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Alberto Manzi is a key figure in the panorama of the development of Italian language and culture. The analysis of his biography and his writing highlights the humanism that characterizes all his literary works and his pedagogical thinking. A fil rouge that underlies his life and professional experiences, an urgency of renewal that results in a concrete commitment against injustice and ignorance, in the expression of a new paideia, in politically engaged writing.He wrote many novels (Grogh storia di un castoro, Collodi award, translated in 20 languages; Orzowei, honored at the Andersen award translated in 32 languages), tales, articles, informative writings; he developed TV and radio programs for children, parents and teachers. Narrator, teacher, journalist, teachers trainer, ranging from natural sciences to poetry, he could practically embody a figure of the "Renaissance".He is still remembered as 'Maestro degli italiani' for the 10-year TV program Non è mai troppo tardi which received the UN award for its important contribution in the fight against illiteracy in the Sixties.Afterwards he taught for years to the Natives in South America, helping them in their fight for their rights. That inspired him to write the trilogy: La luna nelle baracche, El Loco, E venne il sabato. In these works, the narration becomes a song of denunciation and an act of love: the urgency to give voice to a people, to humanity.In the first part of this work, after having highlighted the links between the biography of the author and his humanist vision, and show the status quo of criticism of the author, the reception of Manzi's work was treated from a theoretical point of view. Then the question of timeliness of Manzi's novels has been approached, in relation to the general problem of reading at school. A summary of the interdisciplinary project that I carried out in a network of schools, in order to verify the reception of Manzi nowadays, completes this part.In the second part of this work, several novels and informative writings compose the corpus which has been analysed in specific chapters. From this analysis, the recurrent elements of Manzi's poetry have been extrapolated and elaborated in a separate chapter.The third part of this research include theoretical reflection on translating and adapting, on the role of the adult as intermediary in the selection and reading of novels, on the lisibilité, and also a comparative analysis of some French versions of Manzi's novels. From this work of analysis and that on fortune, we also suggest a new translation more faithful to the style and integrity of the original texts, in view of a possible and desirable new edition of Manzi's novels.From this analysis emerges the figure of a writer who perfectly harmonizes imagination and ethics-politically engagement: this allows the author to create stories very well appreciated by the readers who are at the same time stimulated to reflect on the theme of the story. Manzi surprises, motivates to read, educates, through the magic sphere of art and fantasy. His novels are harmoniously well built between the pedagogical aim and the aesthetic result, so they resist the test of time and encourage us to confirm the thesis of the inclusion of his works among the great classics. ; Alberto Manzi est un acteur clé de la vie culturelle italienne du second vingtième siècle. L'analyse de sa biographie et de son œuvre met en lumière l'humanisme qui caractérise son travail de pédagogue et d'écrivain. Cet humanisme représente le fil rouge qui sous-tend sa vie et ses expériences professionnelles animées par une exigence de renouvellement culturel qui se traduit par un engagement constant contre toutes les formes d'injustice, dans la construction d'une nouvelle paideia.Manzi a conçu de nombreux programmes de télévision et de radio pour différents publics. Il est surtout resté dans les mémoires comme le «Maestro degli italiani» pour l'émission télévisée « Non è mai troppo tardi» [Il n'est jamais trop tard] diffusée dans les années Soixante et couronnée par le prix de l'ONU pour son importante contribution à la lutte contre l'illettrisme. Professeur, formateur, mais aussi écrivain prolifique, abordant tous les genres, de la vulgarisation scientifique à la poésie, en passant par le conte et le roman, il rappelle par son encyclopédisme, plus encore que les grands pédagogues du XIX e siècle, une figure du siècle des Lumière. Il a écrit de nombreux romans (Grogh, storia di un castoro, prix Collodi, traduit en vingt langues; Orzowei, récompensé par le prix Andersen, traduit en trente-deux langues).Il a ensuite enseigné pendant des années aux nativos d'Amérique du Sud, les aidants dans leur lutte pour faire reconnaître leurs droits. Cette expérience lui a inspiré sa trilogie: La luna nelle baracche, El loco, E venne il sabato (inédits en France). Dans ces œuvres, la narration devient un cri de dénonciation et un acte d'amour, répondant à l'urgence de donner une voix aux opprimés.La première partie de ce travail, souligne les liens entre la biographie de Manzi et sa vision humaniste de la société. Nous rendons ensuite compte de l'état de la critique autour de ses œuvres et de la réception et de la fortune de ses travaux en Italie et à l'étranger. Nous nous interrogeons sur le rôle de l'adulte en tant que médiateur et prescripteur dans le choix et la lecture des romans pour la jeunesse.Puis nous abordons la question de l'actualité de son œuvre, en relation avec le problème général de la lecture en milieu scolaire. Enfin, un résumé du projet interdisciplinaire que nous avons réalisé dans un réseau d'établissements scolaires, dans le but de mettre à l'épreuve et d'interroger l'actualité de l'œuvre de notre auteur, complète cette partie.Plusieurs romans et œuvres de vulgarisation qui composent notre corpus sont analysés dans des chapitres spécifiques qui constituent la deuxième partie de notre thèse. Cette analyse nous a permis d'identifier certains éléments récurrents de la poétique de Manzi qui illustrent son profond humanisme.La troisième partie de cette recherche est consacrée à l'étude de la traduction et de l'adaptation de certains ouvrages de Manzi. Une analyse comparative des versions français et italienne de ses romans nous amène à penser qu'une nouvelle traduction plus fidèle au style et à l'esprit des textes originaux s'impose.De cette analyse émerge la figure d'un écrivain qui allie l'imagination à l'engagement, créant des récits qui emportent le lecteur tout en le poussant à réfléchir sur des thématiques cruciales.Manzi surprend, suscite l'envie de lire, éduque, grâce à la magie de son art. Ses romans résistent à l'épreuve du temps et s'inscrivent dans la lignée des grands classiques.

НЕВМЕРЖИЦЬКА Олена – доктор педагогічних наук, доцент, професор кафедри загальної педагогіки та дошкільної освіти, Дрогобицький державний педагогічний університет імені Івана Франка, вул. Івана Франка, 24, Дрогобич, 82100, Україна E-mail address: nhelen750@gmail.comorcid:0000-0002-9911-9735ResearcherID: http://www.researcherid.com/rid/D-4176-2018 Бібліографічний опис статті: Невмержицька, О. (2019). Familiarizing preschool children with the «Child in society» educational profile in modern realities. Людинознавчі студії. Серія «Педагогіка», 8/40, 105–115. doi:10.24919/2413-2039.8/40.164418. Історія статті Одержано: 13 листопада 2018Прорецензовано: 20 грудня 2018Подано до редакції: 18 лютого 2019Доступ он-лайн: 22 квітня 2019Journal homepage: http://lssp.dspu.edu.ua/ p-ISSN 2313-2094e-ISSN 2413-2039 © 2019 The Author. Human studies. Series of «Pedagogy» published by Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University & Open Journal Systems. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/).Анотація. У сучасних реаліях актуалізується проблема ознайомлення дошкільників із соціальним довкіллям, яке є надзвичайно складним та різноманітним. Аналіз Базового компонента дошкільної освіти уможливив констатацію, що завданням закладів дошкільної освіти є навчити дітей диференціювати людей за ступенем спорідненості, за віком, статтю, національністю, соціальним статусом. Однак при цьому випущений важливий аспект ознайомлення дітей дошкільного віку із соціумом: ознайомлення їх з тими людьми, які мають певні особливості розвитку, що є надзвичайно важливо в умовах інклюзивного освітнього простору. У статті вказано, що необхідною і важливою умовою розвитку кожного суспільства є забезпечення права і можливості усім громадянам, у тому числі й тим, які мають особливі потреби, на освіту. У демократичних країнах це право реалізується шляхом пропозиції таким особам різних форм здобуття освіти. Надзвичайно актуальна і продуктивна серед них є інклюзія. У статті проаналізовано основні ознаки та нормативну базу інклюзивної освіти. Акцентовано на принципах, які мають лежати в основі роботи з дошкільниками та слугувати орієнтиром для вихователя у відборі змісту ознайомлення їх з особливостями та проблемами осіб з обмеженими можливостями здоров'я. До них, зокрема, належать: повага до притаманних людині чеснот, її особистої самостійності, зокрема свободи робити власний вибір, і незалежності; недискримінація; повага до особливостей осіб з інвалідністю і прийняття їх як компонента людської різноманітності й частини людства; рівність можливостей тощо.Визначено завдання роботи закладу дошкільної освіти в напрямі ознайомлення із соціальним довкіллям в умовах творення інклюзивного освітнього простору. Ця робота має бути системною та здійснюватися в кількох напрямах. Наприклад, доцільно ознайомити дошкільників з особливостями сприймання навколишнього світу особами, які мають певні функціональні обмеження, розвинути в дітей морально-етичні якості (співчуття, співпереживання, милосердя, взаємодопомогу тощо), сформувати уявлення про здоров'я як цінність людського життя, а також виховати почуття відповідальності за здоров'я – своє та інших людей. Така робота має проводитися цілеспрямовано, спиратися на емоційний досвід дитини, інтегруватися у заняття з різних розділів програми навчання, виховання і розвитку дітей дошкільного віку, реалізовуватися у межах різних форм роботи із застосуванням наочності. ; NEVMERZHYTSKA Olena – Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the General Pedagogy and Preschool Education Department, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Ivan Franko Str., 24, Drohobych, 82100, UkraineE-mail address: nhelen750@gmail.comorcid:0000-0002-9911-9735ResearcherID: http://www.researcherid.com/rid/D-4176-2018 To cite this article: Nevmerzhytska, O. (2019). Familiarizing preschool children with the «Child in Society» educational profile in modern realities. Liudynoznavchi studii. Seriia «Pedahohika» – Human Studies. Series of «Pedagogy», 8/40, 105–115. doi:10.24919/2413-2039.8/40.164418. Article history Received: November 13, 2018Received in revised form: December 20, 2018 Accepted: February 18, 2019Available online: April 22, 2019Journal homepage: http://lssp.dspu.edu.ua/ p-ISSN 2313-2094e-ISSN 2413-2039 © 2019 The Author. Human studies. Series of «Pedagogy» published by Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University & Open Journal Systems. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/).Abstract. In today's reality, the problem of familiarizing preschoolers with social environment, which is extremely complex and diverse, is actualized. Analysis of the basic component of preschool education allows us to make a conclusion that the tasks of preschool establishments are to teach children to differentiate people by degree of affinity, by age, gender, nationality and social status. However, an important aspect of familiarizing preschoolers with society is overlooked: familiarizing children with those who have certain peculiarities of development, which is extremely important in the context of an inclusive educational space.Therefore, the purpose of the paper is to uncover the ways of familiarizing preschoolers with the «Child in Society» content line in modern conditions.The article states that the necessary and important condition for the development of each society is the provision of the right to education for all citizens, including those with special needs. In democratic countries, this right is realized through the provision of different forms of education to such people. Extremely relevant and productive among these forms is inclination. The research analyzes the main features and normative basis of inclusive education.The emphasis is on the principles that should be the basis for working with preschoolers, and which should serve as a guide for the educator in selecting the content of preschoolers' acquaintance with the specifics and problems of people with disabilities. These, in particular, include: respect for the inherent dignity of a person, their personal autonomy, in particular the freedom to make their own choice; non-discrimination; respect for the particularities of people with disabilities and their acceptance as a component of human diversity and of humanity; equality of opportunity, etc.The tasks of a preschool educational institution in the direction of familiarization with social environment in the conditions of creation of inclusive educational space are determined. Such work must be systemic and implemented in several directions. For example, it is advisable to introduce preschoolers to the peculiarities of perceiving the environment by people with certain functional limitations in order to develop moral and ethical qualities (compassion, empathy, charity, mutual assistance, etc.), to form a notion of health as a value of human life, as well as to educate a sense of responsibility for health, both their own and of other people. Such work should be done purposefully, relying on emotional experience of the child. It should be integrated into classes from different sections of the program of training, upbringing and development of preschoolers, and implemented in various forms of work with the use of visibility.Acknowledgments. The author expresses gratitude to the pedagogical community of preschool educational institutions of Drohobych and the region.Funding. The author received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

