Suchergebnisse

Background: The prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is vastly higher than that of tuberculosis (TB) disease and this enormous reservoir of individuals with LTBI impacts the global TB control strategy. Adolescents are at greatest risk of TB infection and are thus an ideal target population for a potential effective TB vaccine to be added to the current BCG programme as it could reduce the number of latent infections and consequently the number of adults with TB disease. However, LTBI rates are often unknown for this population. This study aims to estimate the magnitude of LTBI and to determine if Tanzanian adolescents would be a good population for a prevention of TB infection trial. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study that recruited 193 adolescents aged 12 and 16 years from government schools and directly from the community in Mwanza Region, Tanzania. Socio-demographic characteristics were collected for all enrolled participants. Blood was drawn and tested using QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT), and Early Secretory Antigenic Target-6-Free Interferon-gamma Release Assay (ESAT-6 free IGRA). Concordance between QFT-GIT and ESAT-6 free IGRA was evaluated using the McNemar's test. Results: Overall estimates of LTBI prevalence were 19.2% [95%CI, 14.1; 25.2] and 18.6% [95%CI, 13.6; 24.6] as measured by QFT-GIT IGRA and ESAT-6 free IGRA, respectively. The 16-year-old cohort had a higher LTBI prevalence (23.7% [95%CI, 16.1; 32.9]) as compared to 12-year-old cohort (14.6% [95%CI, 8.6; 22.7]) as measured by QFT-GIT IGRA. When measured by ESAT-6 Free IGRA, LTBI prevalence was 24.7% (95%CI, 16.9; 34.0) for the 16-year-old cohort and 12.5% (95%CI, 7.0; 20.3) among the 12-year-old cohort. According to both tests the prevalence of TB infection and the corresponding annual risk of tuberculosis infection (ARTI) and force of infection were high and increased with age. Of all enrolled participants, 97.4% had concordant results for QFT-GIT IGRA and ESAT-6 free IGRA ( p = 0.65). Conclusions: The prevalence of LTBI and the associated ARTI and force of infection among adolescents is high and increases with age in Mwanza Region. There was a high concordance between the QFT-GIT and the novel ESAT-6 free IGRA assays. These findings suggest Mwanza is a promising area to conduct novel TB vaccine research prevention of infection (POI) studies targeting adolescents.

This paper assesses the relative efficiency of R&D in the European countries using a nonparametric DEA approach across a group of 34 European countries. R&D is important driver of economic growth and since the resources allocated for R&D are limited, their efficient usage becomes increasingly important. This is further emphasised nowadays where world is faced with global pandemic which lead to reallocation of large amount of businesses and activities online. Considering that countries do not have to be equally efficient in all aspects of R&D, overall model as well as two specialised models (patent oriented and article oriented) are presented. Results of this study indicate that more than one-half of observed countries are R&D inefficient. Additionally, countries are in general more efficient when it comes to article orientation, rather than when it comes to patent orientation. In stage 2 of the analysis, countries are clustered into three groups based on the efficiency results of two specialised models obtained in stage 1 in order to identify characteristics of selected European countries based on their R&D orientation. The findings from this research can serve policy makers from European countries in providing directions for required efforts to enhance R&D efficiency. ; Rad vrednuje relativnu efikasnost istraživanja i razvoja europskih zemalja koristeći analizu omeđivanja podataka na uzorku od 34 europske zemlje. Istraživanje i razvoj važan su pokretač gospodarskog rasta, a budući da su resursi koje ima na raspolaganju ograničeni, njihovo učinkovito korištenje postaje sve važnije. To se dodatno ističe u današnje vrijeme kada se svijet suočava s globalnom pandemijom koja je dovela do toga da se je veliki dio poslovanja prebacio na on-line. S obzirom na to da države ne moraju biti podjednako učinkovite u svim aspektima istraživanja i razvoja, predstavljen je cjelokupni model kao i dva specijalizirana modela (orijentirana na patente i na publikacije). Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je više od polovice promatranih zemalja neefikasno u području istraživanja i razvoja. Uz to, države su općenito efikasnije kada je riječ o usmjerenju na publikacije, a manje kada je riječ o orijentaciji na patente. U drugoj fazi analize, zemlje su grupirane u tri skupine na temelju rezultata efikasnosti dvaju specijaliziranih modela dobivenih u fazi 1. To je napravljeno kako bi se identificirale karakteristike odabranih europskih zemalja na temelju njihove orijentacije na istraživanje i razvoj. Rezultati ovog istraživanja mogu poslužiti kreatorima politika europskih zemalja u pružanju usmjerenja za potrebne napore za povećanje efikasnosti u području istraživanja i razvoja.

