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End Of Mission Statement Of The Special Rapporteur On The Negative Impact Of Unilateral Coercive Measures On The Enjoyment Of Human Rights To The Syrian Arab Republic ; 6/3/2018 OHCHR | End of mission statement of the Special Rapporteur on the negative impact of unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights t… http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23094&LangID=E 1/4 English > News and Events > DisplayNews English | Français | Español Go to navigation | Go to content | русский | العربية | 中文 WHAT ARE HUMAN RIGHTS? DONATE HOME ABOUT US ISSUES HUMAN RIGHTS BY COUNTRY WHERE WE WORK HUMAN RIGHTS BODIES NEWS AND EVENTS PUBLICATIONS AND RESOURCES End of mission statement of the Special Rapporteur on the negative impact of unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights to the Syrian Arab Republic, 13 to 17 May 2018 Arabic End of mission statement 17 May 2018 Preliminary observations and recommendations I would like to begin this briefing by expressing my gratitude to the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic for the invitation to visit the country and for the openness and readiness with which it facilitated the meetings for my mission. I would also like to thank the office of the Resident Coordinator, the members of the UN country team and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights for their invaluable support. I have been entrusted by the Human Rights Council with the task of monitoring, reporting and advising on the negative impact on the enjoyment of human rights of unilateral coercive measures. The United Nations has repeatedly expressed concern that the use of such measures may be contrary to international law, international humanitarian law, the UN Charter and the norms and principles governing peaceful relations among States . During my visit, I had the honour of being received by Ministers, Deputy Ministers and senior officials of the ministries of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates, Economy and Foreign Trade, Local Administration and Environment, Social Affairs and Labour, Transport, Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, Electricity and Health. I also met with the leadership pf the Planning and International Cooperation Commission, the Central Bureau of Statistics, the Chamber of Commerce, and with the Governor of the Central Bank. I was b riefed by staff from civil society, humanitarian organizations and by independent experts. Last but not least, I am also grateful to the numerous diplomatic missions that shared their views with me during my visit. I very much appreciate the briefings I received from the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia in Beirut prior to my visit. The purpose of this mission was to examine to what extent unilateral coercive measures targeting the Syrian Arab Republic impair the full realization of the rights set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights instruments. I will present my full report to the Human Rights Council in September 2018. My present statement contains my preliminary observations on the outcome of my visit. I have examined the situation of the Syrian Arab Republic as a target of unilateral coercive measures 1 134K 118K 2290 6/3/2018 OHCHR | End of mission statement of the Special Rapporteur on the negative impact of unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights t… http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23094&LangID=E 2/4 I have examined the situation of the Syrian Arab Republic as a target of unilateral coercive measures by a number of source States. I have examined relevant evidence and endeavoured to assess the actual impact of such measures on the Syrian people. One source country has applied unilateral coercive measures since 1979, and they were strengthened in subsequent years. A larger group of States began applying similar measures in 2011. The collective measures call for a trade ban on the import and export of multiple goods and services. It also includes international financial transfers. The superimposition of different packages of collective sectoral measures, together with the across­the­board implementation of financial restrictions, are tantamount in their global impact to the imposition of comprehensive restrictions on Syria. Additional measures targeting individuals by virtue of their alleged relationship with the government have also been applied. Because of their comprehensive nature, these measures have had a devastating impact on the entire economy and the daily lives of ordinary people. This impact has compounded their suffering resulting from the devastating crisis that has unfolded since 2011. Singling out the impact of the unilateral coercive measures from that of the crisis is fraught with difficulty, but this does in no way diminish the necessity to take measures to restore their basic human rights as a whole. It is clear that the sufferings imposed by the unilateral coercive measures have reinforced those that were caused by the conflict. Indeed, it seems ironic that these measures applied by source States out of a concern for human rights are actually contributing to the worsening of the humanitarian crisis as an unintended consequence. The dramatic increase in the suffering of the Syrian people The Syrian economy continues to decline at an alarming rate. Since the application