НЕВМЕРЖИЦЬКА Олена – доктор педагогічних наук, доцент, професор кафедри загальної педагогіки та дошкільної освіти, Дрогобицький державний педагогічний університет імені Івана Франка, вул. Івана Франка, 24, Дрогобич, 82100, Україна E-mail address: nhelen750@gmail.comorcid:0000-0002-9911-9735ResearcherID: http://www.researcherid.com/rid/D-4176-2018 Бібліографічний опис статті: Невмержицька, О. (2019). Familiarizing preschool children with the «Child in society» educational profile in modern realities. Людинознавчі студії. Серія «Педагогіка», 8/40, 105–115. doi:10.24919/2413-2039.8/40.164418. Історія статті Одержано: 13 листопада 2018Прорецензовано: 20 грудня 2018Подано до редакції: 18 лютого 2019Доступ он-лайн: 22 квітня 2019Journal homepage: http://lssp.dspu.edu.ua/ p-ISSN 2313-2094e-ISSN 2413-2039 © 2019 The Author. Human studies. Series of «Pedagogy» published by Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University & Open Journal Systems. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/).Анотація. У сучасних реаліях актуалізується проблема ознайомлення дошкільників із соціальним довкіллям, яке є надзвичайно складним та різноманітним. Аналіз Базового компонента дошкільної освіти уможливив констатацію, що завданням закладів дошкільної освіти є навчити дітей диференціювати людей за ступенем спорідненості, за віком, статтю, національністю, соціальним статусом. Однак при цьому випущений важливий аспект ознайомлення дітей дошкільного віку із соціумом: ознайомлення їх з тими людьми, які мають певні особливості розвитку, що є надзвичайно важливо в умовах інклюзивного освітнього простору. У статті вказано, що необхідною і важливою умовою розвитку кожного суспільства є забезпечення права і можливості усім громадянам, у тому числі й тим, які мають особливі потреби, на освіту. У демократичних країнах це право реалізується шляхом пропозиції таким особам різних форм здобуття освіти. Надзвичайно актуальна і продуктивна серед них є інклюзія. У статті проаналізовано основні ознаки та нормативну базу інклюзивної освіти. Акцентовано на принципах, які мають лежати в основі роботи з дошкільниками та слугувати орієнтиром для вихователя у відборі змісту ознайомлення їх з особливостями та проблемами осіб з обмеженими можливостями здоров'я. До них, зокрема, належать: повага до притаманних людині чеснот, її особистої самостійності, зокрема свободи робити власний вибір, і незалежності; недискримінація; повага до особливостей осіб з інвалідністю і прийняття їх як компонента людської різноманітності й частини людства; рівність можливостей тощо.Визначено завдання роботи закладу дошкільної освіти в напрямі ознайомлення із соціальним довкіллям в умовах творення інклюзивного освітнього простору. Ця робота має бути системною та здійснюватися в кількох напрямах. Наприклад, доцільно ознайомити дошкільників з особливостями сприймання навколишнього світу особами, які мають певні функціональні обмеження, розвинути в дітей морально-етичні якості (співчуття, співпереживання, милосердя, взаємодопомогу тощо), сформувати уявлення про здоров'я як цінність людського життя, а також виховати почуття відповідальності за здоров'я – своє та інших людей. Така робота має проводитися цілеспрямовано, спиратися на емоційний досвід дитини, інтегруватися у заняття з різних розділів програми навчання, виховання і розвитку дітей дошкільного віку, реалізовуватися у межах різних форм роботи із застосуванням наочності. ; NEVMERZHYTSKA Olena – Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the General Pedagogy and Preschool Education Department, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Ivan Franko Str., 24, Drohobych, 82100, UkraineE-mail address: nhelen750@gmail.comorcid:0000-0002-9911-9735ResearcherID: http://www.researcherid.com/rid/D-4176-2018 To cite this article: Nevmerzhytska, O. (2019). Familiarizing preschool children with the «Child in Society» educational profile in modern realities. Liudynoznavchi studii. Seriia «Pedahohika» – Human Studies. Series of «Pedagogy», 8/40, 105–115. doi:10.24919/2413-2039.8/40.164418. Article history Received: November 13, 2018Received in revised form: December 20, 2018 Accepted: February 18, 2019Available online: April 22, 2019Journal homepage: http://lssp.dspu.edu.ua/ p-ISSN 2313-2094e-ISSN 2413-2039 © 2019 The Author. Human studies. Series of «Pedagogy» published by Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University & Open Journal Systems. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/).Abstract. In today's reality, the problem of familiarizing preschoolers with social environment, which is extremely complex and diverse, is actualized. Analysis of the basic component of preschool education allows us to make a conclusion that the tasks of preschool establishments are to teach children to differentiate people by degree of affinity, by age, gender, nationality and social status. However, an important aspect of familiarizing preschoolers with society is overlooked: familiarizing children with those who have certain peculiarities of development, which is extremely important in the context of an inclusive educational space.Therefore, the purpose of the paper is to uncover the ways of familiarizing preschoolers with the «Child in Society» content line in modern conditions.The article states that the necessary and important condition for the development of each society is the provision of the right to education for all citizens, including those with special needs. In democratic countries, this right is realized through the provision of different forms of education to such people. Extremely relevant and productive among these forms is inclination. The research analyzes the main features and normative basis of inclusive education.The emphasis is on the principles that should be the basis for working with preschoolers, and which should serve as a guide for the educator in selecting the content of preschoolers' acquaintance with the specifics and problems of people with disabilities. These, in particular, include: respect for the inherent dignity of a person, their personal autonomy, in particular the freedom to make their own choice; non-discrimination; respect for the particularities of people with disabilities and their acceptance as a component of human diversity and of humanity; equality of opportunity, etc.The tasks of a preschool educational institution in the direction of familiarization with social environment in the conditions of creation of inclusive educational space are determined. Such work must be systemic and implemented in several directions. For example, it is advisable to introduce preschoolers to the peculiarities of perceiving the environment by people with certain functional limitations in order to develop moral and ethical qualities (compassion, empathy, charity, mutual assistance, etc.), to form a notion of health as a value of human life, as well as to educate a sense of responsibility for health, both their own and of other people. Such work should be done purposefully, relying on emotional experience of the child. It should be integrated into classes from different sections of the program of training, upbringing and development of preschoolers, and implemented in various forms of work with the use of visibility.Acknowledgments. The author expresses gratitude to the pedagogical community of preschool educational institutions of Drohobych and the region.Funding. The author received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

the paper is focused on studying such a category of modern criminal law as the «measure of punishment», which demonstrates the duration and number of restrictions on the rights and freedoms of the convicted, inherent in each specific type of punishment in general and individually determined punishment (established in the conviction of the court) in particular. Expressed supposition that the introduction of the category of the measure of punishment is due to the necessity of observing the basic and universally recognized in international law principles of treatment of persons within the criminal law of the state, who are prosecuted. Approaches to theoretical interpretation of the measure of punishment have been revealed. Its correlation with the principles of criminal law has been demonstrated. It has been stated that the category of the «measure of punishment» is not sufficiently studied in the science of criminal law. The advantages and disadvantages of using the category of the «measure of punishment» within judicial practice have been revealed. It has been proved that its use contributes to the certainty, specificity, predictability of the court decision. At the same time, the measure of punishment is not the same category of «punishment», since it is intended to reflect the quantity and quality of restrictions on the rights and freedoms of a person convicted by the court. It has been established that the measure of punishment determined by the court is not unchanged. It can be adjusted while executing and serving a sentence (for example, by conditional early release from punishment, replacing the unserved portion of the sentence with a milder one, etc.). The authors have specified the place of the category of the «measure of punishment» in the current criminal and criminal procedural legislation of Ukraine. The correlation between the category of the «measure of punishment» and the term «length of punishment or amount of penalty» has been demonstrated. It has been proved that it covers not only the length of time and the amount of penalty, but also the type and amount determined by the court. Special attention has been paid to establishing the correspondence between the measure of punishment envisaged in the Ukrainian legislation and the possibilities of attaining the objectives of punishment during its execution, limited by these amounts. The problem of establishing the terms of criminal penalties in the legislation of Ukraine (imprisonment, restriction of freedom, arrest, etc.) has been analyzed. The authors have specified the problems of recognizing the periods of time as completed sentence, when a person has not actually experienced it. The authors have emphasized the connection of the effectiveness of the process of a person's correction during the execution of a criminal punishment with the observance of the principle of certainty of punishment. ; работа посвящена изучению такой категории современного уголовного права, как «мера наказания», которая показывает продолжительность и количество ограничений прав и свобод осужденного, присущие каждому конкретному виду наказания вообще и индивидуально определенном наказанию (установленном в приговоре суда) в частности. Высказано предположение, что использование категории меры наказания обусловлено необходимостью соблюдения в уголовном праве государства основных и общепризнанных в международном праве принципов обращения с лицами, привлекаются к ответственности. Выявлены подходы к теоретической интерпретации меры наказания. Показано ее соотношение с принципами уголовного права. Констатируется, что категория «мера наказания» недостаточно исследована в науке уголовного права. Выявлены преимущества и недостатки использования категории «мера наказания» в судебной практике. Доказано, что ее использование способствует определенности, конкретности, предсказуемости судебного решения. В то же время, мера наказания не является тождественной категории «наказание», поскольку она предназначена для отображения количества и качества ограничений прав и свобод осужденного судом лица. Установлено, что определенная судом мера наказания не является неизменной. Она может корректироваться во время исполнения и отбывания наказания (например, путем условно-досрочного освобождения от отбывания наказания, замены неотбытой части наказания более мягким и т.д.). Указано место категории «мера наказания» в действующем уголовном и уголовном процессуальном законодательстве Украины. Показано соотношение категории «мера наказания» и понятие «срок или размер наказания». Доказано, что она охватывает не только срок и размер наказания, но и их вид и количество, определенное судом. Уделено внимание установлению соответствия между предусмотренными в законодательстве Украины мерами наказаний и возможностями достижения целей наказания при его исполнении, ограниченного этими размерами. Анализируется проблема установления сроков уголовных наказаний в законодательстве Украины (лишения свободы, ограничения свободы, ареста и т.п.). Указывается на проблемы признания отбытым наказанием периодов времени, когда лицо фактически его не претерпевало. Подчеркнута связь эффективности процесса исправления лица при исполнении уголовного наказания с соблюдением принципа определенности наказания. ; Роботу присвячено вивченню такої категорії сучасного кримінального права, як «міра покарання», яка показує тривалість та кількість обмежень прав та свобод засудженого, властиві кожному конкретному виду покарання взагалі й індивідуально визначеному покаранню (встановленому у обвинувальному вироку суду) зокрема. Висловлене припущення, що впровадження категорії міри покарання зумовлене необхідністю додержання в кримінальному праві держави основних і загальновизнаних в міжнародному праві принципів поводження із особами, які притягуються до відповідальності. Виявлено підходи до теоретичної інтерпретації міри покарання. Показано її співвідношення із принципами кримінального права. Констатується, що категорія «міра покарання» недостатньо досліджена в науці кримінального права. Виявлено переваги і недоліки використання категорії «міра покарання» в судовій практиці. Доведено що її використання сприяє визначеності, конкретності, передбачуваності судового рішення. Водночас, міра покарання не є тотожною категорії «покарання», оскільки вона призначена для відображення кількості та якості обмежень прав і свобод засудженої судом особи. Встановлено, що визначена судом міра покарання не є незмінною. Вона може коригуватися під час виконання й відбування покарання (наприклад, шляхом умовно-дострокового звільнення від відбування покарання, заміни невідбутої частини покарання більш м'яким тощо). Вказане місце категорії «міра покарання» в чинному кримінальному та кримінальному процесуальному законодавстві України. Показане співвідношення категорії «міра покарання» та поняття «строк або розмір покарання». Доведено, що вона охоплює не лише строк та розмір покарань, але і їхній вид та кількість, визначену судом. Приділено увагу встановленню відповідності між передбаченими в законодавстві України мірами покарань та можливостями досягнення цілей покарання під час його виконання, обмеженого цими розмірами. Аналізується проблема встановлення строків кримінальних покарань в законодавстві України (позбавлення волі, обмеження волі, арешту тощо). Вказується на проблеми визнання відбутим покаранням періодів часу, коли особа фактично його не зазнавала. Підкреслено зв'язок ефективності процесу виправлення особи під час виконання кримінального покарання із дотриманням принципу визначеності покарання.

