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On deliberation in the public debate, Rawls' approach known as "justice as fairness" has been much more commented that the "difference principle" emerged from there as a major result: even though based on an equal initial position, "justice as fairness" paradoxically justifies an essential benchmark in the debate on inequalities. Indeed, the difference principle compresses many issues: distinguishing between naturel and social matters which both contribute to inequalities, defining a level of permitted inequalities we should have to tolerate not as just but effective ones, preserving market incentives in so far they contribute to value creation, which has later to be redistributed. The paper explores all these questions, that concern the philosophical-economic rationality of the principle and its political-societal applicability as well. In conclusion, its contribution to the debate on inequalities, which is beyond all doubt, seems rather economic than philosophical and is based on a liberal presupposition, which is rarely identified and recognised. ; Sur la délibération dans le débat public, la démarche de Rawls, dite de la « justice comme équité », a été beaucoup plus amplement commentée que le « principe de différence » qui en est pourtant un résultat majeur : bien que fondée sur une position initiale d'égalité, la «justice comme équité» justifie non sans paradoxe un repère essentiel dans le débat sur les inégalités. Le principe de différence condense en effet nombre de questionnements : distinction entre le naturel et le social dans l'origine des inégalités, définition d'un niveau d'inégalités acceptables qu'il serait non pas juste mais efficace de tolérer, préservation du rôle des incitations économiques à l'origine de la création de valeur, qu'il convient ensuite de redistribuer. Autant de questions, explorées dans le présent texte, qui concernent tant la rationalité philosophico-économique du principe que son applicabilité politique et sociétale. En conclusion, son apport indubitable dans le débat sur les ...

International audience Proxy Means Testing (PMT) is a popular method to target the poor in developing countries. PMT usually relies on survey-based consumption data and assumes random measurement errors – an assumption that has been challenged by recent literature. Using a survey experiment conducted in Tanzania, this paper brings causal evidence on the impact of non-random errors on PMT performances. Results show that non-random errors bias the coefficients from PMT models, resulting in a 5 to 27 per cent reduction in PMT predictive performances. Moreover, non-random errors induce a 10 to 34 per cent increase in the incidence of targeting errors when poverty is defined in absolute terms. More reassuringly, impacts on the ranking of households are smaller and essentially non-significant. Taken together, these results indicate that PMT performances are quite vulnerable to non-random errors when the objective is to target absolutely poor households, but remain largely unaffected when the objective is to target a fixed share of the population.

Sciences Po Economics Discussion Papers Using an instrument based on a national contest in France determining researchers' location, we find evidence of peer effects in academia, when focusing on precise groups of senders (producing the spillovers) and receivers (benefiting from the spillovers), defined based on field of specialisation, gender and age. These peer effects are shown to exist even outside formal co-authorship relationships. Furthermore, the match between the characteristics of senders and receivers plays a critical role. In particular, men benefit a lot from peer effects provided by men, while all other types of gender combinations produce spillovers twice as small.

This paper was presented for the first time during the 2018 SASE Annual Conference that was held in June 2018 at Doshisha University. A revised version of this paper is to be published in The Japanese Political Economy. This paper aims at finding out how the shareholder-value pursuit has affected labor policies at large Japanese listed enterprises. It concentrates on the issue of labor bifurcation, whereby the proportion of nonregular employees has grown rapidly over the last two decades, currently approaching the numbers of regular employees.In Japan, corporate governance reforms became key to structural macroeconomic changes according to the 2013 "Japan Revitalization Strategy" formulated by the Cabinet Office. This document mandated the creation of the JPX-Nikkei Index 400 – an index called to accommodate the most investor-friendly joint-stock companies. The move towards a shareholder model has been further reinforced through a rapid surge in foreignstockholding that started during the post-bubble period of the mid-1990s. At the same time, the externalities of increased returns to stockholders have been the changes in the related domains of management and labor, which I explain through the application of the political economic theory. This theory underlines the importance of inclusion into a "political bloc" for being eligible for economic benefits. Consequently, I argue that increased returns to politically privileged shareholders have been achieved at the expense of a growing proportion of unprivileged nonregular employees.The evidence yields support to the argument about the positive correlation between shareholder value and the proportion of nonregulars. On the other hand, foreign stockholding does not appear to be significantly correlated with the increase in nonregular employment. In turn, the study has found that the proportion of nonregular employees is significantly correlated with domestic ownership that characterizes higher managerial entrenchment.