of coercive measures in 2011, and the beginning of the current crisis, the total annual GDP of Syria has fallen by two thirds. Foreign currency reserves have been depleted, and international financial and other assets remain frozen. In 2010, 45 Syrian Liras were exchanged for one dollar; by 2017 the rate fell to fell to 510 liras per dollar. Inflation has dramatically increased since 2010, reaching a peak of 82.4% in 2013; the cost of food items rose eight­fold during this time. This combination of factors visited further devastation on the living conditions of the population that were already degraded by the conflict. This has hit the half of working Syrians living on fixed salaries particularly hard. The unintended consequences of unilateral coercive measures This damage to the economy has had predictable effects on the ability of Syrians to realize their economic, social and cultural rights. Syria's human development indicators have all tumbled. There has been a staggering increase in the rate of poverty among ordinary Syrians. While there was no food insecurity prior to the outbreak of violence, by 2015 32% of Syrians were affected. At the same time unemployment rose went from 8.5% in 2010 to over 48% in 2015. Banking restrictions The most pervasive concerns I have heard during my mission relate to the negative effect that comprehensive financial restrictions have had on all aspects of Syrian life. Restrictions on the Central bank, state­owned and even private banks, and transactions in the main international currencies have comprehensively damaged the ability of anyone seeking to operate internationally. Despite nominally including "humanitarian exemptions" they have proven to be costly, or extremely slow, to access in practice. The uncertainty around what transactions do, or do not violate the unilateral coercive measures, have created a "chilling effect" on international banks and companies, which as a result are unwilling or unable to do business with Syria. This has prevented Syrian and international companies, non­governmental actors (including those operating in purely humanitarian fields), and Syrian citizens from engaging in international financial transactions (including for goods which are legal to import), obtaining credit, or for international actors to pay salaries or contractors in Syria. This has forced Syrians to find alternatives, such as hawala, which result in millions of dollars flowing 6/3/2018 OHCHR | End of mission statement of the Special Rapporteur on the negative impact of unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights t… http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23094&LangID=E 3/4 y , , g through high cost financial intermediaries, who are alleged at times to be owned by terrorist organizations. These channels which are not transparent, cannot be audited, and increase transaction costs remain the only avenue for smaller companies and Syrian civil society actors to operate internationally. Medical care Syria practices universal, free health care for all its citizens. Prior to the current crisis, Syria enjoyed some of the highest levels of care in the region. The demands created by the crisis have overwhelmed the system, and created extraordinarily high levels of need. Despite this, restrictive measures, particularly those related to the banking system, have harmed the ability of Syria to purchase and pay for medicines, equipment, spare parts and software. While theoretical exemptions exist, in practice international private companies are unwilling to jump the hurdles necessary to ensure they can transact with Syria without being accused of inadvertently violating the restrictive measures. Migration and 'brain drain' While the security situation was a central factor which led to migration flows from Syria, it should be emphasized that the dramatic increase in unemployment, the lack of job opportunities, the closure of factories unable to obtain raw materials or machinery or to export their goods have all contributed to increasing the emigration of Syrians. Some receiving States have selected skilled migrants, while pressuring the less fortunate to return to Syria. This "brain drain" has harmed the medical and pharmaceutical industries in particular, at the worst possible time for Syria. The anticipated end of the current conflict will not put an end to the flows of migrants, especially to Europe, in view of the saturation of neighbouring countries. These flows are likely to continue so long as the Syrian authorities are prevented by unilateral coercive measures from addressing the pressing problems related to their social and economic infrastructure, in particular the restoration of energy and water supplies. Ban on equipment and spare parts The ban on the trade in equipment, machinery and spare parts has devastated Syrian industry. Vehicles, including ambulances and fire trucks, as well as agricultural machinery suffer from a lack of spare parts. Failing water pumps gravely affect the water supply and reduce agricultural production. Power generation plants are failing, and new plants cannot be purchased or maintained, leading to power outages. Complex machinery requiring international technicians for maintenance are failing, damaging medical devices and factory machinery. Civilian aircraft are no longer able to fly safely, and public transit buses are in woeful condition. Whatever rationale source countries may