Corrigendum: In situ Pumping Rate of 20 Marine Demosponges Is a Function of Osculum Area by Morganti, T. M., Ribes, M., Moskovich, R., Weisz, J. B., Yahel, G., and Coma, R. (2021). Frontiers in Marine Science 8: 712856. doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.712856 ; Sponges play a key role in the transfer of energy and nutrients into many benthic ecosystems, and the volume of water they process is an important regulator of these fluxes. Theoretical scaling relationships between sponge volume, osculum cross-sectional area, and pumping rates were recently proposed and confirmed for small sponge specimens in the lab. To examine how these relationships apply to field populations we measured, in situ, the pumping rate (PR) of 20 species representative of different morphologies and host types (high-and low-microbial abundance, HMA and LMA) from temperate and tropical regions. The total oscula area (∑OSA) increased allometrically with sponge volume (V) exhibiting similar exponents (∑OSA=aVb, b ranging 0.6-0.7) for all species, except for tropical HMAs (b= 0.99). Osculum flow rate (OFR) also increased allometrically with OSA and oscula of the same size pumped at the same rate irrespective of sponge volume. As a result, and in contrast to former reports, the PR of most of the sponges increased allometrically (PR=a∑OSAb) with scaling exponent b≈0.75, whereas PR of tropical HMAs increased isometrically. Osculum jet speed declined with the increase in the OSA for most species. The number of oscula and their OSA were the best predictors of the PR in sponges, explaining 75-94% of the in situ variation in PR throughout the natural range of sponge size. The pumping rate of a sponge population can be estimated by measuring the osculum density and cross-sectional area distribution once the relationships between the OSA and OFR are established for each species. ; Financial support was provided by the Spanish Government through the Grant (RTI2018-094187-B-100) and the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S), and by the Pure Oceans Foundation Grant 2019-Spoplastics to RC and MR; and by a FPU fellowship from Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (MECD) and Max Planck Society to TM. Additional financial support was provided by ISF grant 1280/13 and BSF grants 2012089 and 2017622 to GY. This is a contribution from the Marine Biogeochemistry and Global Change research group from the Generalitat de Catalunya (2017SGR1011). ; Peer reviewed

The University of Texas at Austin's Policy Research Project (PRP), a nine-month (two semesters) capstone, is a keystone of the core curriculum at the LBJ School of Public Affairs. In PRPs, small groups of students, under the mentorship of a faculty director, take on real-world problems that require special knowledge and skill sets. PRPs expose students to challenges in formulating and executing research, and in communicating academic research and related complex data to broader stakeholder communities and decision makers. The PRP structure is an innovative and effective approach for integrating research within the teaching and training of graduate students who are preparing themselves to address important real-world problems at the intersection of society, economics, technology, and policy. The project summaries below describe seven papers developed during September 2017 – May 2018 as part of a PRP on "Diffusion of Innovations: Interplay of Social, Economic, Technological, and Policy Drivers in the Solar Industry." Twenty graduate students, drawn from the LBJ School's Masters in Public Affairs and Masters in Global Policy Studies programs and the Jackson School Geoscience's Energy and Earth Resources program, participated in this PRP. Dr. Varun Rai, Associate Professor and Associate Dean for Research at the LBJ School, directed the PRP, with support from his research team including: Dr. Ariane Beck, Dr. Ashok Sekar, D. Cale Reeves, and Erik Funkhouser. Clients for the project included the U.S. Department of Energy (Casey Canfield), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Ben Hoen, Galen Barbose Joachim Seel, Naïm Darghouth, Ryan Wiser), and National Renewable Energy Laboratory (Benjamin Sigrin, Eric O'Shaughnessy). The seven projects separately addressed one of the following topics: (1) low- and middle-income PV adoption, (2) modeling economic and information intervention design, (3) evaluation of DOE's Solar in Your Community Challenge, (4) property value impacts near large-scale solar facilities, (5) solar market maturity and evolution of business models, (6) social media data for predicting PV adoption, and (7) individual-level variation in adoption of innovations. Many of the papers relied on data collected and curated by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, including data embedded within the annual Tracking the Sun and Utility-Scale Solar reports. Each of the seven teams in the PRP prepared a research paper. The PRP culminated with a full-day conference at UT Austin in May 2018 to present findings from the seven projects in this PRP to a broad audience of about 75 experts from academia, national labs, industry, and government from across the country.