In recent years, in the Lithuanian science (Sakalauskas, 2007–2017; Uscila, 2012, 2015; Vaičiūnienė, 2017, etc.) and in the policy of custodial sentences, in terms of convicts' social integration into society, in addition to the concept social rehabilitation, a wider term resocialization is used, as well as the differences between these concepts are perceived. Resocialization covers a wider context, and a number of assumptions determine the success of the resocialization of a convict in the imprisonment institutions. The implementation of resocialization requires not only the material and human resources of statutory institutions. In order to succeed in integrating a person into the society, a personalized access, the motivation of a convicted person himself/herself to change his/her behaviour have become important, the forces of enforcement authorities, the society (NGOs, volunteers, etc.), the continuing assistance to the person upon his/her release have been concentrated.Lithuania is taking the first steps in systematically managing the resocialization of imprisoned persons. Institutions of imprisonment face major challenges, because the successful rehabilitation of convicts requires the creation of appropriate conditions (close to life under release), to have the competent staff capable to identify the most serious motives of an offender and to individualize their needs to change, to have well-thought out programs of social adaptation, employment, etc., for whose implementation it is necessary to attract more people. Large public funds imply the need to assess whether the process of resocialization is effective.Summarizing the indicators which are currently used in imprisonment institutions and discussed by scholars as inadequate for assessing the effectiveness of resocialization (reduction of crime recidivism, the number of social rehabilitation programs and the number of convicts involved in them, the number of employees who acquired the competences necessary for the implementation of social rehabilitation process, etc.), the question is raised how to objectively evaluate the effectiveness of resocialization. Having found that the researchers (Schapland, Bottoms, Farrall, McNeill, Priede, Robinson, 2012) of the countries (Germany, England, the USA), which have best practices in the resocialization of convicts, advocate the use of subjective research in assessing the effectiveness of the resocialization process in imprisonment institutions, the survey was carried out in Šiauliai Interrogation Isolator to assess the effectiveness of the process of the social integration of convicts into society (the purpose of resocialization).For the survey carried out at the beginning of 2017, 397 men and women, who were imprisoned in Šiauliai Interrogation Isolator (hereinafter ŠII, the Isolator), were selected as the respondents. Answers to questions were provided by 279 respondents. The content of the quantitative research was expressed in five main thematic groups of questions: demographic, the evaluation of the activities of the Isolator social rehabilitation specialists, the change of services provided by an organization and their management, the efficiency of resocialization and social rehabilitation, and the influence of the environment on the convict's resocialization.The structural composition of the 279 respondents according to gender is as follows: 95% of them indicated "a man", 5% – "a woman". According to the age, the persons of 18–40 years old (76%) prevailed in the research. Other age groups: 22% (41–55 years old) and more than 1% (56 years old and over). According to the education, a significant part of persons (47.7%) have the basic education, others have vocational (22.9%) and primary (21.5%) education. Out of them, 22 persons (7.9%) claimed that they have higher education (most of them were the arrested). Furthermore, 49.8 % of persons are imprisoned for the first time, 48.7% of respondents indicated, that they had served the custodial sentence before, the rest of the convicts did not mark this point in the questionnaire. In the research, the convicts were divided into: arrested persons, sentenced persons and sentenced persons to imprisonment.The results of the research showed that in this research we once again have actualized the strategic tasks of the last years of Lithuanian imprisonment institutions in the implementation of resocialization; we have indicated the strengths and weaknesses of an individual institution (in this case, in ŠII) in implementing the resocialization of the convicts; we have received the feedback from convicts about the quality and needs of the social rehabilitation measures implemented by Šiauliai Interrogation Isolator.Obviously, convicts see the benefits of resocialization for convicts in general and for themselves. In assessing critically the inadequate preparation of staff for the effective implementation of the planned social rehabilitation measures, the domestic and physical infrastructure of the interrogation isolator, the convicts are in favour of various employment opportunities (mostly work activity, physical education) and primarily organized in the open air. They appreciate the efforts of the heads of the social rehabilitation units devoted for their resocialization, however, they would like to get more of psychological help.Summing up the ideas provided by convicts, it is clear that in Šiauliai Interrogation Isolator, which until 2026, will be moved from the city centre of Šiauliai to the modern complex in Šiauliai district, the changes are necessary. The officials' attitude towards the convicts has to change as well: the respondents who participated in the survey noted the unacceptable behaviour of the officials with the convicts. Household and physical conditions that respect human dignity are necessary. More help from psychologists and the examples of best practices are needed. The effectiveness of resocialization would be increased by meeting the demand for employment, and more employment measures in the open air. Developing democratic processes in the society should make it easier for convicts to take part in decision-making on their household conditions, employment programs, etc., to carry out a wider campaign of information on the possibility of convicts to learn, because currently only a small percentage of convicts use the adult learning centre established in the Isolator. ; Įkalinimo įstaigoms tenka iššūkis parengti kalinamąjį socialiai integruotis į visuomenę. Resocializacijos, vykdomos laisvės atėmimo įstaigoje, veiksmingumo vertinimas tampa diskusijų objektu. Nebepakanka kiekybinių rodiklių ir labiausiai paplitusio kriterijaus – nusikaltimo recidyvo sumažėjimo kalinamajam išėjus į laisvę. Remiantis mokslininkų požiūriu, kad pravartu tirti patį resocializacijos procesą ir net subjektyvias jos dalyvių nuomones, Šiaulių tardymo izoliatoriuje buvo atliktas kiekybinis tyrimas. Kalinamųjų apklausa parodė per paskutinius metus čia vykdomos kalinčiųjų resocializacijos pažangą. Taip pat išryškinti ir proceso veiksmingumą mažinantys veiksniai: netenkinančios buitinės sąlygos, psichologinės pagalbos trūkumas, nuteistąjį žeminantis personalo elgesys, resocializacijai reikalingų išteklių (paslaugas organizuojančių ir teikiančių darbuotojų kompetencijų, infrastruktūros) nepakankamumas ir kt.