have for restricting so­called dual use goods, greater effort is needed to ensure that goods that are clearly intended for civilian use are permitted, and that they can be paid for. Ban on technology As a result of unilateral coercive measures, Syrians are unable to purchase many technologies, including mobile phones and computers. The global dominance of American software companies, technology companies, and banking and financial software, all of which are banned, has made it difficult to find alternatives. This has paralyzed or disrupted large parts of Syrian institutions. Education Shortages of inputs, energy and water supply as well as of teaching material causing delays in the rebuilding of schools have kept 1.8 million children without access to their classrooms. The ability of Syrians to participate in the international community has been sharply affected. Syrians have been excluded from international educational exchange programs, and the tremendous difficulties involved in obtaining a visa have prevented many from studying or travelling abroad, upgrading their training and skills, or participating in international conferences. By removing consular services from Syria, countries have forced people including the poorest, to travel to neighbouring countries for such applications, which are also placing onerous restrictions on entry for Syrians. 6/3/2018 OHCHR | End of mission statement of the Special Rapporteur on the negative impact of unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights t… http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23094&LangID=E 4/4 Conclusion I am profoundly concerned that unilateral coercive measures are contributing to the ongoing suffering of the Syrian people. Claims that they exist to protect the Syrian population, or to promote a democratic transition, are hard to reconcile with the economic and humanitarian sufferings being caused. The time has come to ask whether these unintended consequences are now more severe than can be reasonably accepted by democratic States. Whatever their political objectives, there must be more humane means by which these can be achieved in full compliance with international law. In view of the complexity of the system of unilateral coercive measures in place, there needs to be a multi­stage approach to addressing the dire human rights situation prevailing in Syria. This would imply a sequenced approach involving addressing the crucial humanitarian needs of the population throughout the whole of Syria, without preconditions, when these touch on issues of life and death. A first stage could include addressing the urgent needs of the food insecure, which represent nearly one third of the population. The second stage is to translate at the ground level effective measures to fulfil the commitment of source States to meet their obligation to allow humanitarian exemptions, particularly for financial transactions. Finally, there must be a serious dialogue on reducing unilateral coercive measures, starting with those that have the most egregious effect on the population, along with those that will promote confidence building between the parties, with the ultimate aim of lifting the unilateral coercive measures. I hope that my report and my future work can contribute in this end. Thank you. Note: 1. More information on this prohibition can be found in the reports and resolutions on the website of the Special Rapporteur. Home CONTACT US Frequently Asked Questions OHCHR on Social Media OHCHR Memorial Employment Mobile App Site Map © OHCHR 1996­2018

The purpose of the article is to specify the definition of relevant terms and concepts in the paradigm of applied cultural studies. The article reviews the concepts of "cultural practices and processes", "art practices", "art processes" and issues regarding the term definition and their combination. It defines "Cultural Science", "Cultural Studies", and "Culturology", and places art practices in cultural discourse and "contemporary issue" in the system of the contemporary art research. Thus, at the present stage, it is essential to consider the art and cultural research issues because of their crucial social point. The research methodology applies methods of the system-wide cultural approach, in particular, the method of synthesis, which has helped to compare and generalise research sources and literature; system method for analysis of cultural aspects of art processes. Thus, with the help of the methods mentioned above, we collected the existing theories on an appreciation of the issue's properties and gave scientific credence to it. The scientific novelty of the article is to express a comprehensive definition of "contemporary art and cultural practices and processes"; to clarify the role of the object in interdisciplinary research using the analysis of the international and domestic scientific discussion of theoretical and practical research of art and cultural practices. Conclusions. Thus, researching Cultural Studies as an interdisciplinary field that examines the ties between political and social relations and the impact of cultural processes in general, we propose an author's definition of "contemporary art and cultural practices and processes". By them, we imply the civil significant and the incredibly innovative aesthetic activity of a person/people associated with the creation of art pieces, their acquisition by public spaces, preservation, permanent