Suchergebnisse

Initiativen, die Transparenz, offenen und möglichst einfachen Zugang zu Informationen, etwa in Wissenschaft und Verwaltung fordern und herstellen, gewinnen rasant an Bedeutung und beginnen sich immer weiter zu differenzieren. Die Forderungen reichen von freiem (im Sinne von kostenlosem) Zugang zu Informationen bis hin zu offenem Zugang analog den Prinzipien der Open Source Community. Manche Initiativen und Phänomene fokussieren stärker auf Transparenz als auf Offenheit, wie z.B. die Whistleblower-Plattform Wikileaks, während wiederum andere (z.B. Open Government oder Open Access zu Forschungsdaten) die Forderungen nach Transparenz und Offenheit kombinieren oder sich an der Bereitstellung nicht-proprietärer Informationen versuchen (wie das Geodaten-Projekt OpenStreetMap oder die Open Metrics Konzepte im Wissenschaftskontext). Zwölf Autorinnen und Autoren aus Open Data Projekten und aus den Bereichen Open Access, Open Science, Journalismus und Recht beschreiben und analysieren die besagten und andere Open Initiatives, diskutieren deren Gemeinsamkeiten und Grenzen sowie radikale Offenheitskonzepte wie WikiLeaks und Anonymous. (HRK / Abstract übernommen)

Introduction : the expanding landscape of corpus-based studies of social media language / Sofia Rüdiger and Daria Dayter -- Towards a digital sociolinguistics : communities of practice on Reddit / Sven Leuckert and Martin Leuckert -- The control and censorship of linguistic resources in an online community of practice / Lisa Donlan -- Talking about women : elicitation, manual tagging, and semantic tagging in a study of pick-up artists' referential strategies / Daria Dayter and Sofia Rüdiger -- Patterns of intra-individual variation in a Swiss WhatsApp corpus : analysing real-time change and long-term accommodation / Samuel Felder -- Using lengthwise scaling to compare feature frequencies across text lengths on Reddit / Aatu Liimatta -- Double trouble : are 280-character tweets comparable to 140-character tweets? / Martin Eberl -- Constructing corpora from images and text : an introduction to visual constituent analysis / Alex Christiansen, William Dance and Alexander WildChapter -- Working with images and emoji in the Dukki Facebook corpus / Luke C. Collins -- New developments in corpus approaches to social media : a response / Claire Hardaker.

Digital inequalities disproportionately affect vulnerable and marginalized populations, including formerly incarcerated persons (FIPs), who experience compound vulnerabilities, such as advanced aging, disability, low incomes and education, gender-based marginalization, and in the United States also race and ethnicity. Building on existing frameworks of digital skills and Reisdorf and Rikard's digital rehabilitation model, this article examines how FIPs navigate the digital society post-incarceration and provides support for the digital rehabilitation model. Examining data from focus groups with FIPs in the United States, we demonstrate that lack of access to ICTs and the Internet during incarceration deprives FIPs of necessary digital skills to navigate the various fields of everyday life (economic, social, cultural, personal, health) that are deeply embedded in digital technologies. Policies regarding digital rehabilitation need to increase limited Internet access during incarceration and provide comprehensive digital skills training tailored to FIPs to allow their full integration into the speed-of-light society.

Abstract
Since the 1990s Western clinical radiology has been confronted with a fundamental media-induced change - the so-called analogue-digital migration. Film-based diagnostics and archiving of radiological images are transformed into digital interfaces and infrastructures. Networked software applications, namely picture archiving and communication systems (PACS), provide a new basis for processing and displaying image data. The design and implementation of PACS and their (user) interfaces challenged, amongst others, the search for data standards for digital diagnostics. The data format DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communication) was developed to provide the technological basis for encoding image data. Simultaneously, DICOM determines how patients' bodies are rendered machine-readable and how radiologists are able to gain software-based insights. A main function of DICOM metadata is encoding and continuously actualising patient identification for technological and human actors. A misidentification of image data and specific patient could lead to fatal errors in the furthe+r treatment process. Accordingly, metadata themselves meander between being invisible to the human user and being essential and hence necessarily visible information for diagnostics. Shifting between normativity and fluidity, DICOM metadata enables new practices of radiological diagnostics, which literally bear vital consequences for patients and, on another level, for the profession of radiology. The paper analyses inherent politics and tensions of metadata from a media theoretical point of view by employing the case of the DICOM standard. Based on subject-specific discourses, data models as well as an in-depth examination of exemplary DICOM metadata it shows how (meta)data politics redefine diagnostic infrastructures and routines as well as gain impact on epistemic and aesthetic practices at the turn of the analogue-digital migration.

"Human Liberty 2.0 showcases the inspiring stories of teens and adults channeling the power of digital and social media in order to make the world a better place. Rather than perpetuating negative online practices like trolling or bullying, ordinary individuals have found creative ways to use the internet to shine the light of hope, compassion, and freedom into some of the darkest recesses of our society and world. These largely unsung heroes and heroines of the Digital Age are advancing the cause of universal rights in new ways at home and abroad. Both young and old, these digital Good Samaritans exemplify the internet at its best--as a tool for engaging us all in the promotion of our common human dignity, even across boundaries of geography and culture. Like Chicken Soup for the Soul but with a modern, digital twist, this book includes over two dozen true stories guaranteed to uplift and inspire. Readers will discover how they can participate in the Human Liberty 2.0 revolution and follow in the footsteps of these inspiring adults, teens, and children who are truly the best of humanity...both online and off."--Page [4] of cover