Статья посвящена рассмотрению сущности глобализационных процессов, их влияния на образование и реализацию права. Выявлены закономерности развития правовой системы Украины, а также положительные и негативные последствия глобализации для государства вцелом ; Problem statement. Globalization is universal in nature and the nature of the phenomenon. It covers not only the global economy, finance, the media, where it manifests itself in the most developed form, and other areas of public life, including the right. This right is not just a means of securing formal processes of globalization and manages, but also feel the same on their part to significant influence. In this regard, the study of any issues related to the transformation of legal phenomena and processes in the context of globalization, today is important. The topical value of the research. A characteristic feature of the modern world is the interpenetration of cultures and principles of law that can be described by such concepts as convergence, integration, assimilation, creative interaction. Covered by the notions of dynamic processes on the one hand, contribute to the formation of a unified world community on the other, accompanied by contradictory processes aimed at identifying cultural identity, legal autonomy and generate a number of important theoretical and practical issues affecting the different sides of law. It comes to the requirements that apply modern legal systems globalization. These requirements cannot be underestimated, since all legal systems regardless of their own free will involve in the changes that are taking place and the conditions of their existence. The aim of the article. The relevance of the proposed research problems caused by the realities of today. In the context of globalization there is a need for theoretical and methodological understanding the nature and trends of the national legal system. The new research paradigms based legal system in the science of state and law, which is important for the formation of legal awareness and implementation of the rule of law in Ukraine. Historical experience shows that proclaimed as universal determinants «universal values» are not always relevant to national legal systems. Templates mechanically transferred often are not zhyttyediyalnymy because it does not take into account the features of the mentality and legal culture, formed in a particular society in the historical and cultural development. The effectiveness and viability of the legal system reflected in the extent to which the modern state links its development with the formation of legal awareness; develop legal culture, the achievement of stability in the legal intrastate and international relations. The article is a review of the main approaches to understanding the processes of globalization, the analysis of the forms and directions of separating from related processes and phenomena that determine the trends of the legal system of Ukraine in the context of globalization. An example of the impact of globalization on the legal system of the state is to take 4 November 1950 in Rome ten member states of the Council of Europe (Belgium, UK, Germany, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, France) Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the establishment to ensure obligations under the Convention 21 January 1959 the European court of human rights to consider complaints of violations of the Convention. Ratification of the European Convention enables all persons under its jurisdiction; apply to the European Court if they believe their rights have been violated. This also applies to citizens of Ukraine, which is confirmed by Article 55 of the Constitution of Ukraine. The main systemic risk factor in the formation of a single global world economy that emerged in the context of globalization is that the global economy with its inherent system of international economic relations is increasingly spreading properties market economy as a system of self-organizing, with very weak, uncertain and unstable, crisis management processes. In modern conditions of statehood in Ukraine has intensified the process of reform and renewal of national legislation. These processes caused the transformation period of society and the complexity of social relations that requires not only the most improvement of regulations, but also enhance research problems of formation of law, rulemaking and institute the right. Rule-making in the context of globalization transformed primarily towards the expansion of its social base, that an increasing number of takes not passive, but active and direct participation in the process. This process is transformed and influenced by the fact that in the legal field, new problems whose solution requires mandatory legal regulations at national and supranational levels. Environmental issues, security of information. Demographics require a new approach and new thinking, in which the need to combine all aspects of legal regulation. It would be fair comment is that globalization requires a different view of the rulemaking process, in accordance with other principles of regulation of modern social processes. He has held ethical turn in international relations, which are based need to put ethical principles of human existence in the world: justice, freedom, equality, consensus pluralism. It is impossible to ignore the legal framework traditions and mentality of peoples and impose uniform legal norms. One of the fundamental problems is the right exercise control globalization, harmonization of processes and neutralization of negative consequences. The right should act as a tool of globalization while managing its processes means. The process of globalization in the legal field is developing in two directions, which represent only the transformation of law. On the one hand, it is clear the impact globalization processes on the right, resulting in convergence and convergence of our legal systems. This formed the general trends of development, which include a tendency implementation of national legal systems universally recognized norms and principles; the emergence of new areas of law, such as space, information, change of legislation in connection with the integration processes and more. On the other hand, through the law attempts to steer globalization in a certain way, for example, the introduction of domestic law standards of other countries, thus adapted to the mentality of national legal and other historical and cultural features. Conclusions of the research. So whatever aspects of life of law did not affect the process of globalization should not be destroying national legal cultures. Identity national legal cultures preserved, including the identity of law. States can borrow one of the same law, institutions, law, but the legal system as a whole. Also integrated into the legal system of foreign law acquire national identity in the process of their application. This suggests that the relative autonomy law

Capitalism manages to enact environments in the midst of its centres by means of keeping other environments out. The fundamental practice which allows for this contradictory and generative move is that capitalist agents enact environments. Capitalism does not require a clear, neat, distinct, singular environment. Multiple, fluid, dynamic environments allow far better the tactical and strategical project of staging capitalism as having its destructive environmental impacts in control. That control is a decisive fiction sustaining the unsustainable. These theses are the result of an ethnography, reported in this book, that scrutinised corporate carbon accounting practices as a site at which we are able to simultaneously explore two significant issues for the management of environments: on the one hand studying practices of corporate environmental accounting allows us to engage with agents' practical work reality by which capitalism seeks to render itself 'green' and 'sustainable'; on the other hand the focus on precisely how accountants achieve taking carbon into account is able to sharpen our understanding of how quantifying practices perform in a non-substantial area of business, such as engaging with climate change. In the received view, corporate carbon accounting is about providing the facts and figures about the emissions which a company produces. Accounting for these emissions is supposedly a condition to take carbon into account – economists would call this process internalisation. The discourse which assumes that 'if only capitalist society is able to internalise its environmental problems' (like carbon emissions which are identified as the culprit of global warming and, in consequence, climate change) 'then capitalist society will be able to solve environmental crises' – this discourse is called ecological modernisation. Within environmental sociology arguments over whether that discourse is actually materially reflected abound. Ecological modernisation theory proposes that capitalist organisations do get green(er). In the midst of debate, little attention, if at all, has been paid to those agents who are, supposedly, implementing the programmes of ecological modernisation, such as environmental management systems (EMS) and carbon accounting. This study contributes to understanding how capitalism organises its relation to environments by means of scrutinising the work practices of these agents. To conduct that study, I have carefully avoided to make assumptions about whether a particular organisation would be conducting greenwash. Much rather, the intentionally open question was: what do agents of ecological modernisation do and how do they achieve it? With this orientation, this study turned to sociological theory and methodology which does not presume any overarching structure as determining agents. Instead, by means of methodological triangulation between ethnomethodology, actor-network theory (ANT) and Pierre Bourdieu's concepts of field and habitus, this study reconstructs by which specific practices and discursive action agents manage to make greening more central to capitalism. The decisive finding is that while agents do manage to bring environmental data into the heart of the corporation – the centre of capitalism – what that data is about (the things this data is related and presumably representing, the material hinterland of that data) is simultaneously distanced from the corporate core. This study, thus, shows how capitalism manages to enact a epicentral movement of 'environment' and, in parallel, to ensure that environmental issues and concerns do not challenge orinterfere in that centre. It manages by means of keeping the largest degrees of environments out. The overarching thesis of this study is, thus, that environments, such as carbon, are not existing – for all practical purposes of corporate agents – out-there but, rather, they are carefully crafted and enacted into corporate, social and, eventually, economic reality. Environments are enacted. The plural matters. Within the organisational practices of capitalism, agents may imagine to refer to 'the' environment. Their everyday practices of taking environments into account, however, relate to specific materials, such as spreadsheets, pieces of papers, flip-charts. Environments exist through these multiple materials, in multiple versions; ontologically, thus they do not exist in the singular but they are staged as such. If the carbon emission fact of a company is established, that fact may well be out-dated a few micro-seconds or years later; it may differ several kilometres off or in a neighbouring storage unit in a computer. Any global fact is enacted in particular located situations. Emissions facts are not stable but fluid, flowing in and between myriads of situations. They are hold together by means of humans' material-discursive performances. And they shift with agents' practices just like with the dynamics in-built into materials, like a database. These processes produce artefacts, versions of environments. And these versions matter. What a society is dealing with when encountering a corporate emission fact is not Nature but a version of an environment. Next year, the same fact (as in, signifying the same imagined out-there) may have changed. Vis-à-vis Science and Technology Studies (STS), my analysis of the effects of enacting environments is indicative of a potentially general characteristic in digital quantification practices – whether in offices or in laboratories: data flows are not that clean and under control. While workers may achieve staging being in control, in practice parallel versions of realities may proliferate – for the better or worse. What we find is that the reality of corporate carbon emissions is enacted as mutable, mobile and multiple. In the practical work of corporate fact finders, it is not necessary, albeit it is deemed required, that facts are singularised and immutablised. In consequence, social and economic reality is confronted with diverse carbon emission accounts, all implying universal truths. Societies and politics which resist engaging with parallel realities and insist on singular ones may not be well equipped to manage those crises that may be co-constituted by these parallel realities. Ethnographic work underlying this argument involved participant observation over a period of twenty months as well as document analysis. The study took place at a Fortune 50 financial services provider positioned in a legitimising network involving one of the largest international environmental NGO's and one of the four largest auditing firms. The findings of this study are, thus, considered to point to practices indicative of widely organisationally accepted and shared realities within hegemonic modern capitalist culture.