International audience Call combinations allow animals to expand the communicative power of small repertoires with acoustically inflexible elements. In Campbell's monkeys, Cercopithecus campbelli, males possess a small repertoire of calls that can be merged to an acoustically invariable suffix and which are concatenated into various sequences, mainly in response to external disturbances. The vocal repertoire of adult females has been less well studied although it is much richer, containing both alarm and various social calls. In particular, females possess a low-pitched contact call, produced either alone or merged with a high-pitched, arched unit. Combined contact calls are identity-richer and easier to detect than simple calls. Here, we investigated the socioecological factors that determined the production of single and combined utterances and found that combined utterances were more common when identity was relevant such as in mixed-species associations and during socially important vocal exchanges. In contrast, single calls were used mainly when predation risk was high, as part of this species' generally cryptic antipredator strategy. We discuss these finding in the light of current theories regarding the evolution of combinatorial signalling.

The value of a statistical life (VSL) is a key parameter in the analysis of government policy. Most policy decisions are made under ambiguity. This paper studies the effect of changes in ambiguity perception on the value of a statistical life (VSL). We propose a definition of increases in ambiguity perception based on Ekern's (1980) definition of increases in risk. Ambiguity aversion alone is not sufficient to lead to an increase in the VSL when the decision maker perceives more ambiguity. Our results highlight the importance of higher order ambiguity attitudes, particularly ambiguity prudence.

Egyptian women have played an unprecedented role in the Arab Spring democratic movement, possibly changing women's perception about their own rights and role. We question whether these events have translated into better outcomes within Egyptian households. We conjecture that potential changes must have been heterogeneous and depended on the local intensity of protests and women's participation over 2011-13. We exploit the geographical heterogeneity along these two margins to conduct a double difference analysis using data surrounding the period. We find a significant improvement in women's final say regarding decisions on health, socialization and household expenditure, as well as a decline in the acceptation of domestic violence and girls' circumcision, in the regions most affected by the protests. This effect is not due to particular regional patterns or pre-existing trends in empowerment. It is also robust to alternative treatment definitions and confirmed by triple difference estimations. We confront our main interpretation to alternative mechanisms that could have explained this effect.

Article 2 of the Agreement between the European Union and the Intergovernmental Organisation for International Carriage by Rail on the Accession of the European Union to the Convention concerning International Carriage by Rail (COTIF) of 9 May 1980, as amended by the Vilnius Protocol of 3 June 1999, states that, without prejudice to the object and purpose of the Convention,./. in their mutual relations, the Parties to the Convention which are members of the European Union shall apply Union law and therefore apply the rules deriving from the Convention only in so far as there is no Union rule governing the particular subject concerned. As a result, the rules on international jurisdiction set out in Regulation No 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters take precedence over those contained in the COTIF. ; International audience ; Article 2 of the Agreement between the European Union and the Intergovernmental Organisation for International Carriage by Rail on the Accession of the European Union to the Convention concerning International Carriage by Rail (COTIF) of 9 May 1980, as amended by the Vilnius Protocol of 3 June 1999, states that, without prejudice to the object and purpose of the Convention,./. in their mutual relations, the Parties to the Convention which are members of the European Union shall apply Union law and therefore apply the rules deriving from the Convention only in so far as there is no Union rule governing the particular subject concerned. As a result, the rules on international jurisdiction set out in Regulation No 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters take precedence over those contained in the COTIF. ; L'article 2 de l'accord entre l'Union européenne et l'Organisation intergouvernementale pourles transports internationaux ferroviaires concernant l'adhésion de l'Union européenne à laConvention relative aux transports ...

This chapter provides a minimal normative framework for discussing the desired attributes of a published dataset using Lakatos' philosophy of science and the metaphor of sympathetic magic. When researchers publish their results, journals and granting agencies increasingly want datasets opened alongside. These datasets may vary in quality, reusability, and comprehensiveness. Yet, without a clear knowledge of how the research methodology and analysis affects the production of the raw data, any future attempts to reproduce analysis will produce the same magical results only by following the same steps. While the requirement for Open Data in government funded research can provide an excellent basis for future research, not all Open Data is created equal. Releasing the methods of analysis alongside a dataset of high quality will also allow for lower technical difficulties when reusing or remixing the data. Then data, collected once, may be reused in multiple projects for a significant research impact. And to some, we can show that data is, indeed, magic.

