Suchergebnisse

Dalam studi Islam, Fazlul Rahman dikenal sebagai reformis kontroversial dengan " ide nakal ". Ia lahir dalam lingkungan moderat yang membuatnya menjadi sosok liberal dalam pikirannya. Pada tahun 1950 ia mendapat gelar Ph.D di Universitas Oxford. Setelah menyelesaikan studinya, dia tidak langsung pergi ke Pakistan, kota kelahirannya, tetapi ia pergi ke Durham University untuk mengajar studi Islam dan demokrasi. Selain itu, ia juga menjadi dosen di Institut Studi Islam, Universitas McGill di Kanada sebagai profesor filsafat. Rahman menyatakan bahwa organisasi pemerintah dalam Islam menerima mandat dari masyarakat muslim bertujuan untuk melakukan wajib Allah yang dinyatakan dalam Alquran. Model ini sebenarnya dipantau di Madina oleh Muhammad saw. Melihat sejarah Medina, Rahman menyatakan bahwa sistem pemerintahan Islam harus demokrasi walaupun penerapannya boleh jadi berbeda-beda sesuai situasi dan kondisi masyarakat di suatu negara.

Abstract
A secure business environment for private enterprises is desired by all states and is endorsed as a part of United Nation's sustainable development goals. However, the risk exposure of private enterprises against terrorism, particularly in developing countries, is not adequately studied. Using Enterprise Surveys (ES) data for more than 2000 firms located across the four provinces of Pakistan, this paper studies the link between the risk of terrorism and firm performance. It finds, after controlling for various firm specific performance determinants as well as provincial and sector specific heterogeneities, that terrorism has a significant negative effect on firms' performance which is independent of firm size. This effect is robust against different specifications and estimation methods including instrumental variables strategy. Beyond much explored aggregate consequences, terrorism has direct consequences for production processes at micro level.

The objective of the study was to analyze whether the changes in money supply can account for variations in inflation dynamics in the presence of structural breaks by using data for the period 1970-2019. Zivot Andrews (one break) and Lee and Strazicich (two breaks) unit root tests were used to detect the structural shocks. To determine the long run relationship in the presence of structural shocks, Gregory & Hansen (1996) Cointegration test was used. Results show a robust long-run relationship between inflation, money supply, interest rate, and output. The empirical evidence show that monetary pressure has a significant role in the inflation dynamics of Pakistan, especially in the presence of structural shocks. As a policy measure, a tight monetary policy with increasing interest rates should help reduce the growth of money supply and moderate the inflation dynamics in Pakistan.

The purpose of this study is to derive a demand function for
jute goods in Pakistan. Such an exercise is necessary for several
reasons; to provide a systematic analysis of the forces that govern the
demand for jute goods in Pakistan and to make it possible to provide
(assuming no serious structural changes within the economy) a reasonably
probable basis for planning future production targets in jute goods,
since internal demand together with export demand would determine such a
target. At this date it is difficult to discern any significant
time-trend for jute demand; there have been large year-to-year
fluctuations. To indicate the nature of such fluctuations: the figure
for internal demand in 1960-61 was 16.87 per cent lower than that of
1956-57 while the figure for 1961-62 was 0.11 per cent lower than the
level of 1956-57 and 20.16 per cent above the level of 1960-61 (see,
Appendix Table A-l). However, since demand for jute goods is a derived
demand, such fluctuations could not have been primarily random, nor
could they have been due to any odd factor such as the enigma of taste
changes. Such fluctuations can then be sought to be traced to the
fluctuations in the levels of its determinants and the purpose here,
essentially, is to find whether these demand fluctuations can be
systematically explained as being caused by changes in some of these
determining variables.

Inter-state and intra-state conflicts emerged with political, social, and economic factors which increasingly contributed to security dilemmas at global and regional levels. This study investigates the regional security issues which have emerged through the Indo-Pakistani conflict in South Asia. In order to obtain the data for this study, secondary qualitative data and information based on an archival research methodology were used. Books, journal articles, research papers, official websites, and e-Newspapers were incorporated into this archival research. According to this study, the first and second Kashmir wars, the 1971 conflict, the Kargil conflict, the attack on the Indian Parliament, the 2002 Military Standoff, the Mumbai Terror attack, and the Surgical Strikes carried out by India have all contributed to the gradual development of the Indo-Pakistan war, which has led to current concerns about regional security. Interstate strife and tension, hostility between nations, mutual mistrust and animosity posed by terrorism, religious extremism, nuclearization, and economic and political instability have all intensified due to security concerns posed by the Indo-Pakistan rivalry. Finally, as an effort to address these security issues related to the Indo-Pakistani wars, this study has proposed the establishment of a 'South Asian Regional Security Cooperation'. This proposed Cooperation will be treated under four basic regional security corporation models: alliances, collective security, security regimes, and security communities to reinforce regional security in South Asia.