Der zu erwartende Anstieg des Weltenergiebedarfs macht angesichts der Klimaproblematik und der begrenzten fossilen Ressourcen eine Umgestaltung der Energiesysteme dringend notwendig. Die erneuerbaren Energien sind jedoch noch nicht in der Lage, eine zuverlässige und kostengünstige Energieversorgung zu gewährleisten. Die technologische Weiterentwicklung der regenerativen Energien sowie eine effektive Gestaltung geeigneter Förderstrategien sind daher zentrale Herausforderungen, denen Industrie und Politik gegenüberstehen. In Anbetracht der steigenden Nachfrage nach innovativen Lösungen und den daraus resultierenden Exportchancen spielen hierbei nicht nur Aspekte des Klimaschutzes, sondern auch industriepolitische Motive eine wichtige Rolle. Hinsichtlich der grundsätzlichen Frage der Technologieförderung, ob Innovationsprozesse durch "Technology-Push"- oder durch "Market-Pull"-Faktoren ausgelöst werden, besteht in der Innovationsforschung zwar Konsens darüber, dass beide Arten von Einflussgrößen von Bedeutung sind. Dennoch existiert in Bezug auf die Frage, welche Faktoren die Wirkung staatlicher Förderinstrumente beeinflussen und welche Effekte durch Interdependenzen zwischen verschiedenen Fördermaßnahmen hervorgerufen werden können, noch Forschungsbedarf. So werden insbesondere die Wirkungsweise und die Effektivität nachfrageorientierter Förderinstrumente nach wie vor kontrovers diskutiert. Um ein besseres Verständnis der Komplexität von Innovationsprozessen zu erhalten und die Einflüsse staatlicher Maßnahmen systematisch untersuchen zu können, wurde in dieser Arbeit ein agentenbasiertes Simulationsmodell entwickelt, auf Basis dessen sich die historische Entwicklung der deutschen Fotovoltaikbranche analysieren lässt. Hierbei bietet sich die Fotovoltaiktechnologie (kurz: PV) zum einen deshalb an, weil sie schon seit Anfang der 1960er Jahre gefördert wird. Zum anderen wurden und werden nicht allein Maßnahmen zur Forschungsförderung, sondern auch nachfrageorientierte Förderprogramme, z. B. das Gesetz für den Vorrang Erneuerbarer Energien (EEG), eingesetzt. Die agentenbasierten Modellierung zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass komplexe Zusammenhänge ausgehend von den Interaktionen einzelner, autonomer Akteure abgebildet werden. Daher lassen sich die dynamischen Wechselwirkungen zwischen der Mikroebene des Akteursverhaltens und der Makroebene des Innovations- und Marktgeschehens unmittelbar analysieren. Außerdem erlaubt die agentenbasierte Modellierung die Abkehr von Modellen, die auf dem Leitbild des "homo oeconomicus" der neoklassischen Ökonomik basieren, da es möglich ist, Aspekte wie begrenzte Rationalität oder die individuellen Strategien heterogener Akteure zu modellieren. Im Vergleich zu bisherigen Arbeiten wurden dabei wichtige Ergänzungen und Fortschritte erfolgreich umgesetzt: Hatten bislang erstellte Modelle, in denen industriespezifische Innovationsprozesse untersucht wurden, primär qualitativen Charakter, konnte die historische Technologie- und Marktentwicklung der betrachteten Branche im Rahmen dieses Vorhabens weitestgehend auch quantitativ nachgebildet werden. Die verschiedenen Prozesse der Wissensgenerierung, -verbreitung und -akkumulation wurden außerdem deutlicher differenziert, wodurch eine bessere Nachvollziehbarkeit des Innovationsvorgangs selbst erreicht wird. Ebenso wurden nachfrageseitige Prozesse stärker in die Modellierung mit einbezogen. Somit sind aussagekräftigere Analysen nachfrageorientierter Fördermaßnahmen möglich. Insgesamt sind daher auf Basis des entwickelten Agentenmodells sehr umfassende Analysen staatlicher Fördermaßnahmen möglich. So demonstrieren die verschiedenen Simulationsexperimente, in deren Rahmen die Wirkungen einzelner Instrumente auf das Innovations- und Marktgeschehen in der Fotovoltaikbranche gezielt untersucht werden konnten, nicht nur die Tragfähigkeit der verwendeten Methode. Vielmehr wird anhand der Simulationsergebnisse ebenfalls deutlich, wie stark die Effekte von "Technology-Push"- und "Market-Pull"-Instrumenten ineinandergreifen und wie sehr die Wirkungen dieser Maßnahmen dabei von der Entwicklungsphase der Branche abhängen. Darüber hinaus zeigt sich zum einen, dass die geeigneten Zeitfenster für die Durchführung der jeweiligen Förderprogramme mitunter begrenzt sind. Zum anderen sind die kurz- und die langfristigen Effekte einzelner Maßnahmen manchmal sogar gegenläufig. Ausgehend von den im Rahmen dieser Arbeit gewonnenen Simulationsergebnissen lässt sich zusammenfassend feststellen, dass die bisher in Deutschland durchgeführten Fördermaßnahmen verhältnismäßig effektiv einzuschätzen sind. Trotz der hohen Komplexität der zugrundeliegenden Innovations- und Marktprozesse wurde ein ausgewogener Kompromiss zwischen einer schnellen Kostenreduktion einerseits und der Aufrechterhaltung einer technologischen Vielfalt anderseits erreicht. Dies deutet insgesamt darauf hin, dass Forschungs- und Nachfrageförderung gut aufeinander abgestimmt waren. ; In response to the expected increase in world energy demand, the growing challenges of climate change and resource depletion, energy from renewable sources will have to play a significant role on future energy markets. However, renewable energies are not yet able to ensure reliable and affordable energy supplies. Therefore enormous efforts from the industry will be necessary in terms of both innovative processes and products in order to fulfil the needs of a future energy mix. Renewable energy technology development and the effective design of appropriate support strategies are thus crucial challenges which industry and politics will have to resolve. Given the rising global demand for innovative solutions and the resulting export opportunities, support policies do not just aim at environmental goals. In fact economic development and technological change also play an important role. With regard to the fundamental question of science and technology policy, whether innovation processes are triggered by "technology push"- or "market pull"-factors, innovation research has reached a consensus that both types are important. Nevertheless further research is needed on the factors that influence the effectiveness of support instruments and on the potential interdependencies between different support measures. In order to better understand the complexity of innovation processes and to examine the influences of public policies, an agent-based simulation model was developed within the framework of this thesis. Based on this model - which makes use of the concepts of neo-Schumpeterian economics - the historical development of the German photovoltaic industry can be reproduced and analysed. The PV industry is a well suited example for this kind of analysis because it has already been subsidized since the early 1960s. In addition, not only measures to support research, but also demand-oriented programs such as the German feed-in law ("Renewable Energy Sources Act") were implemented and are still being used. The various interdependencies between support measures, company behaviour, technological progress and consumer behaviour led to the chosen modelling approach. Agent-based modelling analyses complex effects on the basis of the interrelations of individual, autonomous actors. It is therefore possible to simulate the dynamic interactions between the behavioural patterns of the stakeholders at the micro-level and the innovation processes and the evolution of the market at the macro-level. Moreover, the basic paradigms of neoclassical economics (e. g. the "homo oeconomicus" concept) can be abandoned since it is possible to model aspects like bounded rationality or individual strategies of heterogeneous actors. Compared with previous work important extensions and improvements have successfully been implemented: Existing models focusing on industry-specific innovation processes are primarily qualitative in character. Within this work the historic development of the considered industry sector could also be replicated quantitatively to a large extent. Furthermore the different processes of knowledge generation, dissemination and accumulation were also clearly differentiated, thus making it easier to understand the innovation process itself. As the demand side was also modelled in a more comprehensive way, quite detailed analyses of demand-oriented incentives are possible. Overall, the agent-based model developed in this thesis is well suited for analyses of governmental support measures. The various simulation experiments during which the effects of individual policy instruments on the rate and direction of technological change in the photovoltaic industry could be tested systematically do not only demonstrate the general suitability of the method used. Rather, the simulation results also indicate the magnitude of interaction of "technology push"- and "market pull"-instruments and how the respective effects of these measures depend on the different phases of the industry life cycle. Additionally the results illustrate that in certain cases the appropriate time frames for the implementation of public support programs are limited. Also it is revealed that short- and long-term effects of individual policy measures might even lead in opposite directions. According to the analyses performed with the developed agent-based model of the PV industry it could be conducted that the support programs introduced in Germany so far were reasonably effective: Despite the high complexity of the innovation processes and the market development a balanced compromise between a rapid cost reduction on the one hand and a promising technological diversity on the other hand have been achieved. This indicates that the interaction of public R&D funding and demand-oriented policy measures have been well-adjusted.

From the introduction: Based on the findings of the correlation analysis described in chapter 7.1, factors of influence and variables statistically not related to financial B2C e-commerce can now be distinguished. While the focus of this part of the analysis lies on factors showing significant correlation coefficients in relation to the research topic, this does not mean that the non-correlated factors are not of importance or somewhat connected. The statistical measurements may not be suitable for this type of analysis, survey results may be misleading or the situation will have changed in the last two years after the investigation. On the other hand, the observed correlations do not necessarily equal a causal relationship and the high complex matter can not be explained by single variables as influence factors. The conducted correlation analysis only serves as an indicator for potential influence factors or accelerators and has to be carefully evaluated. Keeping these considerations in mind, the statistical analysis within the scope of this masters dissertation will support the following conclusions and interpretations. First of all, computer usage and skills as well as internet usage and skills need to be on a high level in a country to facilitate financial B2C e-commerce. Residents of countries with higher levels for the subject of examination will probably already have gained adequate skills, as indicated by a medium strong negative relation to computer courses taken in the last three months and other online activities such as online information search and online banking positively correlated. While online banking is partially included in the variable e_comm representing financial B2C e-commerce through customer's usage of online financial services, this particular result may not be totally conclusive. However, it seems logical that consumers with good computer and internet skills also spending a lot of time with advanced activities on the internet may also engage in financial B2C e-commerce. This assumption narrows down the target group and excludes a certain clientele from online product offers of financial institutions - banks will need to adapt their web portals accordingly, set up initiatives improving computer and web skills of their consumers and meet their consumers on the internet, e.g. with advertising while they are using search engines. Practical evidence supporting these interpretations can be found in several examples of the past, e.g. extensive usability evaluations for UK banks by the press and specialised agencies, internet courses for seniors offered with German Postbank or online marketing success stories of financial enterprises. Similar to skills and frequency of use, basic technical availability of infrastructure such as computer system and internet access is required for the realisation of the research issue. Since mobile ownership and high-speed broadband access are also highly correlated, it can be assumed that countries with a generally higher technological development will have higher levels of financial B2C e-commerce. It can be expected that almost all European countries will reach digital maturity in the next few years and will be implicit, which will automatically accommodate the matter of examination. Structural factors of the finance sector do not show linkages to financial B2C e-commerce, only countries' GDP show a certain positive correlation, which is in line with findings on online banking. E-government seems to be in a similar state like the research topic, but does not seem to be of direct influence. General e-commerce in a country seems to have a positive relationship with financial e-commerce, especially in countries with a low rate of encountered problems on customer side. This makes sense as customers will possibly have good experiences with this business practice and will therefore not limit their e-commerce activity to certain business sectors. One could also infer that banks in countries with a high rate of general e-commerce will have better opportunities to market their online product sales. Going further, banks should actively support e-commerce business models of all sectors, for example though offering electronic, credit card or e-commerce shop payment systems. Whereas most cross-border e-commerce variables examined would not show high correlation coefficients, concerns about varying consumer protection in other countries seem to be important for consumers actively involved in financial B2C e-commerce. Even more interestingly, countries with a high level of financial B2 e-commerce would also show a high readiness of their consumers to participate in cross-border e-commerce, especially if prices in foreign countries are lower. Obviously, customers using domestic online services could easily expand their buying habits to other European countries, if suitable products offers and legal frameworks are available. Through cross-border financial B2C e-commerce, there is a potential danger to lose customers to foreign banks - domestic banks observing critical