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This article reviews the origins, development and current trends of what is known as 'party literature work' and the principal organisation that carries out this work—the Central Party Literature Office (CPLO). Party literature work plays a crucial role for each generation of Chinese communist leadership to assert its ideological 'line' and build its canon. It is an integral part of the ideological apparatus of the Communist Party of China. Under Xi Jinping, CPLO was merged into a new organisation, but party literature work remains and continues to play a key role, supporting his ideological line.

Does marine science sound like an exciting career, but you're not exactly sure what jobs are out there or how to get started? You've come to the right place. In South Carolina, there are many organizations, state and federal agencies, non-profits, universities, and local governments that have careers in marine science.

One of the major changes in Chinese Government policy since the death of Mao Zedong has been the new emphasis on the need for stability and regularity in everyday life, to be achieved by the systematic codification of laws and the strengthening of institutions for administering them. Since 1978 much legislation has been enacted with this end in mind, but the significance of this legislation is not self-evident. What the new laws minimally represent is a set of rules promulgated by the government which purport to govern social relationships in specified areas. Whatever else they might mean – that is, what social effects will follow from the declaration of particular rules – needs to be understood through a study of the individuals and institutions that will have to deal with these rules. Fundamentally, this is a matter of asking whether and why violations of "the law" should matter, and who has the power to find a violation and to remedy it.

The theorization of caste has transformed significantly after 1990s, especially after the presentation of Mandal Commission Report[1]and the debates based on that. The debate on caste has taken many turns in rapid succession in this scenario. Before, the commonly held idea about caste was that it is a remnant of pre-modern, hierarchical, purity/pollution formation specific to Hinduism alone. But, today, this formulation is rejected and even criticized by many in the academe. Today, everyone considers caste as a live force in Indian culture, society and politics. The caste issue has resulted in the compartmentalization of the society into two sections such as dominating or submissive, based on the economic and social statuses of the individuals belonging to these sections. [1] A report submitted in December 1980 to the Indian Government byMandal Commissionheaded by noted parliamentarian – Bindheshwari Prasad Mandal. The commission was set up in 1979 by the thenJanata Partygovernment. Commission suggested reservation for OBCs which resulted in many debates and assaults against OBCs in the country

Novels reflect social realities at given times and under given conditions. When the direct survey method cannot be applied to the study of Chinese society, novels constitute one of the available sources from which useful information concerning the structure, order and conditions of society and interpersonal relations may be inferred. However, the difficulty of reconstructing the social conduct of Chinese people from such elusive source materials is enhanced since Communist novels reflect less the realities as they are than the realities as they should be. The theory of the combination of revolutionary realism and revolutionary romanticism demands that the plots and characters must be "romanticized" to give a picture of the society corresponding to the needs of ideology. Even if this is so, the stories still have to be based on social realities for the readers to appreciate them. A somewhat modified interpretation holds that romanticization is based on the foundation of realism. It is from the discernment of this element of realism in Chinese Communist fiction that we may attempt to reconstruct the nature of Chinese society.

Each book has primary author Lyman P. Powell and different secondary author. ; 1. The spirit of democracy -- 2. The world and democracy -- 3. America and the League of Nations. ; Mode of access: Internet.