Suchergebnisse

Oggetto della presente dissertazione è l'avvento della grande pittura decorativa barocca nell'Inghilterra di Carlo II. Si è inquadrato brevemente il contesto storico-culturale del periodo in questione: dalla fine del regno di Carlo I (1600-1649) alla restaurazione al trono di Carlo II (1630-1685) compresa la fase intermedia tra i due regni, detta del Commonwealth, che decretò un più rigido controllo delle arti. In merito all'ascesa di Carlo II, si è posto l'accento sulla volontà del sovrano di dare inizio a una nuova fase di mecenatismo, che lo vide promotore delle arti, in linea con quanto già avviato da suo padre Carlo I. In quest'ottica è risultato doveroso inquadrare il gusto che dominò durante il regno di Carlo II, individuando coloro che furono i principali artefici del patronage a corte e che contribuirono alla diffusione in Inghilterra del gusto imperante nel regno di Luigi XIV. Tra i royal favorites, si è fatto riferimento in particolare ai due ambasciatori del re: Lord Arlington e Ralph Montagu i quali, inviati in Francia da Carlo II, ebbero non solo il ruolo di intermediari politici, contribuendo alle segrete alleanze tra i due regni, ma divennero anche i promotori del trasferimento dei principali artisti francesi e italiani che, dalla Francia di Luigi XIV, lavorarono alla corte inglese. Delineato il quadro storico-culturale e individuate le connessioni alla base dei rapporti tra Francia e Inghilterra, si è sviluppato il tema principale del progetto: la nascita e la diffusione della decorazione barocca in Inghilterra e il suo legame con l'arte continentale. L'arrivo di Antonio Verrio (1636-1707) in Inghilterra è particolarmente significativo in relazione al ruolo che ebbero i suddetti ambasciatori. Invitato a trasferirsi sull'isola da Ralph Montagu, il pittore ebbe il suo primo incarico dal mecenate inglese, Lord Arlington, occupandosi della decorazione delle sue dimore, che gli consentì di entrare in contatto con il re in persona e ottenere numerosi incarichi da committenti privati e reali. Il caso di Antonio Verrio è particolarmente interessante. Il suo percorso artistico è infatti connesso da un lato al contesto italiano, che determinò la sua prima formazione, dall'altro al contesto francese dal quale, mediante il contatto con la scuola di Charles Le Brun (1619-1690), assunse quei precetti adottati nei futuri lavori in Inghilterra, che rappresentano la summa di queste esperienze nonché il corpus più cospicuo delle sue opere. Il richiamo alla decorazione di Windsor Castle, pone infine l'accento sull'apogeo della sua carriera e vuole celebrarne il nome. Particolare difficoltà si è riscontrata nella ricostruzione di alcuni lavori del pittore, le numerose lacune sono dovute alla distruzione di gran parte degli interni delle dimore da lui decorate. Un'utile fonte sono stati i diaristi e i viaggiatori dell'epoca, in particolare John Evelyn e Celia Fiennes che, attraverso dettagliate descrizioni, hanno fornito un supporto fondamentale, consentendo di dare un'idea, seppure parziale, dell'aspetto che dovevano avere questi interni. Si è voluto, inoltre, trascrivere il Testamento e l'Inventario dei Beni, entrambi documenti inediti, che il pittore fece stimare qualche giorno prima della sua morte nel 1707 e che ci consentono di delineare la posizione sociale dell'artista nell'ultima fase della sua carriera, quando continuò a lavorare per i successori di Carlo II: Giacomo II, Guglielmo e Maria, e infine per la regina Anna. L'obiettivo finale è stato quello di inquadrare, con un taglio trasversale, la figura dell'artista italiano nell'Inghilterra a cavallo tra fine Seicento e inizi Settecento. Recuperando la fitta trama di relazioni e rapporti tra coloro che prestarono servizio per Carlo II e che ebbero un ruolo decisivo - ma ancora poco indagato dagli studi storico-artistici - di mediatori culturali, si è così messa in rilievo l'esperienza di questo decoratore che, nel contesto inglese, contribuì alla diffusione di un nuovo genere, teso a celebrare i reali ma altrettanto effimero quanto le alterne sorti dei loro regni.

ABSTRACTPenelitian aims to understand or further understand the role of nationalist understanding of the nationalist movement in Indonesia. The method used in this research is a literature study method to conduct research some important documents, read and examine the books and other resources related to the title. Heuristics, with traces of book collecting relics of the past, as well as make comparisons avatar opinion of some writers who have some differences. Historically, many methods used in historical research merekonstraksikan past attempts to systematically and objectively by collecting and evaluating and systematize robust conclusions that are connected with the facts. The results of this study indicate that in general national movement in opposing and fighting the invaders are repleksi resistance as a result of repression committed by the invaders. Growing and growing nationalist movement carried out by the Indonesian figures are also influenced by the ideology of new growth in mainland Europe in its time was the idealism formation of dissatisfaction with layers of European society in the joints of life, growth, and development of Understand-understood new such as nationalism, liberalism, socialism and democracy that spread across the world make basic materials rose and the growth of the Indonesian National movement. In addition to the influence of Understand-understood new Indonesian national movement also influenced by the presence of the nationalist movement that occurred in mainland Asia and Africa, Imperialism western nations lead the nations of the Asia-Africa losing political independence, on the other nations of Asia and Africa are also experiencing suffering in social-economic and cultural. Asian-African nationalism not only wants to pursue national independence but also has other properties that have some aspect of Indonesian National opening. Pergerakan is a reflection of a sense sebuh oppressed because of colonization that happened, the development of the Indonesian National Movement is a process of resistance undertaken by the Indonesian people because of the existence of the factors driving the arrival of domestic and external factors, as well as their understanding of the formation of new ideologies and national movements grew in Asia and Africa. Keywords: Understand Nationalism and National Movement in IndonesiaABSTRAKPenelitian ini betujuan untuk memahami atau memahami lebih jauh peranan paham nasionalime terhadap pergerakan kebangsaan di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode studi kepustakaan dengan mengadakan penelitian beberapa dokumen penting, membaca serta meneliti buku-buku dan sumber lainnya yang berkaitan dengan judul. Heuristik, dengan menghimpun jejak buku peninggalan masa lampau, serta mengadakan perbandingan anatar pendapat beberapa penulis yang memiliki beberapa perbedaan. Historis, metode yang banyak digunakan dalam penelitian sejarah yang mencoba untuk merekonstraksikan masa lampau secara sistematis dan obyektif dengan cara mengumpulkan dan mengevaluasi serta mensistematiskan kesimpulan yang kuat yang dihubungkan dengan fakta. Hasil Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pada umumnya pergerakan nasional dalam menentang dan melawan penjajah adalah repleksi perlawanan sebagai akibat penindasan yang dilakukan oleh penjajah. Tumbuh dan berkembangnya Pergerakan nasional yang dilaksanakan oleh para tokoh Indonesia juga dipengaruhi oleh paham-paham baru yang berkembang didaratan Eropa yang pada zamannya merupakan idealisme pembentukan dari rasa ketidakpuasan lapisan masyarakat Eropa pada sendi-sendi kehidupan, Tumbuh dan berkembangnya Paham-paham baru seperti nasionalisme, liberalisme, sosialisme dan demokrasi yang menyebar ke seluruh dunia menjadikan bahan dasar bangkit dan tumbuhnya Pergerakan Nasional Indonesia. Selain adanya pengaruh Paham-paham baru, pergerakan nasional Indonesia juga dipengaruhi oleh adanya pergerakan kebangsaan yang terjadi di daratan Asia dan Afrika, Imperialisme bangsa barat menyebabkan bangsa-bangsa di Asia-Afrika kehilangan kemerdekaan politik, selain itu bangsa-bangsa Asia-Afrika juga mengalami penderitaan dibidang sosial-ekonomi dan kebudayaan. Nasionalisme bangsa Asia-Afrika bukan hanya mau mengejar kemerdekaan nasional melainkan juga mempunyai sifat-sifat lain sehingga memiliki beberapa aspek penting.Pergerakan Nasional Indonesia merupakan sebuh refleksi dari rasa tertindas karena penjajahan yang dialaminya, perkembangan Pergerakan Nasional Indonesia merupakan proses perlawanan yang dilakukan oleh bangsa Indonesia karena adanya dari faktor-faktor pendorong yang datangnya dari dalam negeri maupun faktor dari luar serta adanya pemahaman dari sekian pembentukan paham-paham baru serta pergerakan nasional yang tumbuh di Asia dan Afrika.Kata kunci: Paham Nasionalisme dan Pergerakan Kebangsaan di Indonesia