tendencies need to act accordingly. First of all, marketing research is needed to define current consumer buying habits and problems related. Banks with the necessary market power could adapt their product offers to target consumers prone to switch to foreign competitors, smaller local banks need to differentiate and exploit local advantages. Examples can be found in the German market with Commerzbank and its direct bank subsidiary comdirect directly competing with INGDiBa of the Dutch ING group or with Kreissparkasse Köln using local affiliates like sports clubs for their product sales, promoting high-interest deposit account in local Cologne dialect and offering a loyalty card for a local business partner network to their customers. Trust in online financial transactions and their security as well as a positive perception of consumer rights protection seems to be necessarily interwoven with financial B2C e-commerce. It is therefore crucial for financial institutions to ensure secure transactions according to the latest industry standards, provide valid information on internet security to customers and offer practical customer support concerning virus protection and internet fraud prevention. Banks should also value the importance of consumer rights highly, e.g. through using complaint management, support of nation or European wide legal initiatives and positive attitude towards consumer action groups. Most banks will have implemented security facilities, consumer rights are usually not explicitly mentioned and outlined on private customer webpages of commercial banks. The formal possibility to make complaints and enquiries should be largely improved by financial institutions in the EU. While the European Commision has for example established the Financial Services Consumer Group to promote this matter, which now tragically appears in public in connection with the Financial crisis, illiquid banks and frozen consumer accounts. Payment types preferred in a country are of interest for the level of financial B2C e-commerce - logically, countries with a high adoption of bank transfers are likely to have a higher rate of e-commerce in place, while countries using traditional methods such as cheques or cash show lower adoption rates. This may be explained by a general lack of a necessity and willingness to use modern instruments such as online financial transactions. Promoting bank transfers, especially through self-service terminals and online channels, may therefore help banks to promote their e-commerce activities.Inhaltsverzeichnis:Table of Contents: 1.Research Context1 1.1Introduction and Theoretical Background of the Research1 1.2Professional and Academic Significance of the Research3 2.Research Problem, Objectives and Scope5 2.1Research Problem Statement and Research Questions5 2.2Research Hypothesis6 2.3Research Aims and Objectives6 2.4Scope of the Research7 3.Literature Review8 3.1Overview Literature Review8 3.2Introduction to the Current EU Financial Sector9 3.3Developments and Forces of Change in the EU Banking Environment10 3.4Strategic Reactions and Major Trends in EU Banking10 3.5Recent Developments and the Current State of the EU Retail Banking Market10 3.6Recent Developments and Current State of Online Banking and Financial E-Commerce in the EU12 3.6.1E-Business Potential of the EU Banking Industry12 3.6.2Online Banking in EU countries12 3.6.3Financial E-Commerce in EU countries14 3.6.4Cross-border financial e-commerce16 3.6.5Advantages, Problems and Future Prospects of Financial E-Commerce in the European Union18 3.6.6Potential Influence Factors on Financial E-Commerce in the EU20 3.7Reflective Summary, Key Findings and Relation to Research Topic24 4.Research Methodology32 4.1Research Design32 4.2Research Strategy32 4.3Research Methods33 4.4Data Sources34 4.4.1Primary Data34 4.4.2Secondary Data35 4.5Data Analysis for Research Questions38 4.5.1Research Question 138 4.5.2Research Question 239 4.5.3Research Question 341 4.5.4Research Question 443 5.Research Question 1: Current State and Extent of B2C E-Commerce in the EU Banking Sector44 5.1Research Results and Findings for Research Question 144 5.1.1Basic Prerequisites for Provision of Financial Services Online44 5.1.2Provision of Financial Services Online and Financial E-Commerce45 5.1.3Consumer Adoption of Financial Services Online / Fin. E-Commerce47 5.1.4Cross-Country Financial E-Commerce50 5.2Research Analysis and Interpretation for Research Question 152 5.2.1Basic Prerequisites for Provision of Financial Services Online52 5.2.2Provision of Financial Services Online / Financial E-Commerce54 5.2.3ConsumerAdoption of Financial Services Online / Fin. E-Commerce55 5.2.4Analysis and Interpretation for Cross-Country Financial E-Commerce57 5.2.5Analysis and Interpretation Conclusion58 6.Research Question 2: Country Cluster Analysis for B2CE-Commerce in the EU Banking Sector59 6.1Research Results and Findings for Research Question 259 6.2Research Analysis and Interpretation for Research Question 262 7.Research Question 3: Influence Factors on B2C E-Commerce in the EU Banking Sector66 7.1Research Results and Findings for Research Question 366 7.2Research Analysis and Interpretation for Research Question 370 7.2.1Quantifiable Factors of Influence70 7.2.2Other Factors of Influence75 8.Research Question 4: The Case of Sparkasse Langen-Seligenstadt and B2C E-Commerce77 8.1Research Results and Findings for Research Question 477 8.2Research Analysis and Interpretation for Research Question 477 9.Reflections on the Current Financial Crisis and its Relation to the Research Topic83 10.Conclusion, Policy Recommendations and Future Research85Textprobe:Text Sample: Chapter 4.1, Research Design: Providing the framework for collection and analysis of data, the research design of the planned study can be best described as a cross-sectional design with comparative, cross-cultural and international research elements. Quantitative or quantifiable data (extent and potential influence factors of B2C e-commerce in the banking sector) is gathered for a range of cases (EU countries) at a single point in time to detect patterns of association. This approach seems suitable as it allows for a systematic and standardised method to examine relationships between the variables - financial e-commerce and its key influence factors - within the European sample. However, since the proposed design approach has no elements of an experimental design, problems of internal validity, credibility and uncertain causal relationships may occur. As already indicated in the research objectives, another research design in the form of a case study will additionally be used to apply conclusions and recommendations derived from the analysis to an exemplary mid-sized bank in Germany. The case study approach seems particularly interesting as the researcher is working for the examined company, will have access to internal resources and have opportunities to gather instant feedback on suggested improvements. Research Strategy: The research strategy chosen reflects the nature of the examined variables – some examined influence factors will be of quantitative character whereas others are rather difficult to quantify. Since the focus of this dissertation lies on the quantitative analysis of the extent and current state as well as on measurable relationships and possible dependencies between e-commerce adoption and several other factors, quantitative research serves as an appropriate research strategy. Having established this fact, it is equally important to realise that a well-balanced and complete appraisal of financial B2B e-commerce will involve qualitative factors and business case examples. Building on the complementarity of both groups of factors, elements of mixed methods research need to be taken into account as well. Research Methods: The research methods used are directly linked to the stated aims and objectives and are supposed to help achieve them in the most effective and meaningful manner. Almost all research objectives can be analysed with quantitative data analysis building on a relevant data set. However, due to the expected nature of the influence factors examined, qualitative document analysis of secondary research and an exemplary case study based on primary research will supplement the quantitative analysis. The reasons for choosing these research methods can be described as follows: first of all, the availability of current official statistics on this topic. Secondly, studies already conducted in the similar field of online banking with informative results and the connection with a company for a case study (see primary data) were seen as an excellent starting point. A number of reasons would even exclude other research methods such as surveys, interviewing techniques or the triangulation approach, which is commonly used for researching internet adoption. The European scope of the research as well as the highly confidential banking sector would not enable the researcher to conduct a survey research or interviews of representative nature. To enquire about the state of European B2C e-commerce in the financial sector, impact on domestic banks and its influence factors, it seems justified to use general statistical information available in the public domain together with secondary data for non-quantitative information as well as a case example thematically linked to the day-to-day business of local banks. Data Sources - Primary Data: Primary research was conducted first to determine the interest, level of support, requirements and wants of the sponsoring company Sparkasse Langen-Seligenstadt, Frankfurt, Germany, (see case study in appendix B) to facilitate and support dissertation on this particular topic. During the process of writing the dissertation several presentations and feedback sessions were arranged with the department of electronic media. Interim and final results were also discussed in an informal manner at the Conference on Innovation in the Banking Industry and at various other events. Most importantly, the case study employed was set up with the help of the electronic media department at Sparkasse Langen-Seligenstadt. In several interview sessions and group discussions, employees with different functions within the company, e.g. product managers, web designers, marketing experts, customer support agents, provided their insights and opinions on the reality of online product sales as conducted by Sparkasse Langen-Seligenstadt. From a future perspective, it may be possible to introduce the findings to a group of experts from different banks and discuss the results and implications, since the company is part of a larger network of German savings banks. The excellent availability of primary data and information from inside the company due to personal involvement of the researcher is highly beneficial for the reflective examination of B2C e-commerce in the financial sector. Data Sources - Secondary Data: For the thorough investigation into the extent of financial e-commerce and level of adoption by consumers, related information and data to be used had to meet the following criteria: a recent publishing date, highly relevant research topics and questions, multinational scope as well as high quality of the data set and its underlying questionnaires. The quantitative research parts of this dissertation were therefore largely based on the data set of the Eurostat Community Survey on ICT usage and e-Commerce in Enterprises in the Financial Sector, the analogue survey research for all kinds of enterprises and ICT Household survey, as shown in figure 9 at the end of this chapter. These sources of data were considered to be most appropriate for several reasons. Probably the most extensive and current data source on this issue, these sources covered the entire European Union (EU27 plus partially Norway and Iceland) and a number of e-commerce related questions in the year 2006. The quality and density of data seemed to be of high quality, with a representative sample of more than 100,000 enterprises in total for all sectors, more than 10,000 enterprises for the financial sector and 1000 to 6000 households in every country. The data sets were freely available as a working database, to be used with statistical tools such as SPSS or Microsoft Excel. Problems of validity seemed to be fairly low as standards and sample questionnaires were set up by the European Commission for the agencies conducting the analysis within the particular country. Several problems and limitations were identified in connection with the usage of these data sets. First of all, a general limitation to official statistics including this data set is the usage of aggregate data in some cases, so a potential for ecological fallacy as well as generalisation exists. Next, the pan-European sample incorporating highly different cases may not be equally as representative for all cases (see % of sampled enterprises in appendix D 2). Single missing values weakened the explanatory power for some parts of the analysis. It was also the case that data on certain issues, e.g. consumer satisfaction with product offers in this field, was not available for the entire sample at this point in time. Due to a lack of alternatives, following other examples of research using a similar approach as well as with reliance on the reputation of Eurostat, the extensive documentation) and the quality assurance of the OECD and other high profile institutions in this case, the decision to use the sources described seemed justified and a sound basis for the proposed research. Additionally, several Eurobarometer studies were used and considered for the data analysis of the third research question. Since they contained valuable information on public opinion regarding issues related to the research topic, it had to be accepted that the reference year varied in a few cases. For the qualitative part of the research and the literature review, other secondary resources such journals and reports available through the LSBU E-resources, Reuters Insight and the Business Source Premier database were used to start. Later on, materials from business school libraries in Germany amended prior findings. For particular parts of the research, e.g. regulatory issues or web usability, specific web resources were employed.