Pregnancy in women with motor disabilities is increasingly recognized by society and by the government. In December 2019, the government announced the opening of a resource centre on "Intimate life, sexuality and support for parenthood" for these women, their families and professionals in all French regions.Objectives: To understand the maternity experience of women with motor disabilities and to determine the expectations of these women concerning their care. Methods: This qualitative, descriptive and interpretative study is based on the thematic analysis of telephone testimonies. An interview grid was established beforehand to guide the women in their accounts. Results: Nine women were recruited. The women in wheelchairs said they felt identical to the able-bodied women, with the same moments of joy, the same questions, the same fears and anxieties. On the other hand, the couple may encounter a lack of accessibility and knowledge of the pathology by the health care team.Conclusion: Motherhood is a source of fulfillment for all women, including women with motor disabilities. Despite a lack of knowledge on the part of health professionals, the midwife remains a referent in the overall care of the patient. ; La grossesse chez la femme en situation de handicap moteur est de plus en plus reconnue par la société et le gouvernement. Ce dernier a annoncé, en décembre 2019, l'ouverture d'un centre de ressources « Vie intime, sexuelle et accompagnement à la parentalité » pour ces femmes, leurs proches et les professionnels dans toutes les régions françaises.Objectifs : Les objectifs de cette étude étaient de connaître le vécu de la maternité chez la femme présentant un handicap moteur et déterminer les attentes de ces femmes concernant leur prise en charge. Méthodes : Cette étude qualitative de type descriptive et interprétative était basée sur l'analyse thématique des témoignages téléphoniques. Une grille d'entretien avait été préalablement établie afin de guider les femmes dans leur récit. Résultats: Neuf femmes ont été recrutées. Les femmes se déplaçant en fauteuil se disent identiques aux femmes valides, avec les mêmes moments de joie, les mêmes questions, les mêmes craintes et angoisses. En revanche, le couple peut se heurter à un manque d'accessibilité et de connaissances de la pathologie par l'équipe soignante. Conclusion : La maternité est source d'épanouissement chez toutes les femmes, y compris chez les femmes en situation de handicap moteur. Malgré un manque de connaissances de la part des professionnels de la santé, la sage-femme reste est une personne référente lors de la prise en charge globale de la patiente.