This dissertation examines the intersection of urban sustainability and environmental justice (EJ) in Los Angeles, California. 'Urban sustainability', the idea that incorporating sustainable measures into urban development plans/strategies can ameliorate ecological degradation and social inequality without compromising economic growth, has recently emerged as a powerful discourse with regards to city planning and environmental governance. In this dissertation, I critically interrogate urban sustainability's claims, questioning how equitable socio-spatial configurations can be created through modes of urban governance, which despite its optimistic rhetoric, are still driven by the logic of capitalist economic development and overseen by the racial state. To investigate the ways in which environmental justice, then, is facilitated and/or constrained under the programmatic realization of urban sustainability, I focus on one particular sustainability project in Los Angeles—the restoration/revitalization of the Los Angeles River Watershed. Restoring the L.A. River is an ambitious undertaking by a diverse consortium of state and NGO actors, and consists of an agenda that goes beyond any single urban environmental issue; it has emerged as a symbol of a 'cleaner, greener' Los Angeles. In order to examine this sustainability initiative, I conducted a critical ethnography that consisted of two years of fieldwork in Los Angeles. Based on this research, I present several arguments throughout this dissertation. I trace the history of the environmental movement to restore the Los Angeles River and sustainably manage its watershed; in doing so, I identify the counter-hegemonic narratives and objectives embedded within this political activism. These activist efforts, I argue, which seek to disrupt the dominant urban land-water management regime in metropolitan Los Angeles, enable the environmental agenda of river restoration to articulate with local environmental justice efforts centered on equitable distribution of greenspace, public health considerations in urban planning, and youth/community development. Despite these achievements, the current plan to restore the Los Angeles River embodies principles of ecological modernization, which rely upon dominant political-economic processes and ultimately stymie a more substantive engagement with the politics of environmental justice. The contradictions of relying upon urban processes—those dictated by capitalist land markets and entrepreneurial forms of governance—that produce environmental injustices, in order to implement sustainability programs that purport to undo those injustices, reveal the inability of this particular urban sustainability project to advance environmental justice. These contradictions reproduce inequalities, which are already observed in the environmental gentrification unfolding in certain riverside neighborhoods. These historically divested neighborhoods are heralded as new sites of urban greening, but often are left unprotected from real estate speculation and housing markets that threaten to displace lower-income residents. Another major argument of my dissertation is that limited conceptualizations of environmental justice prevent even well-meaning state and NGO actors from effectively promoting more equitable environmental conditions for communities. Many actors involved in the environmental projects centered on L.A. River restoration operate from a narrowly-conceived distributive model of justice. Focusing solely on distributions of environmental burdens and benefits throughout a geographic area, I argue, not only falls into the trap of handling urban places as static and bounded, but also precludes meaningful engagement with other aspects of environmental justice politics. In particular, promoting EJ requires understanding how place-based identity formation, histories of structural racism and cultural marginalization, and access to participatory mechanisms differentially impact afflicted communities. I present the case studies of two neighborhoods (Pacoima and Elysian Valley) and two coalitions (the Chinatown Yard Alliance and Alianza de los Pueblos del Rio) to demonstrate how struggles for environmental justice in Los Angeles involve a politics of place, race, and identity. Through these cases, I conclude that urban sustainability agendas that actually advance environmental justice, then, must move beyond distributive myopia to recognize the underlying socio-spatial processes that create inequitable and unjust places.

The world's forests are one of the most important ecosystems sustaining the whole global environment. Their biological diversity distinguishes as the most heterogeneous and versatile. As the World Bank notices, nearly 90 percent of terrestrial biodiversity is found in the world's forests, with a disproportionate share in the forests of developing countries. From one hand, forests are important in many different areas – they provide climate regulation, protection of soil, ensure the recovery of water resources, their ecosystems create a living surrounding for billions of species, forest products are essential to existence of more than billion people. Forest resources directly contribute to the livelihoods of 90 percent of the 1.2 billion people living in extreme poverty and indirectly support the natural environment that nourishes agriculture and the food supplies of nearly half the population of the developing world. On the other hand, the world's forests are also under enormous pressure: from conversation to agricultural and other uses, from illegal and unsustainable harvesting of forest products and from climate change. It could seem unbelievable, but the world-wide problem of degradation of the world's forest has became a focus of international environmental law only a few decades ago. The deforestation began to attract the attention of international society only after the first intimidated studies reflecting the situation were presented. They disclosed tremendous facts about rising problems in the field of forests' protection, as many factors may be presumed as a threat to forest ecosystems; those threats are diverse and include different aspects of human activity (population growth, measures for poverty reduction, industrial activities, road construction, consumption, agriculture, usage of forest products, etc.) and environmental situation (climate change, acid rain, ozone depletion, toxic chemicals, water reduction) of the world in general. The protection of forests is a very precise example of conflicting interests between environmental issues and economic, industrial, political, social ones. Global environmental forest policies most clearly disclose the tension between the needs of developed countries and developing ones, between environment protection and development processes, between need to preserve and sustain nature and degradation of poverty. Understanding of those phenomenons may explain the present situation in the legislation of international legal documents regarding forest protection. Although the twentieth century has brought the tremendous development of multilateral or global agreements regarding global environmental challenges, and the growth of the number of multilateral environmental agreements, as well as the scope of covered by them issues, is dramatic, however there is no binding global agreement on forest protection, conservation and management. The specific feature of international legal instruments in the field of forest protection is their non – binding nature, and this circumstance is worth of a deep and more precise analysis. The object of the research is the system of international legal instruments that have impact in international environmental law of forest protection. The objective of this research therefore is to disclose the system of international legal instruments that have impact in international environmental law of forest protection, to analyze the most important reasons that influenced the formation of this system, and to reveal the peculiarities of the system. ; Miškų apsauga yra itin puikus konfliktuojančių aplinkosauginių, politinių, ekonominių, industrinių interesų pavyzdys. Globalinės miškų aplinkosaugos politikos atskleidžia esančią įtampą tarp besivystančių šalių poreikių užtikrinimo ir išsivysčiusių šalių siekių, tarp aplinkos apsaugos ir vystymosi procesų, tarp būtinybės saugoti gamtą ir skurdo mažinimo. Suprantant šiuo probleminius aspektus, galima paaiškinti situaciją tarptautinėje aplinkosaugos teisėje priimant miškų apsaugos sričiai reguliuoti reikalingus dokumentus. Nors dvidešimtame amžiuje buvo priimtas milžiniškas skaičius įvairius aplinksauginius klausimus reguliuojančių tarptautinių teisinių instrumentų, tačiau vis dar nesama globalinio teisiškai įpareigojančio tarptautinio dokumento, kuris užtikrintų miškų apsaugą, valdymą ir tvarųjį naudojimą. Specifinė tarptautinių teisinių instrumentų, priimtų miškų apsaugos srityje, ypatybė yra jų neįpareigojantis, neprivalomas pobūdis. Ši aplinkybė yra verta atskiros mokslinės analizės. Šio tyrimo objektas yra tarptautinių teisinių instrumentų, turinčių įtakos miškų apsaugai, sistema. Šio tyrimo tikslas yra atskleisti tarptautinių teisinių instrumentų, priimtų mišlų apsaugos srityje, sistemą, išanalizuoti svarbiausias priežastis, nulėmusias tokios sistemos formavimąsi, ir atskleisti šios sistemos ypatybes.