The broad historical context : the rise of the Ottoman empire and the formation of Muslim communities in the Balkans as an integral part of the ottomanization of the region -- The rise of the Ottomans, ca. 1300-ca. 1550 : an overview -- The Ottoman transformation from a frontier principality to an imperial bureaucratic regime -- The formation of Muslim communities in the Ottoman Balkans in historiography and memory -- 1.3.1 Major theories of the formation and development of Muslim communities in the Ottoman Balkans -- 1.3.2 Assessment of the theories of the formation of Muslim communities in the Ottoman Balkans -- Colonization, settlement, and faith in the Balkans in the early Ottoman period (ca. 1352 to early 16th century) -- Colonization and settlement in the early Ottoman Balkans : historical and historiographic overview -- The abdals of Rum(eli) and their allies : "heterodox" Islam, Turcoman colonization, and legitimacy (late 14th-early 16th centuries) -- Conquest, colonization, and authority in the early Ottoman Balkans in the light of heterodox hagiographic works : the velayetnames of Seyyid ali Sultan (kızıl deli) and Otman baba -- 2.3.1 Kızıl deli, Rüstem gazi, and the conquest of the Balkans -- 2.3.2. Otman baba -- The northeastern Balkans from the late medieval period to the late fifteenth century : pre-Ottoman Turcoman invasions and migrations, the Ottoman conquest, and the "turbulent" fifteenth century. Deliorman and Gerlovo as a "special case" -- Introduction -- Turcoman involvement in the northeastern Balkans prior to the Ottoman conquest -- 3.2.1. Pontic Turcoman incursions into the Balkans in the pre-Ottoman period -- 3.2.2 The migration of Seljuk Turks to Dobrudja and the role of Sarı Saltık -- The northeastern Ottoman Balkans in the "turbulent" fifteenth century -- 3.3.1 The battle of Ankara and the Ottoman interregnum -- 3.3.2 The revolt of Sheykh Bedreddin -- 3.3.3 The crusade of Varna (1444) and the invasion of Vlad III Tepes south of the Danube (1461-1462) -- Patterns of demographic and socio-economic development in Deliorman and Gerlovo in the late fifteenth century. Deliorman and Gerlovo as a "special case" -- The repopulation of Deliorman and Gerlovo's countryside in the sixteenth century -- The re-population of Deliorman and Gerlovo in the sixteenth century : sürgün and göç, the role of the state and its limits -- Major aspects of rural Deliorman and Gerlovo's demographic transformation in the sixteenth century : Turcoman re-population, conversion to Islam, the rise of Derbend villages, and Christian-Muslim co-existence in the light of Ottoman tax registers -- 4.2.1 The development of the settlement network -- 4.2.2. demographic analysis by settlement size -- 4.2.3 demographic analysis by overall population size and status of taxpayers -- 4.2.4 major agents of Turcoman colonization in the countryside : yürüks and other nomadic or semi-nomadic groups, dervishes, and descendants of the prophet -- 4.2.5 Waqf (pious endowment) villages -- 4.2.6 Derbend villages -- The development of the urban network in sixteenth-century Deliorman. the emergence of Hezargrad and Eski Cuma, the transformation of Shumnu into an Islamic city, and the decline of Chernovi -- Introduction : the Islamic city, the Ottoman city, and the Ottoman Balkan city -- The emergence of Ottoman Hezargrad (mod. Razgrad) -- 5.2.1 Ancient and medieval background -- 5.2.2 The emergence of a new Ottoman town -- 5.2.3 The socio-economic development of Hezargrad -- The growth and transformation of Shumnu (Shumen) into an Ottoman town -- 5.3.1 The socio-economic development of Shumnu -- The decline of Chernovi (Cherven) -- The rise of Eski Cuma (Cuma-i atik, mod. Targovishte) -- Concluding remarks -- Religion, culture, and authority : two case studies -- Introduction -- Demir baba and the abdals of Rum of Otman baba's branch in Deliorman and Gerlovo -- 6.2.1 the abdals of Rum of Otman baba's branch from the death of Otman baba to Demir baba's emergence as "pole of poles" -- 6.2.2 The life of Demir baba as "pole" in the light of his velayetname -- 6.2.2.1 Debate and contest marvels and recognition : Demir baba's image as an axial saint and communal leader -- 6.2.2.2 Demir baba and the community : the saint as an epitome of power, justice, and generosity -- 6.2.2.3 Demir baba as a gazi -- 6.2.2.4 Demir baba and the Ottoman dynasty, state, and political order -- 6.2.2.5 Demir baba and his spiritual and sectarian rivals -- 6.2.2.6 positioning the abdals of Rum (of Otman baba's branch) in the Ottoman sectarian and socio-cultural spectrum -- The foundation of Hezargrad as an assertion of the Ottoman imperial order -- Issues in religion, culture, and authority : conversion to Islam and confessionalization -- Conversion to Islam in Deliorman and Gerlovo -- 7.1.1. conversion to Islam in the countryside : general remarks -- 7.1.2 "Colonizing heterodox dervishes" and conversion to Islam -- 7.1.3 Conversion and converts to Islam in the urban centers : the cases of Hezargrad and Shumnu -- 7.1.3.1 conversion and converts in sixteenth-century Hezargrad -- 7.1.3.2. conversion and converts in Shumnu -- Confessionalization and confession building : insights from Deliorman and Gerlovo

Should Americans regard Ukraine's surprise incursion into Russia's Kursk region as a turning point in the war, one that could bring Kyiv important new leverage in bargaining over a settlement, if not outright victory? As tempting as it is to believe that the Ukrainian military can aspire to more than stalemate and compromise, there is little about the Kursk offensive that justifies such hopes. True, Ukraine's attack seemed to blindside the Kremlin, leading rapidly to the capture of some thirty villages and forcing the evacuation of roughly 200,000 Russian citizens. Ukrainian officials claim to control more than 400 square miles of Russian territory. This initial success has generated an impressive volume of optimistic takes on Western opinion pages and talk shows, while showing increasingly discouraged Ukrainians that their beleaguered forces remain capable of seizing the initiative on the battlefield. To shift the course of the war, however, Ukraine's gambit must either divert significant numbers of Russian forces from the fighting in Ukraine itself, seize or destroy strategically important assets inside Russia, or hold territory over the longer term that can become a bargaining chip in negotiations over ending the conflict. None of that appears likely. So far, the Russian military has not moved large numbers of troops into Kursk from the primary fronts in the Donbass, Zaporizhia, and Kharkiv. Rather, it has relied on substantial numbers of combat reserves that it had held back from Ukraine, coupled with air strikes on Ukrainian armor, troop concentrations, fuel depots, and supply lines. This has effectively prevented Kyiv from diverting its already stretched manpower from the frontlines in Ukraine to reinforce its initial success in Kursk. To provide cover for the incursion, Ukraine moved air defense assets toward the border with Russia, but this exposed their positions to devastating Russian strikes. As a result, Ukraine's rapid early advances have slowed substantially, raising profound doubts about its capacity to hold captured territory for long. Had Ukraine managed to capture the Kursk nuclear power plant, one of the largest in Russia, its bargaining power over the Kremlin might have grown quite substantially. The Russian military would have been hard-pressed to dislodge forces holding the plant without damaging or destroying the facility, and Ukrainian occupiers could have wielded the threat of releasing radiation as leverage over Putin's demands in any negotiations. But Ukrainian forces have fallen far short of reaching that objective and have little prospect of attaining it now that Russia has mobilized forces defending the plant. If the Kursk incursion was meant to embarrass Putin and turn up the political pressure inside Russia for ending the war, that, too, seems unlikely. Past Russian battlefield setbacks, such as the forced withdrawals from Kyiv, Kherson, and Kharkiv, had little impact on Putin's polling numbers. Putin arguably emerged strengthened from his suppression of the Wagner uprising in 2023, the most embarrassing development he has faced since launching the invasion of Ukraine. Russian television coverage of the incursion suggests the Kremlin is confident it can repel and even exploit the incursion. It initially highlighted humanitarian efforts to support and relocate affected civilians, then in recent days focused on successful Russian counterattacks on Ukraine's forces and supply lines. Televised images of British- and German-supplied tanks advancing into Kursk, where the Soviet Red Army fought the largest tank battle in history against Nazi invaders, could stoke patriotic feelings in Russia and reinforce Putin's arguments that NATO is both orchestrating and enabling Ukrainian attacks. Indeed, rather than creating pressures inside Russia to end the war, Ukraine's Kursk gambit could bolster Russia's hawks, who have long complained that Putin has been too reluctant to mobilize and employ Russia's full military capabilities in Ukraine. The combination of their criticism and the vulnerabilities created by Ukraine's diversion of its most effective troops into Kursk may finally persuade Putin to cast aside his slow attrition strategy in favor of pursuing a decisive breakthrough of Ukrainian defenses. And if the White House is correct that Ukraine launched the attacks on Kursk without America's blessing, the incident may reinforce those in Washington who argue that it is imprudent to provide long-range strike weapons to a Zelensky regime that is prone to recklessness. More than 20 years ago, General David Petraeus issued a famous challenge following the start of the Iraq War: "Tell me how this ends." The answer in Ukraine remains no clearer today than it has been throughout the two-and-a-half years of Russia's invasion. The Kursk incursion has shown that Ukraine can still capture headlines, but securing large amounts of Russian-held territory and shifting the course of the war seems to be beyond its reach.

The general silence around the progressive establishment as the current Democratic administration prepares to launch military strikes against more foreign targets risking a wider war in the Middle East is so depressing and disconcerting.As deeply disturbed I am about Rep. Nancy Pelosi's (D-Calif.) recent bizarre and absurd attacks on peace advocates, I am even more distressed about the prospect of a casual stroll into an all out war against Iran in response to the militia attack on U.S. military personnel near the Jordan/Syria border over the weekend, which killed three Americans and wounded dozens more. Why U.S. troops are even there to begin with is a whole other matter.Since Hamas's brutal attack on Israel on October 7 and Israel's invasion of Gaza in response, Biden administration officials and the president himself have repeatedly said they do not want the conflict to spiral out of control in the region. But in response to the attack on U.S. troops at the Jordan/Syria border, President Biden is reportedly considering "striking Iranian personnel in Syria or Iraq or Iranian naval assets in the Persian Gulf" which, if he follows through, could carry with it a tit-for-tat path of escalation that risks spiraling out of control. Also, the Biden administration apparently does not see a link between U.S. support for Israel's carnage in Gaza and the violence in the Red Sea and elsewhere in the region. Instead, Politico reported this week that an unnamed U.S. official "poured cold water on a pair of alternative options the U.S. could take: Reassessing troop deployments in the region and pressuring Israel to end fighting in Gaza, since that's what has been angering the proxy groups."The same report, however, quoted former State Department official and international law expert Brian Finucane saying that "non-military options are likely to be more effective at bringing about an end to attacks on U.S. troops."Keep in mind President Biden is already on record saying that recent U.S. strikes targeting the Houthis haven't been working. Furthermore, Qatar has already reportedly warned that U.S. retaliation to strikes in Jordan could hurt the ongoing hostage negotiations.There have been some in the progressive foreign policy space offering sober, level-headed progressive approaches on how to diffuse the tension. For example, Matt Duss, former foreign policy adviser to Sen. Bernie Sanders, has suggested better non-military options like negotiating a new Iran nuclear deal, pushing for a legitimate two-state solution, and conditioning U.S. military aid to Israel. "Ultimately, you need to get to some kind of modus vivendi of which Iran is a part," he said.Win Without War, a grassroots focused group that promotes progressive foreign policy, has been on point as usual with their messaging imploring President Biden to change his current course in the Middle East. But apart from that, there are not many people speaking out from the progressive mainstream and there are very few, if any calls to action.Meanwhile, many on the right wing are filling the void and talking the most sense about the situation at this moment. For example, Tucker Carlson called Sens. Lindsey Graham (R-S.C.) and John Cornyn (R-Texas) "f*cking lunatics" for calling on Biden to attack Iran. Former GOP presidential candidate and now Trump surrogate Vivek Ramaswamy blasted Graham and Nikki Haley for "giddily calling" for war: "It's disgusting & says a lot about the kind of GOP they're trying to recreate," Ramaswamy tweeted. And Rep. Thomas Massie (R-Ky.) piled on, asking Graham, "Is there anyone you don't want to bomb?"This should be a four alarm fire. If I was at my old job running the political advocacy programs at CREDO Mobile today, emails would be going out lighting up the Capitol Hill switchboards trying to prevent a Democratic president from leaning even further into this maddening military conflict (which is exactly what we did a handful of times during the Obama administration).Where is the leadership from the Left — leaders at big organizations with outsized email programs and social media assets to deploy?What is happening? Is there anyone effectively organizing against Biden just casually leading us into another war? I fully support an immediate and permanent ceasefire in Gaza and an immediate release of all hostages. Those two outcomes are linked. And, I admire everyone pouring their heart and soul into their advocacy to make that a reality.But, right now, President Biden and his team are sleepwalking into a direct war in the Middle East, a course of action that will be beyond devastating and one that requires the Left's urgent attention.