Kehidupan manusia tidak dapat dilepaskan dari kebudayaan. Segala kegiatan dan buah pikiran manusia menghasilkan kebudayaan. Tiap kelompok masyarakat mempunyai kebudayaan yang berbeda, karena masyarakat Indonesia sejak dulu sudah dikenal dengan kemajemukannya dalam berbagai aspek, seperti adanya keberagaman suku bangsa/etnis, agama, bahasa istiadat dan sebagainya. Sebagai sistem pengetahuan dan gagasan, kebudayaan yang dimiliki suatu masyarakat merupakan kekuatan yang tidak tampak (invisble power), yang mampu menggiring dan mengarahkan manusia pendukung kebudayaan itu untuk bersikap dan berperilaku sesuai dengan pengetahuan dan gagasan yang menjadi milik masyarakat tersebut, baik di bidang ekonomi, sosial, politik, kesenian dan sebagainya. Sebagai suatu sistem, kebudayaan tidak diperoleh manusia dengan begitu saja secara ascribed, tetapi melalui proses belajar yang berlangsung tanpa henti, sejak dari manusia itu dilahirkan sampai dengan ajal menjemputnya. Proses belajar dalam konteks kebudayaan bukan hanya dalam bentuk internalisasi dari sistem "pengetahuan" yang diperoleh manusia melalui pewarisan atau transmisi dalam keluarga, lewat sistem pendidikan formal di sekolah atau lembaga pendidikan formal lainnya, melainkan juga diperoleh melalui proses belajar dari berinteraksi dengan lingkungan alam dan sosialnya. Melalui pewarisan kebudayaan dan internalisasi pada setiap individu, pendidikan hadir dalam bentuk sosialisasi kebudayaan, berinteraksi dengan nilai-nilai masyarakat setempat dan memelihara hubungan timbal balik yang menentukan proses-proses perubahan tatanan sosio-kultur masyarakat dalam rangka mengembangkan kemajuan peradabannya. Sebaliknya, dimensi-dimensi sosial yang senantiasa mengalami dinamika perkembangan seiring dengan kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi merupakan faktor dominan yang telah membentuk eksistensi pendidikan manusia. Penggunaan alat dan sarana kebutuhan hidup yang modern telah memungkinkan pola pikir dan sikap manusia untuk memproduk nilai-nilai baru sesuai dengan intensitas pengaruh teknologi terhadap tatanan kehidupan sosial budaya. Dalam hal ini, pendidikan menjadi instrumen kekuatan sosial masyarakat untuk mengembangkan suatu sistem pembinaan anggota masyarakat yang relevan dengan tuntutan perubahan zaman. Abad globalisasi telah menyajikan nilai-nilai baru, pengertian- pengertian baru serta perubahan-perubahan di seluruh ruang lingkup kehidupan manusia yang waktu kedatangannya tidak bisa diduga-duga. Sehingga dunia pendidikan merasa perlu untuk membekali diri dengan perangkat pembelajaran yang dapat memproduk manusia zaman sesuai dengan atmosfir tuntutan global. Penguasaan teknologi informasi, penyediaan SDM yang profesional, terampil dan berdaya guna bagi masyarakat, kemahiran menerapkan Iptek, perwujudan tatanan sosial masyarakat yang terbuka, demokratis, humanis serta progresif dalam menghadapi kemajuan jaman merupakan beberapa bekal mutlak yang harus dimiliki oleh semua bangsa di dunia ini yang ingin tetap bertahan menghadapi tata masyarakat baru berwujud globalisasi.

With the current global greenhouse gas emissions, our remaining carbon budget is depleted in only 7 years. After that, several biophysical systems are predicted to collapse such as the arctic ice, coral reefs and the permafrost, leading to potentially irreversible consequences. Our emissions are strongly correlated to access of energy and even if we are aware of the planetary emergency today, our emissions still continue to grow. Electrical vehicles have the possibility to reduce the emissions in the transportation sector significantly. However, these vehicles are still expensive and impractical for long-distance or heavy transportation. While political actions and technological development are essential to keep prices down, the driving dis- tance can be increased by replacing the batteries for onboard electricity production. In hydrogen fuel cells, electricity is produced by combining hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen with only water as the by-product and if employed in electrical vehicles, distances of 500 km are enabled with a refueling time in 5 minutes. For other uses than in vehicles, H2 is also promising for large-scale electricity storage and for several industrial processes such as manufacturing CO2-free steel, ammonia and synthetic fuels. However, today most H2 production methods relies on fossil fuels and releases huge amounts of CO2. Electrolysis of water is an alternative production method where H2, along with oxygen are produced from water. To split the water, electricity has to be added and if renewable energy sources are used, the method has zero emissions and is considered most promising for a sustainable hydrogen energy economy. The tech- nique is relatively expensive compared to the fossil fuel-based methods and relies on rare noble metals such as platinum as catalysts for decreasing the required energy to split water. For large scale productions, these metals need to be replaced by more sustainable and abundant catalysts to lower the cost and minimize the environmental impacts. In this thesis we have investigated such candidates for the water splitting reaction but also to some extent for the oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells. By combining theory and experiments we hope to aid in the development and facilitate a transition to clean hydrogen energy. We find among other things that i) defects in catalytic materials plays a significant role the performance and efficiency, and that ii) heterogeneity influence the adsorption energies of reaction intermediates and hence the catalytic efficiency and iii) while defects are not often studied for electrocatalytic reactions, these may inspire for novel materials in the future.