application or demonstration, as well as a qualitative change in the states or phenomena of art forms, systems, objects, interactions that occur during the development of global or definite society culture, and are considered up-to-date at the time of their emergence and generate an acute social resonance. Contemporary art and cultural processes are characterised by uniqueness, and their variability is determined by a combination of conditions and circumstances. For this purpose, they are dynamic forms, and art and cultural practices can be treated as artefacts of these forms. ; Цель статьи – конкретизация определения актуальных терминов и понятий в парадигме прикладных культурологических исследований. В статье исследуются понятия «культурные практики и процессы», «художественные практики», «арт-процессы» и проблемы в определении сроков и их комбинационного сочетания. В частности: «Культурология», «Cultural Studies», «Culturology» и определения места художественных практик в культурологическом дискурсе и «актуального» в системе исследования современного искусства. Итак, на сегодняшнем этапе, актуальной становится проработка проблематики культурных исследований с учетом их острой социальной значимости. Методология исследования: применены методы, соответствующие системному культурологическому подходу, в частности метод синтеза, который помог сопоставить и обобщить научные источники и литературу; системный метод для анализа культурологических аспектов художественных процессов. Таким образом, с помощью заявленных методов собраны и научно обоснованы существующие теории относительно понимания отдельных качеств определенной проблемы. Научная новизна работы заключается в том, что в ней на основе анализа международной и отечественной научной дискуссии теоретических и практических исследований культурных и художественных практик сформулировано комплексное определение «актуальные культурно-художественные практики и процессы»; выяснена роль объекта в междисциплинарных исследованиях. Выводы. Итак, изучая Cultural Studies как междисциплинарную область, которая исследует взаимосвязь политических, общественных отношений и влияния на них культурных в общем смысле процессов предлагаем авторское определение «актуальные культурно-художественные практики и процессы». Под ними мы понимаем гражданско значимую, остро экспериментальную эстетическую деятельность человека / людей, связанную с созданием произведений искусства, их освоением в общественных пространствах, хранением, перманентным применением или демонстрацией, а также качественное изменение состояний или явлений художественных форм, систем, объектов, взаимодействий, происходящих в ходе развития общей или конкретной культуры общества, которые считаются современными на момент их возникновения и порождают острый социальный резонанс. Актуальные культурно-художественные процессы характеризуются уникальностью, а их вариантность определяется сочетанием условий и обстоятельств протекания. В этом смысле они являются динамическими формами, а культурно-художественные практики могут рассматриваться как артефакты этих форм. ; Мета статті – конкретизація визначення актуальних термінів і понять у парадигмі прикладних культурологічних досліджень. В статті досліджуються поняття «культурні практики та процеси», «мистецькі практики», «артпроцеси» та проблеми у визначені певних термінів і їх комбінаційного поєднання. Зокрема: «Культурологія», «Cultural Studies», «Culturology» і визначення місця мистецьких практик у культурологічному дискурсі та «актуального» в системі дослідження сучасного мистецтва. Отже, на сьогоднішньому етапі, актуальним постає опрацьовування проблематики культурно-мистецьких досліджень з огляду на їхню гостру соціальну значущість. Методологія дослідження: застосовано методи, відповідні системному культурологічному підходові, зокрема метод синтезу, що допоміг зіставити та узагальнити наукові джерела і літературу; системний метод для аналізу культурологічних аспектів мистецьких процесів. Таким чином, з допомогою заявлених методів зібрані та науково обґрунтовані існуючі теорії щодо розуміння окремих якостей визначеної проблеми. Наукова новизна роботи полягає в тому, що в ній на основі аналізу міжнародної та вітчизняної наукової дискусії теоретичних і практичних досліджень культурних та мистецьких практик сформульовано комплексне визначення «актуальні культурно-мистецькі практики та процеси»; з'ясована роль об'єкту у міждисциплінарних дослідженнях. Висновки. Отже, вивчаючи Cultural Studies як міждисциплінарну галузь, що досліджує взаємозв'язок політичних, суспільних відносин та впливу на них культурних у загальному змісті процесів пропонуємо авторське визначення «актуальні культурно-мистецькі практики та процеси». Під ними ми розуміємо громадянсько значущу, гостро експериментальну естетичну діяльність людини / людей, пов'язану зі створенням творів мистецтва, їх освоєнням у громадських просторах, збереженням, перманентним застосуванням чи демонстрацією, а також якісну зміну станів або явищ мистецьких форм, систем, об'єктів, взаємодій, що відбуваються у ході розвитку загальної чи конкретної культури суспільства, вважаються сучасними на момент їх виникнення та породжують гострий соціальний резонанс. Актуальні культурно-мистецькі процеси характеризуються унікальністю, а їх варіантність визначається поєднанням умов та обставин протікання. У цьому сенсі вони є динамічними формами, а культурно-мистецькі практики можуть розглядатись як артефакти цих форм.