This article challenges the binary framework within which women in Pakistan have been viewed, by political actors, the state, and more broadly as well, as either 'secular/feminist/godless/Westernised' or 'authentic/ Islamic/traditional'. It begins by contextualising the genealogy of this binary in Pakistan's colonial and political history, which has led to the state's side-lining of moderate religious voices and promotion of right-wing religious parties that suited its political objectives. Even the scholarship produced by the women's movement, which arose in response to a politicised Islamisation process begun under military rule in the 1980s, inadvertently reproduces this binary as activists sought to assert a rights-based agenda and were supported by international donor funds. A shift in recent years in response to West-based international scholarship post 9/11, which focusses on the subjectivity and organisation of Islamist women, has influenced work on women in Pakistan as well as a donor turn to funding faith-based initiatives. The paper then examines current gender justice movements that emerged independently at a grass-roots level, and draws attention to their effectiveness despite lack of strong linkages with either the women's movement or Islamist women. These include rights-based mobilisations by peasant women, community health workers, tribal women in the Taliban/conflict-affected north-west, and transgender activism. It ends by challenging feminists to engage more deeply with these forms of activism.

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 사범대학 체육교육과,글로벌스포츠매니지먼트전공, 2020. 8. 권순용. ; 본 연구는 "파키스탄의 다양한 스포츠 연맹의 좋은 거버넌스를 위한 운동 선수들의 의사결정에의 관여"에 관한 것이다. 이 연구는 본질적으로 질적 연구다. 이 연구에는 파키스탄의 다양한 연맹의 선수 16명이 참여했다. 참여자들은 세미 구조 면접 연구 면접의 도움을 받아 면접을 보았고, 이들의 토론은 질적 형태로 분석됐다. 이 연구는 파키스탄의 여러 스포츠 연맹에서 의사결정 과정에서 운동선수들의 역할이 무엇이며, 의사결정 과정의 개입에 대한 선수들에 대한 인식과 운동선수들의 시각에서 의사결정 과정에 대한 참여 제안이 무엇인지를 분석하는 것을 목적으로 했다. 이 연구는 현재, 운동선수들이 의사결정 과정에 큰 역할을 하지 않고 있지만, 선수들은 여러 가지 이유로 참여하는데 관심이 있다는 것을 발견했다. 예를 들어, 점차 부패를 줄이고, 연맹의 성과를 향상시키고, 연맹을 책임감 있게 만들고, 그라운드와 매니지먼트에서 최고의 인재를 배출하기 위해 노력한다는 것을 발견했다. 주요 단어: 스포츠의 좋은 거버넌스 원칙, 좋은 거버넌스, 의사 결정, 선수 참여 ; This study is focusing on "Athletes' involvement in decision making for good governance in the various sports Federation of Pakistan". This study was qualitative in nature. The study included 16 participants who were the athletes from different federations of Pakistan. The participants were interviewed with semi-structured guides, and their discussions were analyzed in qualitative form. The study aimed to analyze that what are the roles of athletes in the decision-making process in different sports federations of Pakistan and the perceptions of athletes in the involvement of decision-making process and the suggestions of involvement in the decision making process from athletes' perspective. The study discovered that, athletes have no significant role in decision making process but the athletes are interested in participation for multiple reasons to gradually tapper down the corruption, to enhance the performance of the federation, to make the federation accountable and to execute the best talent at ground and at management. Keywords: Principles of Good Governance in Sport, Good Governance, Decision making, Athletes' involvement ; Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background. 1 1.2. Problem Statement 4 1.3. Purpose of the study and Research Objectives 6 1.4 Research Questions 6 1.5Significance of the present study 7 Chapter 2. Literature Review 9 2.1. Governance 9 2.1.1. Good Governance in Sports 13 2.1.2 Objective of Good Governance in Sport 14 2.1.3 Code of Ethics in Good Governance in Sports 14 2.1.4. Development of a Code of Ethics 15 2.1.5. Basic Rules on the Content and Enforcement of the Code 15 2.1.6. Significance of Good Governance in Sport 15 2.1.7. Basic Universal Principles of Good Governance 18 2.2. Role, Function and Objectives 18 2.2.1. Consensual Strategy 18 2.2.2. Monitoring and Oversight 19 2.3. Goals and Principles 19 2.3.1. Vision and Strategic Plan 19 2.3.2. Structure of the Organization 20 2.3.3. The Right Choice of the Citizenry 20 2.3.4. Communication 20 2.3.5. High Standards 21 2.3.6. Terms and Conditions 21 2.3.7. The Technical Aspect of Decision Making 22 2.3.8. The Tactical Aspect of Decision Making in Sport 23 2.3.9. Athletes' Decision-Making Style 24 2.3.10. Role of Athletes in Decision Making 27 2.4. Sports in Pakistan 30 2.4.1. The National Sports Policy 33 Chapter 3. Research Method 37 3.1. Research Method and Research Procedure 37 3.2. In-Depth Interview 38 3.3. Research Participant 39 3.4. Analysis Technique 42 3.4.1. Process of Thematic Content Analysis in this Study 42 3.4.2. Transcription of Data 43 3.4.3. Generating Initial Codes 43 3.4.4. Searching the Themes 43 3.4.5. Reviewing Themes 44 3.4.6. Defining and Naming Themes 44 3.4.7. Producing the Report 45 3.4.8. Justification for choosing this analysis 45 Chapter 4. Results 47 4.1. Analysis of Objective 1: 47 4.1.1 Research Questions 47 RQ1 Current Role of Athletes 47 RQ2 Expected Role by Athletes 48 4.2. Objective2: 55 4.2.1. Federation Decision Making Structure 55 4.2.2. Responsibility of the Federations 57 4.2.3. The Opinion of Athletes of Current Decision-Making Process 58 4.2.4. Idea of Athletes Involvement in Decision Making 59 4.2.5. Impact of Athletes Involvement 62 4.2.6. Contribution of Athletes' Involvement 63 4.2.7. Need for Athletes' Participation in Decision making 65 4.3. Objective3 67 4.3.1. Suggestions from Athletes' Perspective in the Decision Making Process. 67 4.3.2. Revision of Government Policies 69 4.3.3. Research 71 4.3.4. Follow International Setup 71 Chapter 5. Discussion 73 5.1 Limitations 73 5.2 Conclusion 74 5.2.1. Suggestions 75 References 77 Appendix 84 국문초록 86 ; Master