Master i sosialfag ; This master thesis aims to examine factors that can explain gender role attitudes toward division of paid and unpaid work in couples with preschool children in 24 European countries. These countries differ from each other in terms of cultural, social political and gender ideological contexts which might have impact on their citizen's gender role attitudes. At the same time, differences between individuals within national societies are assumed to be decisive in guiding them to certain beliefs about proper roles of men and women. Previous research indicates transition of European societies toward more egalitarian gender ideologies, though the pace of this development varies considerably across the boundaries. From theoretical point of view, gender role attitudes and gender practices are results of bargaining between partners with point of departure in their personal resources and gender roles they have been socialized to. Marco-level perspective suggest that personal resources, particularly of women's, may be " discounted" or "enforced" by contextual characteristics as for example, position of women in politics and in the labour force. In addition, different family policies send certain signals about proper roles of women and men by different measures as parental leave or provision of childcare services. Module Family and Changing Gender Roles of ISSP year 2012 provides empirical material for this thesis. The question about most desirable division of family life for couples with preschool children serves as a measurement of gender role attitudes. In the analysis a number of individual and country level variables are used to examine their possible impact on gender role attitudes. Country indicators are mainly taken from different OECD databases. Descriptive analysis has shown that citizens of Nordic countries are most egalitarian in their gender role attitudes toward division of work between parents. Anglo-Saxon and Eastern European countries appear to be least gender equal oriented in their gender ideologies. Continental European countries occupy a middle position between most traditional and most egalitarian countries. All in all, the revealed attitudinal pattern reflects different welfare strategies and family policies in Europe. Macro-level analysis in this thesis has demonstrated that strong position of women in Parliament and wide provision of childcare for the youngest children are positively associated with egalitarian gender attitudes. The findings can partially explain the leading egalitarian position of Nordic countries and predominant traditionalism in Anglo-Saxon and Eastern European countries. Nordic countries started earlier than other European countries both to introduce gender quotas to requite more women in politics and to invest in public childcare services. Full childcare coverage also for the youngest children stands on family policies' agendas in the most of the Nordic countries. Female labour force participation rate, including analysis for part-time female labour force participation rate, has not proved to be statistically significant in my analysis. This does not implicate that women's connection to labour market is not related to gender role attitudes. The results suggest that more components of women's integration in the labour force are needed to be examined in order to understand how different aspects of women's position in labour force may affect gender ideologies. Individual level analysis has shown that educational attainment is predominantly related to gender equal attitudes, both for men and women. High education is positively and significantly associated with egalitarianism in 18 of 24 studied countries. In some countries educational effect on gender equal ideology is stronger for men than for women. Left-wing political affiliation is statistically related to egalitarian views in 15 countries. Being young, less religious and employed are statistically correlated to egalitarian gender attitudes in 11 of studies countries, while being a woman are more egalitarian than men in 10 countries. Separate analysis for men and women has shown that women's individual education and employment are mostly related gender equal attitudes in Western societies compared to Eastern Europe where female individual resources are associated to egalitarian views to far less extent. These results support the theoretical assumption about "discounted" value of women's personal resources in societies with greater gender inequality on macro-level. The thesis highlights the importance of including both micro-and macro factors in study of gender role attitudes. ; acceptedVersion

Introduction. Modern military servicemen quite often should cope with operational and military tasks in non-standard and sometimes extreme situations. Therefore, the problem of psychological and pedagogical support of professional development of the military personnel aimed at their valuable attitudes and readiness formation to perform professional duties under uncertainty is brought into focus. The effective solution of this problem requires studying of various psychological aspects of valuable orientations of the military personnel. The aim of the present article is to investigate the link between the interrelationships of values, socio-psychological attitudes of the military personnel and their personal readiness for change. Methodology and research methods. In the course of the work, the following theoretical methods of the research were used: an overview analysis of works in the field of value orientations, socio-psychological attitudes of the individual, personal readiness for change. Practical methods involve a questionnaire PVQ-R (Portrait Values Questionnaire – Revised) by Sh. Schwartz; a technique for diagnosing socio-psychological attitudes of the person by O. Potemkina; the methodology «Personal Change – Readiness Survey» (PCRS) developed by A. Rolnik, S. Hezer, M. Gold and K. Hall in the adaptation of N. Bazhanova and G. Bardier. The processing of the data obtained during the study was carried out using a statistical information processing program – SPSS version 19. Results and scientific novelty. Available studies have not treated the issue of psychological and pedagogical support of professional development of the military personnel in much detail. Thus, sufficient availability to study the interrelationships of values and socio-psychological attitudes of young military personnel in the process of their professional socialization has been revealed. The criteria of formation of this system are designated; significant correlations of values, social and psychological attitudes of the military personnel are revealed. Today, personal readiness for changes is one of the most important elements of psychological training of a soldier to accomplish combat service support tasks. Practical significance. The results of this research can be used by military psychologists to organize psychological and pedagogical assistance of the military personnel starting the career and holding the corresponding trainings and workshops; to develop recommendations for the senior command personnel and the educators of military educational institutions when planning and conducting educational work with young officers. ; Введение. Современным военным нередко приходится справляться со служебно-боевыми задачами в нестандартных, а иногда и в экстремальных ситуациях. В связи с этим актуализируется проблема психолого-педагогической поддержки профессионального становления военнослужащих в плане формирования их ценностных установок и готовности к исполнению своих профессиональных обязанностей в условиях неопределенности. Для эффективного решения данной проблемы требуется изучение различных психологических аспектов ценностных ориентаций военнослужащих. Цель представленного в статье исследования – установить взаимосвязь между системой ценностей, социально-психологическими установками молодых военнослужащих и их личностной готовностью к переменам. Методология и методики исследования. В ходе работы были использованы обзорный анализ и обобщение содержания работ, посвященных ценностным ориентациям, социально-психологическим установкам личности и индивидуальной готовности людей к переменам. На этапе эксперимента применялись «Портретный ценностный опросник (пересмотренный)» – PVQ-R (Portrait Values Questionnaire – Revised) Ш. Шварца; методика диагностики социально-психологических установок личности О. Ф. Потемкиной; методика PCRS («Личностная готовность к переменам»), разработанная А. Ролником, С. Хезером, М. Голдом и К. Халлом в адаптации Н. Бажановой и Г. Л. Бардиер. Обработка данных, полученных в ходе исследования, проводилась при помощи программы статистической обработки информации – SPSS версии 19. Результаты и научная новизна. Обоснована необходимость исследования системы ценностей и социально-психологических установок молодых военнослужащих в процессе их профессиональной социализации – пока работ подобной тематики очень мало. Обозначены критерии сформированности данной системы; выявлены значимые корреляции ценностей, социально-психологических установок личности военнослужащих и их личностной готовности к переменам, которая является сегодня одним из важнейших элементов психологической подготовки воина к выполнению служебно-боевых задач. Практическая значимость. Результаты данного исследования могут быть востребованы войсковыми психологами при организации психолого-педагогического сопровождения начинающих свою карьеру военнослужащих и проведении соответствующих тренингов; при разработке рекомендаций для командного состава военных подразделений и преподавателей военных образовательных учреждений по планированию и осуществлению воспитательной работы с молодыми офицерами.