The purpose of the article is to specify the definition of relevant terms and concepts in the paradigm of applied cultural studies. The article reviews the concepts of "cultural practices and processes", "art practices", "art processes" and issues regarding the term definition and their combination. It defines "Cultural Science", "Cultural Studies", and "Culturology", and places art practices in cultural discourse and "contemporary issue" in the system of the contemporary art research. Thus, at the present stage, it is essential to consider the art and cultural research issues because of their crucial social point. The research methodology applies methods of the system-wide cultural approach, in particular, the method of synthesis, which has helped to compare and generalise research sources and literature; system method for analysis of cultural aspects of art processes. Thus, with the help of the methods mentioned above, we collected the existing theories on an appreciation of the issue's properties and gave scientific credence to it. The scientific novelty of the article is to express a comprehensive definition of "contemporary art and cultural practices and processes"; to clarify the role of the object in interdisciplinary research using the analysis of the international and domestic scientific discussion of theoretical and practical research of art and cultural practices. Conclusions. Thus, researching Cultural Studies as an interdisciplinary field that examines the ties between political and social relations and the impact of cultural processes in general, we propose an author's definition of "contemporary art and cultural practices and processes". By them, we imply the civil significant and the incredibly innovative aesthetic activity of a person/people associated with the creation of art pieces, their acquisition by public spaces, preservation, permanent application or demonstration, as well as a qualitative change in the states or phenomena of art forms, systems, objects, interactions that occur during the development of global or definite society culture, and are considered up-to-date at the time of their emergence and generate an acute social resonance. Contemporary art and cultural processes are characterised by uniqueness, and their variability is determined by a combination of conditions and circumstances. For this purpose, they are dynamic forms, and art and cultural practices can be treated as artefacts of these forms. ; Цель статьи – конкретизация определения актуальных терминов и понятий в парадигме прикладных культурологических исследований. В статье исследуются понятия «культурные практики и процессы», «художественные практики», «арт-процессы» и проблемы в определении сроков и их комбинационного сочетания. В частности: «Культурология», «Cultural Studies», «Culturology» и определения места художественных практик в культурологическом дискурсе и «актуального» в системе исследования современного искусства. Итак, на сегодняшнем этапе, актуальной становится проработка проблематики культурных исследований с учетом их острой социальной значимости. Методология исследования: применены методы, соответствующие системному культурологическому подходу, в частности метод синтеза, который помог сопоставить и обобщить научные источники и литературу; системный метод для анализа культурологических аспектов художественных процессов. Таким образом, с помощью заявленных методов собраны и научно обоснованы существующие теории относительно понимания отдельных качеств определенной проблемы. Научная новизна работы заключается в том, что в ней на основе анализа международной и отечественной научной дискуссии теоретических и