Representatives from most of the 57 participating states of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), including Secretary of State Antony Blinken, met last week in Skopje, North Macedonia for the annual Ministerial Council meeting. The participation of Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov led some OSCE countries to skip the event. At the top of the agenda was a decision on which country would follow North Macedonia and assume the rotating chair for 2024. In the run-up to the ministerial, major questions loomed large about the continued viability of the organization and its future. With no end to Russia's war against Ukraine in sight, the wavering on tangible support for Ukraine within both the US and the EU, and a continued lack of consensus on the OSCE's formal budget, stakes were high. By the end of the ministerial, the power of the OSCE itself as a convening forum on critical issues demonstrated the continued value of the organization and the OSCE lives to fight another day. The OSCE, headquartered at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna, is the largest regional security organization in the world and the second largest multilateral organization after only the United Nations. Originally established as the Conference of Security in Europe (CSCE), since the end of the Cold War, the disintegration of Yugoslavia, and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the OSCE (since 1994) has been an essential body for encouraging fledgling democracies of Europe and Central Asia to stay on track. This year, the OSCE has been chaired by the Republic of North Macedonia, steering the work of the organization to focus more on the tangible results the organization has for the people it serves. North Macedonia's Foreign Minister Bujar Osmani, the Chair-in-Office (CiO) responsible for implementing the agenda, has presided over one of the most fragmented and challenging security environments since the end of the Cold War. The OSCE operates as a consensus-driven organization, and Russia–with equal standing of all 57 participating states–has obstructed both the OSCE's budget process since 2021 and the organization's efforts to appoint a new chair. As the clock ticked toward the end of the year, Russia refused to agree to Estonia–a NATO member state–taking over as CiO as anticipated for 2024.Despite this controversy, the convening power of the OSCE won out. That ability will be valuable in the years ahead. The lack of a formal chair to steer the work of the organization after December 31 posed a major existential challenge. This would have been the first time in the nearly five-decade-long history of the OSCE that a consensus on CiO could not be reached. Ultimately, all agreed in Skopje that Malta will have the Chair for 2024. With just a month to prepare, the year ahead will be challenging for Malta, one of Europe's smallest states. Normally countries have two years' advance notice to prepare for their chair. Finland is set to chair the OSCE for 2025–owing to the organization's principles rooted in the Helsinki Final Act, which will celebrate its 50th anniversary in 2025. That anniversary will be a critical inflection point for the value of the organization and its potential role in supporting Ukraine in a post-conflict capacity.The U.S. and Russian representatives, Blinken and Lavrov, did not meet in Skopje; Blinken left for Israel before Lavrov arrived. Although this was expected, it's a reminder that the OSCE is a platform that can still bring together both the United States and Russia–along with other key players–for engagement on the range of issues across the three pillars of the organization, the political-military, the economic and environmental, and the "Human Dimension" of social, civil, and environmental issues. Last year's OSCE ministerial in Łódź, Poland, made headlines when Poland (an EU member) refused to allow Lavrov–as an EU-sanctioned individual–to participate. Lavrov's presence this year in Skopje (not yet in the EU) again proved controversial. Many ministers or their representatives used the ministerial to condemn Russia's invasion of Ukraine; and representatives from Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland canceled their participation altogether. Despite this controversy, the convening power of the OSCE won out. That ability will be valuable in the years ahead. In his closing remarks, Foreign Minister Osmani said that "the light of the OSCE has not been extinguished." Despite attempts by Russia to destabilize the organization, the OSCE remains relevant and necessary for the future security and peace in Europe and Eurasia. A post-conflict Ukraine will need a functioning OSCE's support. The Skopje ministerial met its goals of agreeing a new chair, renewing the roles of top OSCE officials (namely Secretary General Helga Schmid), and ensuring that the OSCE continues to function as a valuable diplomatic tool kit grounded–in principle–on a set of shared values to which all participating states, at least rhetorically, ascribe.

Recent advancements in intelligent technologies and sensor-based data collections pave the way for autonomous driving and facilitate a radical transformation of today's mobility. Based on auspicious market projections, traditional automotive manufacturers and technology companies invest heavily in the development of autonomous vehicles (AVs). In addition to the profits that the industry expects from self-driving vehicles, this new type of mobility should also solve societal issues like reducing traffic accidents and fatalities by eliminating human driving errors. More efficient autonomous driving is expected to bring improvements in terms of fewer congestions and less fuel consumption, thereby reducing greenhouse emissions. Besides, AVs pledge to entail advantages for their users. Specifically, they increase mobility for the disabled and the older generation. In contrast, younger passengers associate autonomous driving with improved productivity and an enhanced hedonic experience as non-driving activities, such as working or watching a movie, are made possible. Contrary to the above expectations, people also raise concerns regarding self-driving vehicles. They are worried about whether the sensors and systems can correctly interpret complex environmental conditions. Above all, there are doubts whether the technology, even being intelligent, can react appropriately in critical traffic situations made up of humans who sometimes behave unpredictably. In case of unavoidable traffic accidents, ethical questions come into play regarding how the vehicle makes decisions that could result in a person being injured or killed. Finally, the new and sophisticated technology could have vulnerabilities that can be exploited by cybercriminals or allow unauthorized third parties to obtain passenger data. Motivated by the anticipated improvements that AVs entail and the breadth of factors that might influence their adoption, a large body of research investigating relevant adoption factors has accumulated. In order to collect, organize, and combine extant findings, research paper A conducts a structured literature review on the acceptance of autonomous vehicles. Based on 58 articles, it develops an AV acceptance framework consisting of individual user characteristics, vehicle characteristics, and political/societal elements. The framework indicates for each factor whether available research results identify the effect as either positively or negatively significant. Thereby, the paper also sheds light on diverging construct operationalizations, aiming to support researchers in comparing available findings. Eventually, paper A proposes future research avenues across various themes and methods, which build a foundation for further research pursued in this dissertation's subsequent papers. However, solely balancing significant against non-significant results can come to wrong conclusions since the sample size alone can lead to varying significance levels. Because of this, paper B builds on the literature review and conducts a meta-analysis to include further quantitative analyses. It calculates the mean effect sizes for each AV acceptance factor based on published research results. By doing so, the paper identifies attitude, perceived usefulness, efficiency, trust in AVs, safety, and subjective norms to correlate most strongly with the behavioral intention to use an automated car. A subsequent moderator-analysis shows that almost all acceptance factors are influenced by the study's methodology and location, the AV's level of automation, and the examined ownership model, i.e., private cars, car sharing, or public transport. In doing so, paper B observes that most of the available research is on privately owned AVs and hence lacks to assess public as well as shared automated mobility. To fill this gap, paper C investigates characteristics relevant for automated mobility as a service (AMaaS). Based on 23 exploratory interviews with the general public, the paper derives a set of AMaaS requirements. Mobility experts sort these requirements based on commonalities so that a cluster analysis can conceptualize the expected AMaaS characteristics from a practitioner's view. The paper identifies traffic safety, information privacy, cybersecurity, regulations, flexibility, accessibility, efficiency, and convenience to be relevant service characteristics. It discusses each required characteristic and thereby delineates the constructs' scopes so that subsequent research can build appropriate measurement instruments. Besides, paper C discovers strongly diverging priorities regarding the respective service characteristics when comparing the potential users' conversation shares with the experts' relevance ratings. Paper D builds on the qualitative results of paper C as it develops and validates a hierarchical quality scale for AMaaS. The paper proposes a theoretical model and operationalizes the previously identified service characteristics. Throughout multiple empirical studies with 1,431 participants, the proposed quality scale is refined iteratively until satisfactory psychometric properties are achieved. Nomological validity ensures the scale's predictability. Paper D progresses research from focussing on the mere acceptance of autonomous driving to the user's quality perception, which significantly influences user satisfaction and the success of AMaaS. This, in turn, is necessary to realize the promised benefits of autonomous driving in a sustainable manner.

Las Relaciones Públicas han sido clasificadas en 6 etapas desde su surgimiento en Cuba (1956) hasta la fecha (2021). Sin embargo, no es hasta la tercera fase (1990-1998) que comienza el despertar de la disciplina, coincidiendo con la germinación de la especialidad en el escenario político, económico y social en que se encontraba el país en aquellos años. También la década de los 90 marcó pauta en el desarrollo del Turismo en Cuba, a partir de entonces se crearon o ampliaron varias instituciones turísticas como agencias de viajes, entidades hoteleras y extra-hoteleras, incluso el Ministerio de Turismo- en lo adelante MINTUTR-. Asimismo se establecieron varías vías de relaciones, lo cual permitió evidenciar el rol que desempeñó las Relaciones Públicas. Este binomio alcanzó cada vez más importancia, logrando además un sentido bidireccional, al punto que se le atribuye -en cierta medida- a las Relaciones Públicas el crecimiento exponencial del Turismo. Esta herramienta ha sido de vital importancia, ya que está presente en el ciclo de la experiencia del cliente en los 4 momentos claves: atracción, atención, fidelización y retroalimentación; y en donde se empodera la figura del relacionista público desde los graduados en el área comunicacional, hasta los que de alguna manera están en contacto directo con el cliente. En la investigación se realiza un diagnóstico fundamentalmente a partir de revisión bibliográfica y entrevistas con expertos, así mismo se arriban a resultados en los que se despliegan una serie de oportunidades esenciales para la mejora del Turismo mediante las Relaciones Públicas. De manera general,si se realza la confianza en el sector turístico y se tiene en cuenta la situación actual ocasionada por la COVID-19, se logrará el éxito en el desarrollo de las Relaciones Públicas en el Turismo en Cuba.Palabras Clave: Relaciones Públicas, Cuba, TurismoAbstractPublic Relations have been classified into 6 stages from its emergence in Cuba (1956) to date (2021); However, it was not until the third phase (1990-1998) that the discipline began to awaken, coinciding with the germination of the specialty in the political, economic and social scene in which the country found itself in those years. The 90s also set the tone in the development of Tourism in Cuba, from then on several tourist institutions were created or expanded such as travel agencies, hotel and extra-hotel entities, including the Ministry of Tourism - hereinafter MINTUTR- ; Likewise, various avenues of relations were established, which made it possible to demonstrate the role that Public Relations played on the island. This binomial became increasingly important, also achieving a bidirectional sense, to the point that the exponential growth of Tourism is attributed - to a certain extent - to Public Relations. A small diagnosis carried out during the investigative process, showed that there are a set of weaknesses in relation to the current attention of Public Relations in the territory, which need to be combated and take a series of measures for their improvement, much more so, if they are takes into account that the current situation in Cuba was exacerbated by the entire epidemiological scenario caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which results in further distancing from the competition. This tool has been of vital importance, since it is present in the customer experience cycle in the 4 key moments: attraction, attention, loyalty and feedback; and where the figure of the public relations officer is empowered from graduates in the communication area, to those who are in some way in direct contact with the client, since although they do not know the theory, it does add great value to their satisfaction, reaching even turning a product / service that did not deliver on its promise into a positive one. The aforementioned diagnosis is carried out mainly from: bibliographic review, interview with specialists from different tourism companies, business owners and the assessment of experts through a test on the purification or relevance of the problems obtained. From this, two great results are reached where a series of essential opportunities are displayed for the improvement of Public Relations from the tourist perspective. The first summarizes the concept of strong binomial that exists between Tourism and Public Relations, in such a way that, if the found weaknesses were solved, it would be possible to enhance the confidence of the tourism sector and therefore of Public Relations. This section is supported by 4 elements that are pointed out in order to achieve the success of this first task. These fundamentals are: structure, the education of the new public relations officer, interrelationships and competition. The second focuses on the change in behavior that has caused the impact of the pandemic, which puts in value not only the role of Public Relations, but also shows that they are facing a new challenge. In summary, the research makes it clear that, if the aforementioned actions are carried out, success will be achieved in the development of Public Relations in Tourism in Cuba.Keywords: Public Relation, Cuba, Tourism