Розглянуто питання охорони земель від забруднення та псування. Проаналізовано джерела забруднення земель, проблеми та фактори ризику, які негативно впливають на якісний стан земель та зумовлюють їх забруднення ы псування. Визначено види псування земель, які можуть статися внаслідок дії різних негативних факторів ; Рассмотрены вопросы охраны земель от загрязнения и порчи, проанализированы источники загрязнения земель, проблемы и факторы риска, которые негативно влияют на качественное состояние земли и обуславливают их загрязнение и порчу. Определены виды порчи земель, которые могут возникать в следствии действий различных негативных факторов. ; Problem setting. The current state of Ukrainian society is characterized by increasing pressure on land resources and therefore threatens to become a danger to itself . One of the negative factors affecting the quality of the land is state of anthropogenic pollution and damage, leading to an imbalance both in the nature, and adversely affect the life and health of the person, directly or indirectly through the environment. The above is the need to address issues of land. The situation that has developed with the protection of land from pollution and defacement, needed and requires effective enforcement measures, including legal matters. Proof of this is the fact that there has been contaminated area covering 15% of the country, and polluted and very polluted, where the living conditions of the population has worsened and stretched, are respectively about 40% and 30% of the state, 17% of experiencing flooding, more than 18 % exposed to erosion. Recent research and publications analysis. The study of some issues concerning the quality of the land in Ukraine has always paid attention to an important and comprehensive. They were devoted to a number of significant monographs and dissertations, numerous scientific articles. Important contribution to the legal protection of land made by such scholars as V. Andreytseva [1], S. Baluk [2], N.S. Gavrish [3], O.V. Konysheva [4] P.F. Kulinich [5] and others. In their writings thoroughly analyzed the important legal aspects of land with important theoretical and practical significance for the protection of land in Ukraine. 2 Paper objective. The severity of the problems that have been established for the protection of land in Ukraine against pollution and deterioration, an urgent need to resolve them require effective enforcement measures, including legal matters. The purpose of this paper is to study the legal principles of land protection from contamination and spoilage. Paper main body. Legislator has clearly outlined the range of possible contaminants earth, their harm and danger and property pollute the soil of the earth, which is typical for certain types of substances, agents and materials that may be present in safe substances and materials. The danger of such substances and materials depends on the objective circumstances, the concentration of pollutants, the previous state of the soil layer, the socio-economic importance of appropriate land and so on. We must recognize that with all the specific conditions of the actual pollution or deterioration of land may be any, existing contaminants, agents and materials that function independently or are part of other subjects and are harmful to people or the environment. So, in fact possible contamination of land by any contaminants. Conclusions of the research. Important areas of legal protection of land from pollution to contamination should be accounting Wastes and their certification, systematic monitoring of natural resources. For timely response to identified cases of gradual pollution and deterioration of land in Ukraine to use these ecological expertise, survey and forecasting further development of adverse events in health states. Although a large number of legal acts regulating social relations in terms of the national land reform, land legislation is imperfect and needs improvement. Moreover, the process of reform of land relations incomplete, especially in the areas of land. Therefore, further studies are needed positive foreign land management practices, in particular European countries.

Tesis doctoral inédita cotutelada por la Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II , Dipartimento di Scienze Sociali y la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Departamento de Antropología Social y Pensamiento Filosófico Español. Fecha de lectura: 14-12-2015 ; Esta tesis tiene embargado el acceso al texto completo hasta el 14-12-2020 ; La tesis que el lector tiene en sus manos, titulada Hacia España, desde Italia: el exilio romano de María Zambrano, ofrece un estudio del periodo que la filósofa y exiliada republicana transcurrió en Italia y, en particular, en Roma: once largos años entre 1953 y 1964, además de otras dos breves pero importantes estancias, entre 1949 y 1950 y entre 1972 y 1973. La naturaleza de la obra de María Zambrano y sus muy difíciles condiciones de vida como exiliada no hace fácil ni la fijación de la primera ni el conocimiento exhaustivo de la segunda, por cuanto su relación es muy estrecha. Desde este punto de vista, los tres períodos que transcurrieron en la ciudad de Roma, en contacto con el mundo intelectual italiano y, al mismo tiempo, con la España exiliada, fueron especialmente importantes para su producción y para la maduración de algunos temas centrales de su filosofía. Los resultados de la investigación que presentamos se articulan, de acuerdo con la honda imbricación entre vida y obra de Zambrano, en tres partes: la primera, dedicada a la reconstrucción biográfica del exilio romano de la autora y de las relaciones personales e intelectuales que mantuvo con intelectuales italianos de la época y con otros exiliados españoles; la segunda, dedicada al análisis pormenorizado de las revistas italianas en las que colaboró; la tercera, dedicada al análisis de los grandes temas de la filosofía zambraniana vinculados al exilio romano y articulados en torno a algunos núcleos fundamentales: la política, la persona, los sueños, el tiempo y España. La tesis se completa con una sección de Anexos documentales, formada por documentos, cartas inéditas, artículos y manuscritos. El presente trabajo ofrece, además, material muy útil para la reconstrucción de las relaciones culturales entre Italia y España a lo largo de casi veinte años especialmente significativos para ambos países ; La tesi che il lettore ha tra le mani, dal titolo Hacia España, desde Italia: el exilio romano de María Zambrano, offre uno studio del periodo che la filosofa ed esule spagnola repubblicana trascorse in Italia e, in particolare, a Roma: undici lunghi anni tra il 1953 ed il 1964, oltre ad altri due brevi ma importanti periodi, tra il 1949 ed il 1950 e tra il 1972 ed el 1973. La natura dell'opera di María Zambrano e la sua difficile vita come esule non rendono facile né la ricostruzione della prima né la conoscenza esaustiva della seconda, dal momento che la relazione tra di esse è molto stretta. Da questo punto di vista, i tre periodi che trascorse nella città di Roma, in contatto con il mondo intellettuale italiano e, al tempo stesso, con la Spagna esiliata, furono particolarmente importanti per la maturazione di alcuni temi centrali della sua filosofia. I risultati della ricerca che presentiamo sono articolati, d'accordo con la profonda interconnessione tra la vita e l'opera di Zambrano, in tre parti: la prima, dedicata alla ricostruzione biografica dell'esilio romano di María Zambrano e delle relazioni personali ed intellettuali che la filosofa mantenne con intellettuali italiani dell'epoca e con altri esuli spagnoli; la seconda, dedicata all'analisi dettagliata delle riviste italiane nelle quali collaborò; la terza, dedicata all'analisi dei grandi temi della filosofia zambraniana vincolati al suo esilio italiano e raggruppati intorno ad alcuni nuclei fondamentali: la politica, la persona, i sogni, il tempo, la memoria e la Spagna. La tesi si completa con una sezione di Anexos documentales, composta da documenti, lettere inedite, articoli, manoscritti. Il presente lavoro offre, inoltre, materiale molto utile per la ricostruzione delle relazioni culturali tra l'Italia e la Spagna lungo un arco di tempo di più di venti anni, particolarmente significativi per entrambi i paesi