Research of contemporary societies emphasises the importance of global economic circumstances, political uncertainties and social inequalities for young people's visions of their personal future. This research is focused on general and career-specific aspects of adolescents' visions of personal future and how these relate to adolescents' orientation toward educational mobility. Educational mobility is determined by the equivalence/non-equivalence of parents' levels of education and their offspring's educational aspirations as expressed at the end of secondary schooling. According to this principle, three groups of participants were defined and their differences were analysed with respect to (a) general aspects of their visions of personal future, (b) career-specific aspects of their envisioned future, and (c) the perception of factors on which the achievement of career visions will depend. Significant differences among the three groups have been found in general and career-specific visions of the future. The findings of the study indicate that students who plan to attend university are more preoccupied with career and perceive personal characteristics as more important factors for achieving career goals than students without such plans. Finally, this paper suggests that, in order to fully understand young people's visions of personal future from a micro and a macro perspective, it is fruitful to integrate psychological and sociological approaches. ; U suvremenim društvima postoji veliki utjecaj globalnih ekonomskih okolnosti, političkih nesigurnosti i društvenih nejednakosti na formiranje vizija osobne budućnosti mladih. U ovom radu istražujemo odnos između općih i specifičnih karijernih vizija budućnosti mladih, s jedne strane, i orijentacija mladih k obrazovnoj pokretljivosti, s druge. Obrazovna pokretljivost definirana je putem usklađenosti razine obrazovanja roditelja i obrazovnih aspiracija njihovih potomaka koji su anketirani tijekom završne godine srednje škole. Na ovaj su način određene tri grupe ispitanika. Analizirali smo kako se pripadnici tih grupa razlikuju u odnosu na (a) opće aspekte vizija osobne budućnosti, (b) karijerno-specifične aspekte vizija, kao i u odnosu na (c) faktore koje pripadnici ovih grupa percipiraju kao značajne za ostvarenje karijernih vizija. Uočene su značajne razlike između triju grupa u pogledu općih i karijerno-specifičnih vizija budućnosti. Mladi koji planiraju studirati preokupiraniji su karijerom i vjeruju da su osobne karakteristike značajniji faktor karijernog uspjeha, nego oni koji to ne namjeravaju. Konačno, u radu se sugerira da bi bilo korisno, kako bi se u potpunosti razumjele vizije budućnosti mladih iz mikro i makro perspektive, ujediniti psihološki i sociološki pristup.

The exponential growth of science, in all spheres of modern life, is a big challenge forevery person, in order to find a way to follow these changes. The belief in theeconomy, politics, leading elites, as well as in the media is probably at the lowestpossible level, not only nationally and regionally, but also globally. Using differentcommunication channels (like social networks as the simplest communicationchannels) each stakeholder can give negative reviews and comments about anorganization. In such difficult and challenging business conditions, the usual methodsand theories of management do not work best at all levels of cooperation and action.The reason for this probably lies in the fact that while the world is changing rapidly,transforming itself into new forms, management as a science fails to follow in parallel,the steps of all the changes and processes caused by globalization. The competitionfor talents in the labor market today, requires additional effort from the managementof organizations. If we take into account that fact (from many others), we can clearlysee that a "new" time is coming in which managers need to be constantly(re)inventive, both in terms of themselves, as a person, but also in term of managingtheir organizations, too. For those who want to create the necessary change and adaptto modern functioning, this "journey" can be a significant evolution on an individual,collective and global level filled with many innovations and challenges. The pandemicthat brought a major crisis situation at all levels, on the other hand, led to changes inthe management methodology. All these crisis situations put the leaders to a hugetest to prove, which of them is the real manager in bad times so as in good times, andwhich remains even a step behind or down, because he cannot face the challengesfirst as a person himself, and then on the other hand to adapt the employees to thenewly imposed working conditions, without disturbing the humanitarian aspect. The"new" time proved to be a time of significant changes that dictate a different culture ofliving, different experiencing things, re-examining all the trends that are aimed at akind of growth and development of the person, that steps with enormous speedthrough all changes and processes, as a being, a person, a motivator, an innovator, amanager, to finally realize that until the "I" didn't turns into the "WE", we cannot talkabout any leadership, in context of all the challenges, that only the right manager canface every day.