Within a year of the Mumbai attack by Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), the public outrage that many thought would usher in a political groundswell for a firmer government response, has dissipated. Almost all the political officials who resigned as a result of the attack either back in their old jobs or promoted to other plumb posts. After a brief hiatus, bombings by LeT and/or its affiliates resumed in cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Pune, Varanasi and Srinagar killing 56 people in mainland India and around 1000 in Jammu and Kashmir since Mumbai attack. India has done little of the painful public soul-searching that followed the September 11 attacks on the United States. After the Mumbai attack, while the US government has commissioned atleast a dozen of official studies on LeT, India government commissioned none. While the LeT is gradually growing from strength to strengh by encompassing the role of a political pressure group under the guise of Difa-e-Pakistan, India is blind to the danger unfolding in its western neighbour.

Standardized tests help learners fulfil their natural desire to learn English and achieve self-actualization needs. The standardized Grade 7 test measured single subject maximum performance on lexical, vocabulary, reading, and writing items. Public schools of Pakistan were the population. Test takers included in this research (n=1500, boys =733, girls =770) were randomly sampled from 56 public schools across Pakistan. However, the pilot study sample was from Lahore district. The percentage of urban schools was 55%, while the rural school percentage was 45%. The percentage of test takers from Punjab was 42.2%, the Northern Areas 24.2%, Sindh 19.1%, and Baluchistan 10.8%. The percentage of female Grade 7 learners was 50.9%, and male learners 49.1%. The sample size for males and females was achieved at 95 % confidence level, margin of error ±5%, population proportion 70%. The objectives achieved during this research were development of a reliable standardized English test (Cronbach alpha 0.888). The findings indicated urban schools had higher scores on learners' objective items compared to rural schools while the writing tasks indicated no sig. difference in the performance of urban and rural schools suggesting memorization of English essays. This research recommends standardized testing since objective items activate schema retrieval practices.

The macroeconomic term Twin deficit is intensive of the study, which refers to a situation when in an economy both current account and the budget deficits are running at the correspondent time period. The core objective of the paper to investigate the relationship among the twin deficit hypothesis and major macroeconomic variables (Gross domestic product, Foreign Direct Investment, money supply, and interest rate). The results of the study founded through the secondary time series quarterly data from 1992-2018 of Pakistan's economy. In the study to examine the stationary of data, applied Augmented Dickey-Fuller test and then used Vector Error Correction and Johansen co-integration Model to examine the short and long-term relationship among observed variables. The core finding of the study was that in short period along with long-run period Pakistan faced twin deficit situation due to positive association of current account deficit and Budget deficit. The outcomes of the study also indicate that GDP and FDI have positively long-run association while money supply and rate of interest have negatively long-run association with twin deficit. These results of the study are very helpful for the decision making and implementation of fiscal, monetary and export policies in Pakistan.

Why does the post-Independence history of democracy in Pakistan contrast so sharply with that of India? The article suggests that there were historical factors to do with the vision of Pakistan as a Muslim state, differential inheritances at partition, with India inheriting the colonial state's unitary centre, the challenge of managing a diverse population separated by thousands of miles etc. In addition, the security problems with India amplified the role of the army and weakened the civilian politicians, many of whom were hardly democrats to start with. There were other external factors, principally US policy which saw Pakistan in a global geo-political context. (Asian Aff/GIGA)