This open access book deals with cultural and philosophical aspects of artificial intelligence (AI) and pleads for a "digital humanism". This term is beginning to be en vogue everywhere. Due to a growing discontentment with the way digitalization is being used in the world, particularly formulated by former heroes of Internet, social media and search engine companies, philosophical as well as industrial thought leaders begin to plead for a humane use of digital tools. Yet the term "digital humanism" is a particular terminology that lacks a sound conceptual and philosophical basis and needs clarification still – and this gap is exactly filled by this book. It propagates a vision of society in which digitization is used to strengthen human self-determination, autonomy and dignity and whose time has come to be propagated throughout the world. The advantage of this book is that it is philosophically sound and yet written in a way that will make it accessible for everybody interested in the subject. Every chapters begins with a film scene illustrating a precise philosophical problem with AI and how we look at it – making the book not only readable, but even entertaining. And after having read the book the reader will have a clear vision of what it means to live in a world where digitization and AI are central technologies for a better and more humane civilization.

The article attempts to use the theory of conceptual metaphor to compare distant communicative practices of Ancient Greece and modern times. The author interprets digital communications and social media as Digital Agora, or Agora 2.0. Just as during ancient times the influence of the Agora made the Athenian aristocracy reckon with the demos, the influence of social media has significantly reshaped the modern political process, limiting the former capabilities of the elites. The use of the conceptual metaphor of Agora 2.0 allows the author to clarify similarities in the functioning of open communication systems, within which the mass dissemination of persuasive fake news and/or foreign interference in the electoral process turn out to be essentially insurmountable. Societies have to adapt in order to compensate for the potentially destructive effects of agorocentric structures. According to the author, it is still an open question of whether the Digital Agora will cope with numerous challenges, or whether the trends causing irreparable damage to democratic institutions will prevail. When examining a potential response to the challenges posed by the existence of the Digital Agora, the author makes use of a biological metaphor of an immune response, employing it to analyze most probable scenarios — from a radical ban on the Agora 2.0's very infrastructure to the introduction of subtle homogenizing institutions that prevent the unchecked growth of populist influence.

This essay investigates the recent boom in the use of animated cartoons for political communication in China which began in late 2013. A series of political cartoons are examined against the background of a comprehensive media revolution designed by top-following the Chinese Communist Party's (hereafter CCP) new understanding of the role of media and public opinion. I argue, by looking closely at the creative use of political cartoons, that the CCP has adjusted its views on the role of media in the digital age – from propaganda mouthpiece, to guiding opinion unifier for popularizing the Party's rule. Their efforts and success in stimulating a significant number of responses through the use of animated cartoons has given rise to a new communication model of mixing top-down and bottom-up flow of message. Behind the new model was the CCP's changing understanding of the public: from "target audience of propaganda" to guided audience, and then to central players in popularizing the Party. The major media reform since Xi took office in early 2013 has laid institutional, managerial and editorial foundations to sustain this conceptual change in practice. The boom in political cartoons is the most conspicuous result of that.

The need to establish stable democratic rule in the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa has recently
been accentuated in the context of overcoming the ailments eroding African societies, such
as ethnic violence, gender inequality, neopatrimonialism, ineffective governance and mass
levels of poverty. However, despite the continuous calls for democratization on behalf of the
international community, the majority of the countries in the region is still characterized
as widely undemocratic. This state of affairs, in turn, necessitates a deeper scrutiny of the
patterns of democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa, with a particular emphasis on the study
of the endogenous and exogenous factors with a potential for producing a positive impact
on the demand for democracy. Following the events of the Arab spring, digital globalization
in the form of Internet and social media use may be hypothesized to represent one of such
factors. This study rests on the hypothesis whereby there is a correlation between social
media and Internet use, on the one hand, and the demand for democracy, on the other. Using
the latest Afrobarometer merged dataset, a multivariate logistic regression was carried out
for Mali and Sudan to establish a correlation, or a lack thereof, between the intensification of
digital globalization and the increase in the demand for democracy in these countries. Based
on the results obtained, conclusions were drawn regarding the role of digital globalization in
the democratization process Mali and Sudan.

Abstract
The rise of digital technology has led to fundamental changes in how individual and collective perspectives on the past are transmitted and engaged. An immediate implication of these changes relates to the shift away from human communication as a single form of communication about memory towards multiple models which involve non-human (or robotic) agents. These non-human agents are primarily constituted by artificial intelligence (AI)-driven systems, such as search engines and conversational agents, which retrieve information about the past for human users and are increasingly used to generate memory-related content. To account for the growing complexity of memory-related digital communication, the article introduces three agency-based models of such communication: (1) human-to-human; (2) human-to-robot; and (3) robot-to-robot. It discusses examples of communication practices enabled by these models and scrutinises their implications for individual and collective memory transmission. The article concludes by outlining several directions for memory communication research increasingly shaped by non-human agents.

Book review of Social Media for Government: Theory and Practice, by Staci M. Zavattaro and Thomas A. Bryer

Emoji are now ubiquitous in our interactions on social media. But how do we use them to convey meaning? And how do they function in social bonding? This unique book provides a comprehensive framework for analysing how emoji contribute to meaning-making in social media discourse, alongside language. Presenting emoji as a visual paralanguage, it features extensive worked examples of emoji analysis, using corpora derived from social media such as Twitter and TikTok, to explore how emoji interact with their linguistic co-text. It also draws on the author's extensive work on social media affiliation to consider how emoji function in social bonding. The framework for analysing emoji is explained in an accessible way, and a glossary is included, detailing each system and feature from the system networks used as the schemas for undertaking the analysis. It is essential reading for anyone wishing to investigate the role of emoji in digital communication.