COVID-19 has become a global pandemic including Indonesia, so the government is taking vaccinations as a preventive measure. The public's response to this continues to appear on social media platforms, one of which is Twitter. Tweets about the COVID-19 vaccine have generated various kinds of positive and negative opinions in the community. Therefore, it is very important to detect and filter it to prevent the spread of incorrect information. Sentiment analysis is a method used to determine the content of a dataset in the form of negative, positive or neutral text. The dataset in this study was obtained from 5000 COVID-19 vaccine tweets with the distribution of 3800 positive sentiment tweets, 800 negative sentiment tweets and 400 neutral sentiment tweets. The dataset obtained is then pre-processed data to optimize data processing. There are 4 stages of pre-processing, including remove punctuation, case folding, stemming and tokenizing. This study examines the performance of RNN and Naïve Bayes by adding the TF-IDF (Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency) technique which aims to give weight to the word relationship (term) of a document. The test results show that RNN (TF-IDF) has a greater accuracy of 97.77% compared to Naïve Bayes (TF-IDF) of 80%. ; COVID-19 telah menjadi pandemik dunia termasuk Indonesia, sehingga pemerintah mengambil tindakan vaksinasi sebagai upaya pencegahan. Tanggapan masyarakat mengenai hal tersebut terus muncul di platform media sosial salah satunya twitter. Tweet mengenai vaksin COVID-19 menimbulkan berbagai macam opini positif dan negatif di masyarakat. Oleh karena itu, sangat penting untuk mendeteksi dan menyaringnya agar tidak terjadi penyebaran informasi yang tidak benar. Analisis sentimen merupakan suatu metode yang digunakan untuk menentukan isi dari suatu dataset dalam bentuk teks yang bersifat negatif, positif atau netral. Dataset pada penelitian ini diperoleh dari 5000 tweet vaksin COVID-19 dengan pembagian 3800 tweet sentimen positif, 800 tweet sentimen negatif dan 400 tweet sentimen netral. Dataset yang didapat kemudian dilakukan pre-processing data untuk mengoptimalkan pengolahan data. Terdapat 4 tahapan pre-processing antara lain remove punctuation, case folding, stemming dan tokenizing. Penelitian ini mengkaji kinerja RNN dan Naïve Bayes dengan menambahkan teknik TF-IDF (Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency) yang bertujuan untuk memberikan bobot pada hubungan kata (term) sebuah dokumen. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan RNN (TF-IDF) memiliki akurasi lebih besar yaitu 97,77% dibandingkan Naïve Bayes (TF-IDF) sebesar 80%.

Betelhem Mesfin Demissie,1 Daniel Mengistu Bekele,2 Teshome Habte,2 Addisu Dabi Wake3 1Nursing Department, College of Health Sciences, Woldiya University, Wollo, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia; 2School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 3Nursing Department, College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, Asella, Oromia Regional State, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Addisu Dabi WakeNursing Department, College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, P.O. Box: 193/04, Asella, Oromia Regional State, EthiopiaTel +251 910 2867 66Email addansa12@gmail.comBackground: Heart failure (HF) is a global pandemic affecting individuals globally and is rising in magnitude. Despite the advancement of treatment for HF, the problem continues to cause substantial hospitalization, economic costs, disability, morbidity, and mortality. However, knowledge, attitude, and associated factors towards HF management in Ethiopia were unknown.Objective: To assess knowledge, attitude, and associated factors towards HF management of nurses working in the cardiac unit.Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional survey was conducted on 180 nurses working in a cardiac unit at selected government hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The data were collected from March to April 2020 by self-administered questionnaire. The data were analyzed by using SPSS version 24.0 software.Results: A total of 180 nurses were enrolled into the study with a response rate of 95%. The mean age of the participants was 31 years. The majority (105; 58.3%) were females. About 108 (60%) of them were married and 34 (18.9%) of them were qualified with a MSc in nursing. More than two-thirds (134; 74.4%) of them had ≤ 6 years of work experience. The majority (131; 72.8%) of them have not taken training on the management of HF. The level of a good knowledge and positive attitude towards the management of HF were 30.56% (n = 55; 95% CI: 24.20– 37.50) and 94.4% (n = 170; 95% CI: 90.6– 97.8), respectively. Having a monthly income of > 6700 Ethiopian birr (AOR = 3.20, 95% CI: 2.87– 9.58), master's degree in nursing (AOR = 4.35, 95% CI: 3.42– 14.36), having > 6 years of working experience (AOR = 5.21, 95% CI: 4.41– 15.72), and having training about HF management (AOR = 6.18, 95% CI: 4.76, 15.95) were factors significantly associated with knowledge towards HF management.Conclusion: The level of good knowledge towards HF management was very low, while the level of positive attitude towards HF management was satisfactory. Educational programs and comprehensive training are recommended to take place to improve them.Keywords: knowledge, attitude, heart failure management, heart failure, nurse