практических исследований культурных и художественных практик сформулировано комплексное определение «актуальные культурно-художественные практики и процессы»; выяснена роль объекта в междисциплинарных исследованиях. Выводы. Итак, изучая Cultural Studies как междисциплинарную область, которая исследует взаимосвязь политических, общественных отношений и влияния на них культурных в общем смысле процессов предлагаем авторское определение «актуальные культурно-художественные практики и процессы». Под ними мы понимаем гражданско значимую, остро экспериментальную эстетическую деятельность человека / людей, связанную с созданием произведений искусства, их освоением в общественных пространствах, хранением, перманентным применением или демонстрацией, а также качественное изменение состояний или явлений художественных форм, систем, объектов, взаимодействий, происходящих в ходе развития общей или конкретной культуры общества, которые считаются современными на момент их возникновения и порождают острый социальный резонанс. Актуальные культурно-художественные процессы характеризуются уникальностью, а их вариантность определяется сочетанием условий и обстоятельств протекания. В этом смысле они являются динамическими формами, а культурно-художественные практики могут рассматриваться как артефакты этих форм. ; Мета статті – конкретизація визначення актуальних термінів і понять у парадигмі прикладних культурологічних досліджень. В статті досліджуються поняття «культурні практики та процеси», «мистецькі практики», «артпроцеси» та проблеми у визначені певних термінів і їх комбінаційного поєднання. Зокрема: «Культурологія», «Cultural Studies», «Culturology» і визначення місця мистецьких практик у культурологічному дискурсі та «актуального» в системі дослідження сучасного мистецтва. Отже, на сьогоднішньому етапі, актуальним постає опрацьовування проблематики культурно-мистецьких досліджень з огляду на їхню гостру соціальну значущість. Методологія дослідження: застосовано методи, відповідні системному культурологічному підходові, зокрема метод синтезу, що допоміг зіставити та узагальнити наукові джерела і літературу; системний метод для аналізу культурологічних аспектів мистецьких процесів. Таким чином, з допомогою заявлених методів зібрані та науково обґрунтовані існуючі теорії щодо розуміння окремих якостей визначеної проблеми. Наукова новизна роботи полягає в тому, що в ній на основі аналізу міжнародної та вітчизняної наукової дискусії теоретичних і практичних досліджень культурних та мистецьких практик сформульовано комплексне визначення «актуальні культурно-мистецькі практики та процеси»; з'ясована роль об'єкту у міждисциплінарних дослідженнях. Висновки. Отже, вивчаючи Cultural Studies як міждисциплінарну галузь, що досліджує взаємозв'язок політичних, суспільних відносин та впливу на них культурних у загальному змісті процесів пропонуємо авторське визначення «актуальні культурно-мистецькі практики та процеси». Під ними ми розуміємо громадянсько значущу, гостро експериментальну естетичну діяльність людини / людей, пов'язану зі створенням творів мистецтва, їх освоєнням у громадських просторах, збереженням, перманентним застосуванням чи демонстрацією, а також якісну зміну станів або явищ мистецьких форм, систем, об'єктів, взаємодій, що відбуваються у ході розвитку загальної чи конкретної культури суспільства, вважаються сучасними на момент їх виникнення та породжують гострий соціальний резонанс. Актуальні культурно-мистецькі процеси характеризуються унікальністю, а їх варіантність визначається поєднанням умов та обставин протікання. У цьому сенсі вони є динамічними формами, а культурно-мистецькі практики можуть розглядатись як артефакти цих форм.

