione, dell'Autorità Portuale e dei privati, condividendo azioni e progetti per rendere più coerente e attraente il fronte a mare e per migliorare la qualità della vita urbana ed al tempo stesso per sfruttare economicamente il potenziale di queste aree preziose, garantendo una visione strategica e una prospettiva in cui sono state esaltate le caratteristiche locali, la vocazione dei luoghi, la memoria storica. ; Cities are the collective expression of a society and in seaside cities this phenomenon acquires peculiar values, since maritime communities share a unitary identity in the remarkable link with maritime essence, ships and navigation. Maritime urban landscape may be really perceived only from the sea and during navigation, through a dynamic perception able to give its complexity back. Architecture in seaside cities is rooted in the sea itself, which shapes the urban landscape, fosters the cultural evolution, affects social dynamics and makes economy be on the move. The ever rising sea trades, brought about markets' globalization, fostered port's development, which, if well run, is still today able to provide new opportunities for sea towns. The approach to an urban planning focused on a "from the sea" perspective suggests to deal with both the port and urban dimensions. Through this kind of approach, the Port may acquire a new leading role in the renewal of urban coastal areas, becoming, thus, the driving force of its (self)development and, at the same time, of the local urban sustainable development. Rather than being univocal, the relationship between city and port constitutes a quite complex continuous process, which calls for physical and cultural changes, often difficult to deal with and fulfill; a process in which different subjects and resources, often at odds, are involved. In this study approach we will focus on Salerno, where, through the cultural continuity of maritime tradition, the rise of port activities has been matched with an urban vision designed to reshape the urban waterfront (Fig.1). Salerno has identified policies and methods designed to undertake a renewal — along with Administration, Port Authority and Private Citizens — by sharing actions and projects to make waterfront more suitable and "tantalizing", to improve the quality of urban life and, simultaneously, to take advantage of the potential of these precious areas, guaranteeing a strategic perspective in which local peculiarities and historical memory are highlighted.

Paralleling the increasing disparities in income and wealth worldwide since the 1980s, cities in developing countries have witnessed the emergence of a growing divergence of lifestyles, particularly within the middle classes, reinforced by the widening gap between the quality of public and private educational and health care institutions, spatial segregation, gated communities, and exclusive semiprivate amenities. This erosion of social cohesion and citizenship in urban society has sharpened the growing perception and reality of exclusion. This book is arranged as follows: (i) chapter one discusses on the growing importance of inclusion in urban areas; (ii) chapter two describes trends affecting social inclusion in urban areas; (iii) chapter three focuses on infrastructure and public services: a powerful tool to promote social inclusion; (iv) chapter four explains restoring the social function of public space; (v) chapter five deals with access to land: a critical factor at the core of inclusion and exclusion; (vi) chapter six describes the erosion of inclusive options for affordable housing; (vii) chapter seven talks about generating revenues to finance urban improvements: land-based financing; (viii) chapter eight focuses on the right to the city; (ix) chapter nine describes Nongovernmental Organizations (NGO) and Community-Based Organizations (CBO) as strategic partners in driving the implementation of inclusionary programs; and (x) chapter ten has concluding remarks.