Abstract
Two controversial rulings of the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) deserve global attention, since they declined to scrutinize on human rights grounds the prevalent move towards enhanced border controls and externalization practices that define European asylum law and policy at this juncture. In ND and NT, judges deemed the Spanish policy of 'hot returns', without access to basic procedural guarantees, of those climbing border fences to be compatible with human rights. A few weeks later, the Grand Chamber thwarted enduring hopes for judicial innovation in MN when it reasserted a 'primarily territorial' understanding of State jurisdiction and declared inadmissible the claim of a Syrian family from the war-torn town of Aleppo to a humanitarian visa. While the decision on humanitarian visas means that 'non-arrival' policies cannot usually be challenged, critical inspection of the ND and NT judgment displays a confounding combination of restrictive arguments and dynamic elements beneath the surface of a seemingly clear-cut outcome. This lack of judicial precision, which was bound to cause heated debate about the practical implications of the judgment, reflects the basic tension between the prohibition of refoulement and the absence of a right to asylum in classic accounts of international refugee law. It will be argued that the judicial vindication of the Spanish 'hot returns' policy does not call into question non-refoulement obligations; it aims at identifying graded procedural standards for different categories of refugees and migrants. By contrast, the novel insistence on the abstract availability of legal channels of entry presents itself as a humanitarian fig leaf for the acceptance of strict control practices. At an intermediate level of abstraction, the two rulings mark a watershed moment, indicating the provisional endpoint of an impressive period of interpretative dynamism on the part of the ECtHR, which has played a critical role in the progressive evolution of international refugee and human rights law over the past three decades. Experts in asylum law who have become accustomed to supranational courts advancing the position of individuals will benefit from the insights of constitutional theory and the social sciences to rationalize why the former vigour has given way to a period of hesitation and potential standstill, at least in Europe. This analysis employs the perspective of strategic litigation to discuss contextual factors hindering the continued dynamism of human rights jurisprudence in Europe at this juncture.

Purpose. Philosophy of culture is an extremely multifaceted field, which includes the anthropological segment as well. In particular, we can talk about the role of man (personality) in cultural progress in a particular period of development of the society. To some extent, this problem may also apply to the theory of archetypes, which is rapidly developing today, being used not only in philosophy but also in other fields, deeply penetrated into the methodology of humanities knowledge. Therefore, we used interdisciplinary tools for this study. The purpose of this work is to study the influence of personality on the development of Ukrainian culture in a global, comprehensive dimension, based on the experience and works of famous figures that carried out cultural activities in a certain historical period. In this case, we can appeal to the archetype of the Wise Old Man, which contains a set of permanent features (ordinary and transcendent) that connect its projections with both the "foretype" and at the same time the "accumulation" of experience. Theoretical basis. Based on the work of famous researchers in the field of philosophy, anthropology, analytical psychology, ethnophilosophy (C. Jung, Z. Freud, M. Scheler, F. Nietzsche, F. Schelling, W. Eco, G. Gachev, A. Bolshakova, L. Koshetarova, M. Eliade, O. Kyryliuk, S. Krymsky, V. Lychkovakh, T. Shestopalova, M. Nesteleev, Z. Bosyk, etc.), the authors note the insufficient elaboration of the topic regarding the distinction of anthropological (including anthropocentric) dimensions of different cultural periods of Ukraine in chronological order. Originality. The authors of the article prove that the continuity of the accumulation of anthropocentric features in individuals gives them transcendence, elevate to the archetype of the Wise Old Man, which can be perceived as a universal process against the ethnic development background. Conclusions. As a result of the study, we can say that the role of individual key figures in the development of national culture is quite noticeable. This can be traced both at the local level and at the national level, when we should talk about individuals who in a certain period of development of society and culture were leading and became a kind of embodiment of universal experience accumulated in an individual with a certain identity, which is the "personality" required in "that place" and "that time". For this reason, we turn to the archetype of the Wise Old Man as an "invariant", a "conductor", which reflects the most realized and individualized personality in a particular chronotope.