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 사범대학 체육교육과,글로벌스포츠매니지먼트전공, 2020. 8. Lee, Chung Gun. ; The average life expectancy of Koreans is increasing due to the development of medical science, improvements in life quality, and a general interest in health (KOSIS, 2018). However, although life expectancy has increased, the concept of health-adjusted life expectation (HALE) should also be considered. This is an indicator that estimates the average years a person can expect to live healthily. Some researchers think that HALE represents the best measurement for estimating the overall level of health for citizens. Consequently, the WHO (World Health Organization) use the concept as an official judgement criterion for yearly reports to provide information about the average level of healthy life for membership states (Lee et al., 2016). To live healthily and maintain quality of life, it is essential for people to manage physical fitness and participate in exercise. The effects of exercise have been proven by many research studies and the effects of exercise are apparent at all ages. The Korean government and the Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism started the National Fitness Award (NFA; so-called Public Health 100 in Korea) program to promote sports and extend HALE by providing scientific measurement, exercise prescription, and eight weeks of exercise classes. After measurement, the Korea Sports Promotion Foundation (KSPO) give awards depending on the results. As well as Korea, other developed countries have designed sport programs based on life cycle and ages (Kim, 2014). The KSPO has operated the program since 2011, when an initial pilot program began with 4 centers and approximately 4,500 participants. Up to 2018, the KSPO and local government expanded the number of branches from 4 to 43, and the number of participants has increased to 267,729. The KSPO aims to add 8 more centers and increase the number of participants to approximately 300,000 (KSPO, 2019). However, according to the KSPO, only 0.56% of the population participated this program and one third of people who took part revisited the measurement. The NFA needs to expand further to promote healthy living and provide motivation to encourage participation in sport. The Korean government already spends a significant proportion of the budget (more than 10.7 billion won) on this program, which represents sports-related policy and the KSPO. This study was designed to identify factors that affect people's intention to visit the scheme by applying the theory of planned behavior (TPB). This is one of the most well-known theories related to human behavior, and is used to predict exercise behavior, as well as for persuasive communication research, to structuralize attitudes, subjective norms, perceived control, intention, and behavior (Cho, 2012; Kim, Lee & Kim, 2003). However, some researchers indicate that the three components of TPB lack descriptive power for predicting human behavior (Armitage & Conner, 2001; Rivis & Sheeran, 2003). The need for new explanatory variables to mitigate the limitations of TPB led to the advanced and extended theory of planned behavior to include additional variables (Hagger et al., 2002; Kim, 2017). In this study, the concepts of spatial and temporal distance - aspects of the construal level theory (CLT) that affect intention and attitudes - are used as additional variables to extend TPB so that decision making in relation to revisiting the NFA scheme can be examined. ; 본 연구의 목적은 확장된 계획행동이론(Extended Theory of Planned Behavior)을 활용하여 국민체력100(National Fitness Award) 참여자들의 재참여 의도를 살펴보는데 있다. 계획된 행동이론(Theory of Planned Behavior)의 태도, 사회적규범, 인지된 행동통제와 해석수준이론(Construal Level Theory)의 시간적, 공간적 거리가 재참여에 대한 태도 및 의도에 미치는 영향을 규명하였다. 해석수준이론의 시간적 거리는 미래의 상황이 현재로부터 시간적으로 얼마나 떨어져 있는지에 대한 주관적 인식이고, 공간적 거리는 미래의 상황이 나로부터 공간적으로 얼마나 멀리 떨어져 있는지에 대한 주관적 인식이다. 올림픽공원에 위치한 국민체력센터를 방문하는 방문객을 대상으로 설문을 실시하였으며, 수집된 총 226부의 설문지를 SPSS 22와 AMOS 22를 통해 확인적 요인분석 및 구조방정식 모형을 통해 분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과 계획된 행동이론의 구성요소 중 태도, 인지된 행동통제는 재참여 의도에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 사회적 규범은 재방문 의도에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 시간적 거리의 경우, 재참여에 대한 태도와 의도에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 즉 시간적으로 재측정까지 많이 남아있다고 느낄수록 가치 중심적인 상위해석수준이 작용하여 재참여에 대한 태도와 방문의도가 증가한다. 