Peter Carey has been discussed in academia since the 1980s. And since then these discussions revolve around postmodernism, postcolonial studies or, indeed, both at once. So, either Peter Carey has been writing the same old novel for nearly thirty years by now, or there are whole worlds in his writings that have yet to be uncovered. Since I claim the latter is the case, this thesis sets out to chart at least a few areas of these vast forgotten territories, to use a consciously colonial metaphor. The theoretical 'vehicle' with which the new areas are entered is agency. Which means that the thesis investigates how individual characters manage to become successful actors, or fail to do so. The thesis first provides an overview of Carey's writing (Chapter 2), then traces three typical 'Carey themes' through his entire oeuvre and shows how they are relevant for agency (Chapter 3), before discussing the concept of agency itself at some length in Chapter 4. Chapters 5, 6 and 7 are close readings of My Life as a Fake, Illywhacker and Tristan Smith and investigate the novels' main characters' development in depth. The appendix contains research that would be relevant for a biographical approach to Carey's works. It explains the climate of Australian literature production in the 1970s in which Carey emerges as an author and that is relevant for his writing up to his latest works Amnesia and a Long Way from Home. It also relates a few biographical notes that are relevant for many of his works.:1. Introduction 4 2. Literary Overview of Carey's Writing 18 3. Agency in Carey's Writing: Three 'Carey Themes' 29 4. Agency 49 4.1. Important Terminology 49 4.2. Agency: A New Phenomenon? 53 4.3. The Ancient Sources of Agency 62 4.4. The Agency Game: The Sociological Concept of Agency 67 4.5. Agency, Nature, and Metaphysics 76 4.6. The Problem of Normativity 84 4.7. Getting the Moral Framework Back into the Picture 89 4.8. Getting Intrinsic Capacity Back into the Picture 95 4.9. The Whole Picture 100 5. My Life as a Fake 109 5.1. The Story 109 5.2. The Central Conflict: Apollo and Dionysus Caught in a 'Deathlock' 112 5.3. My Life as a Fake and the Struggle for Authenticity 125 5.4. Chubb and McCorkle Revisited: Authenticity and the Social Arena 132 5.5. Conclusion 138 6. Illywhacker 141 6.1. Lies and control 148 6.1.1. Book I 149 6.1.2. Book II 156 6.1.3. Book III 164 6.2. Compulsive Visions and Compelled Selves 171 6.2.1. The McGraths: Molly and Jack 185 6.2.2. The Young Compulsive Mistresses 190 6.3. Peter Carey's Entrapped Dreamers 199 6.4. From the Aircraft Factory to the Museum: Baudrillard in Australia 204 6.4.1. The Three-Tiered Advance of Australia Fair 205 6.4.2. Agency in the Hyperreal Condition 214 6.4.3. Illywhacker and the Western World: Anti-Depressants 217 6.5. Final Remarks on Illywhacker 221 7. Tristan Smith 224 7.1. Tristan as Narrative Voice and as Character inside his Story 228 7.2. Tristan's Bildung: A Study in two Mirror Phases 231 7.2.1. Initial Conceit 232 7.2.2. The Gaze of the Other 236 7.2.3. The First Mirror Stage 241 7.2.4. Interlude 246 7.2.5. The Voyage 249 7.2.6. The Second Mirror Stage 252 7.3. Tristan's Subversiveness: "Bodies […] out of Control" 258 7.3.1. Postcolonial Approaches and External Reality 259 7.3.2. Cultural Simulation: Ghostdorps and Ghost Lights 264 7.3.3. Confronting Simulations: Tristan and Peggy 270 7.3.4. Not Escaping the Now: Felicity 275 7.3.5. Jacqui: From Self-Realisation to Escapism and Back to the Now 280 7.4. The Radical's Conceit: Peter Carey's Political Activists 287 8. Conclusion 292 9. Bibliography 303 10. Appendix 314 10.1. Publishing Carey: The Emergence of an Author 314 10.2. Peter Carey and the New Nationalism 320 10.3. Biographical Notes on Peter Carey's Writing 330

Der Bergbau ist in Slowenien bereits seit einigen Jahrhunderten eine wichtige Tätigkeit, die zum einen wirtschaftlich relevant ist und zum anderen stark auf die Region und den Bergbauprozess eingewirkt hat. Mit der Zeit kam es zur Erschöpfung der Minen und damit auch zu Prozessen der Schließung, weswegen die Siedlungen um den Bergbau allmählich aufgegeben und verlassen wurden. Nach der Schließung des Bergbaus stellt man sich nun die Frage, welche Potenziale die Regionen noch haben und mit was und auf welche Weise man sie wieder interessanter machen könnte. Den theoretischen Hintergrund bildeten zum einen Werke zur Post-Mining-Regionen-Thematik und zum anderen die heutige Bergbausituation samt der Gesetzgebung auf diesem Gebiet in Slowenien. Anhand von Interviews, Feldarbeit und Literaturrecherche wurden Daten gesammelt, die für die weitere Analyse wichtig waren. In dieser Masterarbeit werden anhand der gesammelten Daten die aktuelle wirtschaftliche und soziale Situation beider Regionen vorgestellt und mithilfe bestehender Beispiele aus der ganzen Welt sowie eigener Lösungsansätze Möglichkeiten für die weitere Entwicklung präsentiert. In theoretischer Hinsicht wurde herausgefunden, was Post-Mining-Regionen sind, welche Potenziale sie bieten und wie man diese am besten nutzen kann.Bezüglich der geschichtlichen und geografischen Aspekte ist ersichtlich, dass der Bergbau auf die regionale Entwicklung großen Einfluss nahm. Laut der slowenischen Gesetzgebung muss man nach die Landschaft, in welcher der Bergbau stattfand, durch Sanierung in den alten Zustand bringen bzw. sie in diesem Maße rekultivieren, dass sie für andere Zwecke genutzt werden kann. Aus den regionalen Entwicklungsplänen geht hervor, dass der Bergbau eine wichtige Rolle bei der weiteren Entwicklung des Šalek-Tals und Zasavje spielen wird. Die durchgeführte SWOT-Analyse hat ergeben, dass das meiste Potenzial im Tourismus liegt, da man auf diese Weise das Bergbauerbe am besten verwerten kann.Das Šalek-Tal offenbart nach den Untersuchungen Merkmale, die eine Post-Mining-Region ausmachen, da die alten Bergbaugebiete bereits saniert wurden und für neue Zwecke verwendet werden, was das wichtigste Merkmal einer Post-Mining-Region ist. Zasavje befindet sich hingegen noch zu Beginn des Prozesses, eine Post-Mining-Region zu werden. Zurzeit beschäftigt man sich vielmehr mit der Bergbauschließung als mit der Frage, wie man das Bergbauerbe am besten nutzen kann. Wenn die beiden Regionen stärker am Tourismus arbeiten werden, könnte in Slowenien zwei tatsächliche Post-Mining-Regionen aufweisen. ; Mining has been for centuries an important activity in Slovenia. It is economically relevant, and has also had a strong effect on the region, and the process of mining. In time it came to depletion, and also to closing down of the mines. Which is why the settlements around the mines were gradually given up, and abandoned. After closing down the mines, the question occurred about which potentials the regions still have, with what, and in what way they could be made more interesting again. The theoretical background was formed by the works of the topic of Post-Mining Regions, and also by the today's mining situation along with the legislation in this region of Slovenia. The data which was important for further analysis was collected on the basis of interviews, field work, and studying technical literature. In this master's thesis, the current economic and social situation of both regions is presented on the basis of the collected data, and possibilities for the further development are presented with the help of existing examples from around the world as well as from my own approaches to solution. In the theoretical regard it was clarified what Post-Mining-Regions are, which potentials they offer, and how they can be used in the best way.Regarding the historical and geographical aspects, it is apparent that mining greatly affected the regional development. According to the Slovenian legislation, the landscape where the mining took place has to be brought back to the former state through redevelopment, or recultivated to such extent that it can be used for other purposes again. From the regional development plans, it can be seen that mining will play an important role in the further development of the Šalek Valley, and Zasavje. The SWOT analysis revealed that the most potential lies in tourism, since in that way the mining legacy can be reused in the best way.According to the studies, the Šalek Valley reveals features that make up a Post-Mining Region, since the old mining areas have already been redeveloped, and reused for new purposes, which is an important feature of Post-Mining Regions. Zasavje, on the other hand, is still at the beginning of the process of becoming a Post-Mining region. Currently, the focus lies more on the closing of mines than on the question about how to use the mining legacy in the best way. If both regions worked stronger on tourism, Slovenia would have two actual Post-Mining Regions. ; vorgelegt von Gregor Spitalar ; Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisch ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2016 ; (VLID)1331028