It is no news to anybody that the power structures in our world have considerably shifted during the last quarter of a century. Glasnost and the ultimate collapse of the Soviet Union towards the end of the 1980s brought an end to the bipolar world dominated by the East-West conflict and the Cold War since the aftermath of World War II. The end of the Soviet bloc also paved the way towards an appeasement strategy inthe Southern African sub-region. What was praised as "the end of history", meaning the ultimate victory of capitalism as the uncontested mode of production structuring societies (and classes), however, led to an only short-lived sole hegemony of the main Western powers and in particular the United States (US) during the 1990s. These were the days when 'good governance' became the terminology of a crusade against which regimes were measured and judged. The criteria were based on Western capitalist notions of development as conceptualised and imposed by the International Financial Institutions (IFIs). But as we know, little changed for many towards the better. The problem of affordable access to higher education, a demand erupting these days forcefully on South African campuses, was not least enhanced through policy recommendations in the 1990s, which neglected such investment in the social and intellectual capacity of countries and their people.1)
While old conflicts were solved, new conflicts and ideologicalbattlefields emerged. The rise of China as the world's next superpower marked the beginning of the 21st century, and the shock waves sent through the world with 9/11 opened a new era of "war against terror", in which human rights were the first victim. Development and security became integral elements of a global governance system, which since the turn of the century set paradigmatic frameworks, first with the Millennium Development Goals and now with the Sustainable Development Goals, while continuous efforts to achieve agreed measures to curb carbon emissions and bring environmental degradation and climate change to a halt have remained futile efforts. The tokenism so far only shows that governments continue to remain loyal to their own agendas. Guided by such shortsightedness, they do not act in solidarity with humanity as an integral part of nature and habitat to increase the chances for survival. Profit maximisation at all costs remains the ultimate goal even if in the long term at too high a price.

Abstract. To perform spatial snow cover simulations for numerical avalanche forecasting, interpolation and downscaling of meteorological data are required, which introduce uncertainties. The repercussions of these uncertainties on modeled snow stability remain mostly unknown. We therefore assessed the contribution of meteorological input uncertainty to modeled snow stability by performing a global sensitivity analysis. We used the numerical snow cover model SNOWPACK to simulate two snow instability metrics, i.e., the skier stability index and the critical crack length, for a field site equipped with an automatic weather station providing the necessary input for the model. Simulations were performed for a winter season, which was marked by a prolonged dry period at the beginning of the season. During this period, the snow surface layers transformed into layers of faceted and depth hoar crystals, which were subsequently buried by snow. The early-season snow surface was likely the weak layer of many avalanches later in the season. Three different scenarios were investigated to better assess the influence of meteorological forcing on snow stability during (a) the weak layer formation period, (b) the slab formation period, and
(c) the weak layer and slab formation period. For each scenario, 14 000 simulations were performed, by introducing quasi-random uncertainties to the meteorological input. Uncertainty ranges for meteorological forcing covered typical differences observed within a distance of 2 km or an elevation change of 200 m. Results showed that a weak layer formed in 99.7 % of the simulations, indicating that the weak layer formation was very robust due to the prolonged dry period. For scenario a, modeled grain size of the weak layer was mainly sensitive to precipitation, while the shear strength of the weak layer was sensitive to most input variables, especially air temperature. Once the weak layer existed (case b), precipitation was the most prominent driver for snow stability. The sensitivity analysis highlighted that for all scenarios, the two stability metrics were mostly sensitive to precipitation. Precipitation determined the load of the slab, which in turn influenced weak layer properties. For cases b and c, the two stability metrics showed contradicting behaviors. With increasing precipitation, i.e., deep snowpacks, the skier stability index decreased (became less stable). In contrast, the critical crack length increased with increasing precipitation (became more stable). With regard to spatial simulations of snow stability, the high sensitivity to precipitation suggests that accurate precipitation patterns are necessary to obtain realistic snow stability patterns.