International audience We study the impact of team-based performance pay in a major UK government agency, the public employment service. The scheme covered quantity and quality targets, measured with varying degrees of precision. We use unique data from the agency's performance management system and personnel records, linked to local labour market data. We show that on average the scheme had no significant effect but had a substantial positive effect in small teams, fitting an explanation combining free riding and peer monitoring. The impact was greater on better-measured quantity outcomes than quality outcomes. The scheme was very cost effective in small offices.

R&R at the Journal of Financial Economics We provide evidence of the effects of introducing a central clearing counterparty (CCP) on price stability by adopting as an experimental construct the 2009 clearing reform in three Nordic equity markets. We find that the daily price volatility of the affected equities experience an economically significant decline of 8.8% relative to pre-reform levels. The decrease in volatility is more pronounced for stocks with a higher margin cost impact, consistent with the predictions of dynamic asset pricing models. We also find that the reform induces a sharp decline of 9.8% in trade volume but no deterioration in market quality as captured by trading costs and information measures. Overall, our results suggest that the adoption of central clearing enhances price stability. Our results also suggest an important coordination role for policy in implementing clearing reforms, since investors failed to voluntarily clear trades in the CCP when given the option.

for almost 25 years of European accounting harmonisation has been achieved through the adoption of directives. In the mid-1990s, the European Commission announced that it was abandoning this form of accounting harmonisation for listed companies publishing consolidated accounts in order to opt for an international standard accounting process under the auspices of the then IASC. Much work has already been published on the reasons for this change of strategy. In this research, we would like to understand why the European Commission's criticisms of the directives have been so violent. On the basis of the archives available around the negotiation of the Seventh Directive and building on the work of Diggle and Nobes (1994) and Van Hulle and Van der Tas (1995), we highlight the stigma left by the negotiation of the Seventh European Directive, the challenge to the effectiveness of the options inherent in the directives and the influence of the International Organisation of Values Commissions, encouraging rapprochement with the international standard setting body. This article thus contributes to a better understanding of developments in accounting regulation methods. ; International audience For nearly twenty-five years the European accounting harmonization is reflected in the adoption of directives. In the mid 1990s, the European Commission announced that it was abandoning this accounting harmonization mode for listed companies publishing consolidated accounts. It opted for a more international accounting standardization process under the aegis of the International Accounting Standards Committee. The reasons for this change in strategy have already been analyzed in several studies. The present research aims to understand why the criticism of the European Commission against the directives were so violent. From the archives available around the negotiation of the Seventh Directive and relying on the work of Diggle and Nobes (1994) and those of Van Hulle and Van der Tas (1995) we highlight the scars left by negotiation ...

Within the IETT, we study texts, we study cultures, we study the connections between texts and contexts, texts and texts, and texts and cultures. These texts and cultures concern the written, the visual and the sung, the canonical, the middlebrow and the popular. However hard we try to marshall and contain them, literatures and cultures will always shift and change with time and space. They also have a tendency to refuse to stay in their national boxes-they travel, are translated. Sitting here in Europe we sometimes have little idea of the impact of English literature further afield, on literary creativity, on social critique and even on political life.

The paper investigates whether US and UK have followed sustainable debt policies during the period 1970-2012, by exploring the reaction of the primary surplus as percentage of GDP to variations in the debt to GDP ratio, as a powerful test. The main results reveal that the coefficient for UK is negative and significant, while for the US, we are unable to find a clear-cut evidence of the sustainability of public debt as the coefficient is also negative, but insignificant. In the case of the UK, the outputs reveal that government did not raise the primary surplus as the government debt increased rather reduced it and this reduction has been significant. On the other hand, the significance of the reaction coefficient demonstrates that the reaction of the primary surplus to increases in public debt varies over time. All these evidences allow us to appreciate that the fiscal policy in the UK is not sustainable in the sense of satisfying of intertemporal budgetary constrain.