В статье представлен анализ процесса формирования Арктической зоны России с точки зрения институционального подхода. Большинство исследований, посвященных структуризации пространства Российской Арктики, анализируют отдельные аспекты управления или описывают процесс формирования нормативно-правовой базы макрорегиона. При этом объектом исследования чаще всего является государственная политика, национальная безопасность или освоение природных ресурсов региона, а предметом юридические или административные основы, механизмы управления. Автор выделяет общие характеристики институционализации и дает подробное описание состояния нормативного поля. Арктическая зона России формируется в рамках сложившегося национального институционального пространства, но при этом испытывает серьезное влияние формирующейся международной арктической среды. Ключевым аспектом процесса является формирование новых и модернизация существующих институциональных форм (то есть разновидностей функционирующих в национальной или международной среде институтов), которое происходит в нормативном и ценностно-диспозиционном поле и сопровождаются образованием организационно-структурного каркаса. Институционализация Арктической зоны России носит ярко выраженный нисходящий характер, то есть главным актором данного процесса является государство, которое инициирует формирование новых отношений и социальных практик в макрорегионе. Становление различных составляющих институциональной среды Арктической зоны происходит неравномерно. Динамично развивается организационно-структурный каркас, ценностно-диспозиционное поле неустойчиво и противоречиво, а в нормативном поле идет формирование базового контура. Ключевым документом базового контура должен стать федеральный закон об Арктической зоне России. Попытки принять соответствующий документ предпринимались в России неоднократно: в конце 90-х годов, в 2013 году. В настоящее время идет работа над законопроектом, который в сентябре 2016 года должен быть внесен в Правительство Российской Федерации. В статье сформулированы наиболее важные и дискуссионные вопросы, касающиеся структуры и содержания законопроекта. Автор считает, что для завершения формирования основного комплекса нормативного поля макрорегиона потребуется кропотливая работа по конкретизации и детализации норм закона на государственном (федеральном и региональном), муниципальном и корпоративном уровнях. ; The article presents an analysis of the formation of the Russian Arctic zone in terms of the institutional approach. Most studies on the structuring of the space of the Russian Arctic analyze the individual aspects of management or describe the process of forming the legal framework of the macro-region. At the same time the object of research, most of all, is a public policy, security or development of natural resources in the region, and the subject is the legal or administrative framework, and control mechanisms. The author emphasizes the common characteristics of the process and gives a detailed description of the regulatory framework. Russian Arctic zone is being created in the framework of the existing national institutional context, but at the same time it is seriously influenced by the international Arctic environment that is being formed. A key aspect of the process is the formation of new and modernization of existing institutional forms (i.e. varieties institutions operating in a national or international environment), which occur in the normative and value-dispositional field and are followed by the formation of organizational and structural framework. The institutionalization of the Russian Arctic has a pronounced descending nature, that is, the mover of this process is the state which initiates the formation of new relationships and social practices in the macro-region. Formation of the different components of the institutional environment of the Arctic zone is uneven. The organizational and structural framework is dynamically developing while the value-dispositional field is unstable and contradictory. On the other hand, the base of the legal outline in the regulatory field is gradually forming. The federal law on the Russian Arctic zone is to become the key document of the base outline. Attempts were made to take the appropriate document in Russia many times: at the end of the 1990s and in 2013. At the moment, a bill is being elaborated, which in September 2016 should be submitted to the Government. The article presents the most important and controversial issues concerning the structure and content of this bill. The author believes that in order to complete the formation of a core set of macro-regulatory field it is necessary to carry out painstaking work to specify and detail the law at the state (federal and regional), municipal and corporate levels.

Розглянуто питання охорони земель від забруднення та псування. Проаналізовано джерела забруднення земель, проблеми та фактори ризику, які негативно впливають на якісний стан земель та зумовлюють їх забруднення ы псування. Визначено види псування земель, які можуть статися внаслідок дії різних негативних факторів ; Рассмотрены вопросы охраны земель от загрязнения и порчи, проанализированы источники загрязнения земель, проблемы и факторы риска, которые негативно влияют на качественное состояние земли и обуславливают их загрязнение и порчу. Определены виды порчи земель, которые могут возникать в следствии действий различных негативных факторов. ; Problem setting. The current state of Ukrainian society is characterized by increasing pressure on land resources and therefore threatens to become a danger to itself . One of the negative factors affecting the quality of the land is state of anthropogenic pollution and damage, leading to an imbalance both in the nature, and adversely affect the life and health of the person, directly or indirectly through the environment. The above is the need to address issues of land. The situation that has developed with the protection of land from pollution and defacement, needed and requires effective enforcement measures, including legal matters. Proof of this is the fact that there has been contaminated area covering 15% of the country, and polluted and very polluted, where the living conditions of the population has worsened and stretched, are respectively about 40% and 30% of the state, 17% of experiencing flooding, more than 18 % exposed to erosion. Recent research and publications analysis. The study of some issues concerning the quality of the land in Ukraine has always paid attention to an important and comprehensive. They were devoted to a number of significant monographs and dissertations, numerous scientific articles. Important contribution to the legal protection of land made by such scholars as V. Andreytseva [1], S. Baluk [2], N.S. Gavrish [3], O.V. Konysheva [4] P.F. Kulinich [5] and others. In their writings thoroughly analyzed the important legal aspects of land with important theoretical and practical significance for the protection of land in Ukraine. 2 Paper objective. The severity of the problems that have been established for the protection of land in Ukraine against pollution and deterioration, an urgent need to resolve them require effective enforcement measures, including legal matters. The purpose of this paper is to study the legal principles of land protection from contamination and spoilage. Paper main body. Legislator has clearly outlined the range of possible contaminants earth, their harm and danger and property pollute the soil of the earth, which is typical for certain types of substances, agents and materials that may be present in safe substances and materials. The danger of such substances and materials depends on the objective circumstances, the concentration of pollutants, the previous state of the soil layer, the socio-economic importance of appropriate land and so on. We must recognize that with all the specific conditions of the actual pollution or deterioration of land may be any, existing contaminants, agents and materials that function independently or are part of other subjects and are harmful to people or the environment. So, in fact possible contamination of land by any contaminants. Conclusions of the research. Important areas of legal protection of land from pollution to contamination should be accounting Wastes and their certification, systematic monitoring of natural resources. For timely response to identified cases of gradual pollution and deterioration of land in Ukraine to use these ecological expertise, survey and forecasting further development of adverse events in health states. Although a large number of legal acts regulating social relations in terms of the national land reform, land legislation is imperfect and needs improvement. Moreover, the process of reform of land relations incomplete, especially in the areas of land. Therefore, further studies are needed positive foreign land management practices, in particular European countries.

Розглянуто питання охорони земель від забруднення та псування. Проаналізовано джерела забруднення земель, проблеми та фактори ризику, які негативно впливають на якісний стан земель та зумовлюють їх забруднення ы псування. Визначено види псування земель, які можуть статися внаслідок дії різних негативних факторів ; Рассмотрены вопросы охраны земель от загрязнения и порчи, проанализированы источники загрязнения земель, проблемы и факторы риска, которые негативно влияют на качественное состояние земли и обуславливают их загрязнение и порчу. Определены виды порчи земель, которые могут возникать в следствии действий различных негативных факторов. ; Problem setting. The current state of Ukrainian society is characterized by increasing pressure on land resources and therefore threatens to become a danger to itself . One of the negative factors affecting the quality of the land is state of anthropogenic pollution and damage, leading to an imbalance both in the nature, and adversely affect the life and health of the person, directly or indirectly through the environment. The above is the need to address issues of land. The situation that has developed with the protection of land from pollution and defacement, needed and requires effective enforcement measures, including legal matters. Proof of this is the fact that there has been contaminated area covering 15% of the country, and polluted and very polluted, where the living conditions of the population has worsened and stretched, are respectively about 40% and 30% of the state, 17% of experiencing flooding, more than 18 % exposed to erosion. Recent research and publications analysis. The study of some issues concerning the quality of the land in Ukraine has always paid attention to an important and comprehensive. They were devoted to a number of significant monographs and dissertations, numerous scientific articles. Important contribution to the legal protection of land made by such scholars as V. Andreytseva [1], S. Baluk [2], N.S. Gavrish [3], O.V. Konysheva [4] P.F. Kulinich [5] and others. In their writings thoroughly analyzed the important legal aspects of land with important theoretical and practical significance for the protection of land in Ukraine. 2 Paper objective. The severity of the problems that have been established for the protection of land in Ukraine against pollution and deterioration, an urgent need to resolve them require effective enforcement measures, including legal matters. The purpose of this paper is to study the legal principles of land protection from contamination and spoilage. Paper main body. Legislator has clearly outlined the range of possible contaminants earth, their harm and danger and property pollute the soil of the earth, which is typical for certain types of substances, agents and materials that may be present in safe substances and materials. The danger of such substances and materials depends on the objective circumstances, the concentration of pollutants, the previous state of the soil layer, the socio-economic importance of appropriate land and so on. We must recognize that with all the specific conditions of the actual pollution or deterioration of land may be any, existing contaminants, agents and materials that function independently or are part of other subjects and are harmful to people or the environment. So, in fact possible contamination of land by any contaminants. Conclusions of the research. Important areas of legal protection of land from pollution to contamination should be accounting Wastes and their certification, systematic monitoring of natural resources. For timely response to identified cases of gradual pollution and deterioration of land in Ukraine to use these ecological expertise, survey and forecasting further development of adverse events in health states. Although a large number of legal acts regulating social relations in terms of the national land reform, land legislation is imperfect and needs improvement. Moreover, the process of reform of land relations incomplete, especially in the areas of land. Therefore, further studies are needed positive foreign land management practices, in particular European countries.

[Einleitung] Digitalisierung ist wahrlich kein neues Phänomen. Spätestens mit der Dotcom-Euphorie der späten 1990er-Jahre war offensichtlich, dass die Wirtschaft vor einem gewaltigen Umbruch steht. Gut eineinhalb Dekaden später sind Internetkonzerne bereits etablierte Akteure der Unternehmenswelt. Wenn im Jahr 2015 das Thema Digitalisierung immer noch allgegenwärtig ist und unter dem Stichwort "Industrie 4.0" Tag für Tag Schlagzeilen in der Wirtschaftspresse macht, gibt es dafür gute Gründe. Die bisherigen Erfahrungen mit dem digitalen Umbruch - etwa in der Musikindustrie und in der Medienlandschaft - geben einen Vorgeschmack darauf, was vielen anderen Branchen noch bevorstehen mag. Big Data, Vernetzung und künstliche Intelligenz sind die Schlagworte, die für die nächste Runde des digitalen Umbruchs stehen und die den Begriff Digitalökonomie begründen. Derzeit erstaunt nicht nur die Vielzahl der Innovationen, sondern insbesondere das Tempo, mit dem Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft umgekrempelt werden. Das hohe Tempo der Veränderung kann maßgeblich damit erklärt werden, dass in der Digitalökonomie Märkte geschaffen werden, die nach dem Prinzip "The winner takes it all" funktionieren. Schnelligkeit ist also ein wichtiger Erfolgsfaktor für Unternehmer und Unternehmen, denn es besteht die Aussicht auf globale marktbeherrschende Stellungen. Dass derartige Erfolgschancen Goldgräberstimmung auslösen, ist kein Wunder. Gleichzeitig ist aber die Verunsicherung bei etablierten Unternehmen und bei Arbeitskräften, die um ihre Arbeitsplätze fürchten, zuweilen sehr groß. Mit dieser Studie möchten wir einen Beitrag zum besseren Verständnis des digitalen Umbruchs leisten und einen Ausblick auf die zu erwartenden Veränderungen in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft geben. In Kapitel 2 zeigen wir die Grundlagen und Besonderheiten der Digitalökonomie auf. An schließend fokussieren wir vier ausgewählte Themen, um die wirtschaftlichen Folgen der Digitalisierung abzuleiten: Zunächst skizzieren wir das »Geschäftsmodell Deutschland« (Kapitel 3) und widmen uns der Frage, ob der aktuelle Zuschnitt der deutschen Wirtschaft eine gute Grundlage bildet, die Herausforderungen des digitalen Umbruchs zu meistern. In Kapitel 4 zeigen wir am Beispiel des 3D-Drucks das wirtschaftliche Sprengpotenzial digitaler Technologien. Anschließend untersuchen wir in Kapitel 5 anhand des Automobilsektors, welche Folgen für eine der deutschen Schlüsselindustrien zu erwarten sind. In Kapitel 6 beleuchten wir Folgen der Digitalisierung für den Finanzsektor. Abschließend leiten wir in Kapitel 7 Implikationen für die Wirtschaftspolitik ab und untersuchen dabei die Frage, ob die Marktwirtschaft überhaupt in der Lage ist, die Besonderheiten der Digitalökonomie so zu kanalisieren, dass der neu geschaffene Wohlstand allen gesellschaftlichen Gruppen und nicht nur einer digitalen Elite zugutekommt. ; [Introduction] Digitisation is by no means a completely new phenomenon. By the time of the dotcom boom of the late 1990s at the latest, it was clear that the economy was facing a massive upheaval. A good decade and a half later, internet corporations are already established players in the corporate world. If the topic of digitisation is still omnipresent in 2015, making headlines in the business press under the catchphrase »Industry 4.0« day after day, there are good reasons for this. Previous experience with the digital revolution - as seen in the music industry and the media landscape, for instance - provides a foretaste of what many other industries might be about to undergo. Big data, connectivity and artificial intelligence are the buzzwords that stand for the next round of the digital revolution and underpin the concept of the digital economy. Today, it is not just the multitude of innovations that astounds but also the speed with which business and society are being turned inside out. The fast pace of change can largely be explained by the fact that markets are being created in the digital economy that operate in line with the »winner takes it all« principle. This means that speed is a key success factor for enterpreneuers and enterprises, as the prospect of global market domination is dangled. That such potential success is triggering something of a gold-rush mood comes as no great surprise. At the same time, though, both established companies and workers who fear for their jobs are becoming increasingly nervous. With this study, we hope to contribute to a better understanding of this digital upheaval and provide an insight into the prospective changes that can be expected in business and society. In section 2, we describe the underlying concepts and special features of the digital economy. We then focus on four selected topics with a view to pinpointing the economic consequences of digitisation. First, we outline the German business model (section 3) and consider whether the current structure of the German economy forms a good foundation for mastering the challenges of the digital revolution. In section 4, we use the example of 3D printing to examine the potential of digital technologies to disrupt economies. We then go on in section 5 to use the automotive sector to explore the possible consequences for one of Germany's key industries. In section 6, we highlight the consequences of digitisation for the financial sector. Finally, in section 7 we draw up implications for economic policy and examine whether the market economy is in any position to channel the peculiarities of the digital economy in such a way that the newly created prosperity benefits all social groups and not just a digital elite.

[Introduction] Digitisation is by no means a completely new phenomenon. By the time of the dotcom boom of the late 1990s at the latest, it was clear that the economy was facing a massive upheaval. A good decade and a half later, internet corporations are already established players in the corporate world. If the topic of digitisation is still omnipresent in 2015, making headlines in the business press under the catchphrase »Industry 4.0« day after day, there are good reasons for this. Previous experience with the digital revolution - as seen in the music industry and the media landscape, for instance - provides a foretaste of what many other industries might be about to undergo. Big data, connectivity and artificial intelligence are the buzzwords that stand for the next round of the digital revolution and underpin the concept of the digital economy. Today, it is not just the multitude of innovations that astounds but also the speed with which business and society are being turned inside out. The fast pace of change can largely be explained by the fact that markets are being created in the digital economy that operate in line with the »winner takes it all« principle. This means that speed is a key success factor for enterpreneuers and enterprises, as the prospect of global market domination is dangled. That such potential success is triggering something of a gold-rush mood comes as no great surprise. At the same time, though, both established companies and workers who fear for their jobs are becoming increasingly nervous. With this study, we hope to contribute to a better understanding of this digital upheaval and provide an insight into the prospective changes that can be expected in business and society. In section 2, we describe the underlying concepts and special features of the digital economy. We then focus on four selected topics with a view to pinpointing the economic consequences of digitisation. First, we outline the German business model (section 3) and consider whether the current structure of the German economy forms a good foundation for mastering the challenges of the digital revolution. In section 4, we use the example of 3D printing to examine the potential of digital technologies to disrupt economies. We then go on in section 5 to use the automotive sector to explore the possible consequences for one of Germany's key industries. In section 6, we highlight the consequences of digitisation for the financial sector. Finally, in section 7 we draw up implications for economic policy and examine whether the market economy is in any position to channel the peculiarities of the digital economy in such a way that the newly created prosperity benefits all social groups and not just a digital elite. ; [Einleitung] Digitalisierung ist wahrlich kein neues Phänomen. Spätestens mit der Dotcom-Euphorie der späten 1990er-Jahre war offensichtlich, dass die Wirtschaft vor einem gewaltigen Umbruch steht. Gut eineinhalb Dekaden später sind Internetkonzerne bereits etablierte Akteure der Unternehmenswelt. Wenn im Jahr 2015 das Thema Digitalisierung immer noch allgegenwärtig ist und unter dem Stichwort "Industrie 4.0" Tag für Tag Schlagzeilen in der Wirtschaftspresse macht, gibt es dafür gute Gründe. Die bisherigen Erfahrungen mit dem digitalen Umbruch - etwa in der Musikindustrie und in der Medienlandschaft - geben einen Vorgeschmack darauf, was vielen anderen Branchen noch bevorstehen mag. Big Data, Vernetzung und künstliche Intelligenz sind die Schlagworte, die für die nächste Runde des digitalen Umbruchs stehen und die den Begriff Digitalökonomie begründen. Derzeit erstaunt nicht nur die Vielzahl der Innovationen, sondern insbesondere das Tempo, mit dem Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft umgekrempelt werden. Das hohe Tempo der Veränderung kann maßgeblich damit erklärt werden, dass in der Digitalökonomie Märkte geschaffen werden, die nach dem Prinzip "The winner takes it all" funktionieren. Schnelligkeit ist also ein wichtiger Erfolgsfaktor für Unternehmer und Unternehmen, denn es besteht die Aussicht auf globale marktbeherrschende Stellungen. Dass derartige Erfolgschancen Goldgräberstimmung auslösen, ist kein Wunder. Gleichzeitig ist aber die Verunsicherung bei etablierten Unternehmen und bei Arbeitskräften, die um ihre Arbeitsplätze fürchten, zuweilen sehr groß. Mit dieser Studie möchten wir einen Beitrag zum besseren Verständnis des digitalen Umbruchs leisten und einen Ausblick auf die zu erwartenden Veränderungen in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft geben. In Kapitel 2 zeigen wir die Grundlagen und Besonderheiten der Digitalökonomie auf. An schließend fokussieren wir vier ausgewählte Themen, um die wirtschaftlichen Folgen der Digitalisierung abzuleiten: Zunächst skizzieren wir das »Geschäftsmodell Deutschland« (Kapitel 3) und widmen uns der Frage, ob der aktuelle Zuschnitt der deutschen Wirtschaft eine gute Grundlage bildet, die Herausforderungen des digitalen Umbruchs zu meistern. In Kapitel 4 zeigen wir am Beispiel des 3D-Drucks das wirtschaftliche Sprengpotenzial digitaler Technologien. Anschließend untersuchen wir in Kapitel 5 anhand des Automobilsektors, welche Folgen für eine der deutschen Schlüsselindustrien zu erwarten sind. In Kapitel 6 beleuchten wir Folgen der Digitalisierung für den Finanzsektor. Abschließend leiten wir in Kapitel 7 Implikationen für die Wirtschaftspolitik ab und untersuchen dabei die Frage, ob die Marktwirtschaft überhaupt in der Lage ist, die Besonderheiten der Digitalökonomie so zu kanalisieren, dass der neu geschaffene Wohlstand allen gesellschaftlichen Gruppen und nicht nur einer digitalen Elite zugutekommt.