한편, 공간적 거리의 경우 재참여에 대한 태도 및 의도와 부적(-) 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 참여자들이 국민체력센터가 가깝다고 느낄수록 구체성과 실행가능성 중심의 하위해석수준이 작용하여 재참여에 대한 태도와 의도가 증가하는 것이다. 이처럼 참여자가 지각하는 심리적 거리감에 따라 각기 다른 해석수준이 작용하게 되고, 해석수준을 토대로 커뮤니케이션 메세지를 전달하면 설득력을 높일 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구결과는 국민체력100 참가자들의 재참여 의사결정을 유도하고 프로그램 활성화를 위한 마케팅 전략을 수립하는데 도움을 줄 것으로 기대한다. ; Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Background and Necessity of the Research 1 1.2. Purpose of Research 7 1.3. Research hypothesis 7 Chapter 2. Theoretical Background 10 2.1. The Theory of Reasoned Action 11 2.2. The Theory of Planned Behavior 15 2.3. The extended Theory of Planned Behavior 19 2.4. Construal Level Theory and Psychological Distance 21 2.4.1. Temporal Distance 23 2.4.2. Spatial Distance 24 2.5. National Fitness Award Program Overview 25 2.5.1. Necessity and Effect of National Fitness Award 27 2.5.2. National Fitness Award Management System 29 2.5.3. National Fitness Award Program Measurement Grade 30 Chapter 3. Methodology 35 3.1. Sampling 35 3.2. Survey Instrument 38 3.3. Procedure 41 3.4. Statistical analysis 41 3.4.1. Reliability and discriminant validity analysis 41 3.4.2. Confirmatory factor analysis 42 3.4.3. Structure Equation Model 43 Chapter 4. Results 44 4.1. Descriptive analysis 44 4.2. Reliability and discriminant validity analysis 46 4.3. Confirmatory factor analysis 47 4.4. Hypothesis testing 48 Chapter 5. Discussion 52 5.1. Summary of key findings 52 5.2. Theoretical and practical implication 54 5.3. Limitations and future research directions 56 Bibliography 58 Appendix A 72 Appendix B 76 국문초록 80 ; Master

Актуальність дослідження проблем прав та свобод в інформаційно-комунікаційній діяльності сучасної людини визначається тим, що вони обумовлені поширенням все нових знань за допомогою зростаючих функціональних можливостей цифрових інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій і систем обробки інформації. В сучасних умовах починає переосмислюватися роль та значення інформаційного ресурсу країни. При цьому само поняття «інформація» із категорії, яка століттями характеризувала систему знань, трансформується. Мета дослідження – концептуалізація прав та свобод в інформаційно-комунікаційній діяльності сучасної людини, що зумовлена поширенням нових знань за допомогою функціональних можливостей цифрових інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій і систем обробки інформації. Завдання дослідження: аналіз технологічних, світоглядних і правових проблем глобального інформаційно-комунікаційного простору; визначення поняттєво-категоріального апарату дослідження - «інформація», «знання», «інформаційна безпека», «юрисдикція держав в умовах глобалізації», «монополізація правової сили» та їх вплив на розвиток інформаційно-комунікаційної діяльності суспільства; формування напрямів підвищення державної інформаційно-комунікаційної діяльності України для реалізації конституційних прав громадян; розглянути інформаційне право як науку, що дозволяє по-новому розглядати комунікаційні процеси. Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій, з яких започатковано розв'язання даної проблеми: використання статей О. Дзьобаня, О. Сосніна «Інформаційна безпека: нові виміри загроз, пов'язаних з активізацією міжнародної діяльності в інформаційно-комунікаційній сфері»; О. Довганя «Інформаційні ресурси: національні та державні, зміст, поняття»; Й.Мастяниці, О. Сосніна, Л. Шиманського «Інформаційні ресурси України: проблеми державного управління; М. Ожевана «Національна конкурентна розвідка у глобалізованому світі: нові виклики і загрози на тлі «казусу Сноудена. Результати дослідження : поставлено питання підготовки фахівців для законодавчого визначення проблем інформаційно-комунікаційної, аналітичної, інформаційно-пропагандистської та управлінської роботи в інформаційній сфері; виявлено головні інформаційно-комунікаційні загрози безпеки інноваційних процесів в Україні. Висновок - сформувати умови для вирішення проблем безпекових характеристик інформаційно-комунікаційної діяль­ності при впровадженні новітніх ІКТ ; The urgency of studying the problems of rights and freedoms in the information and communication activities of modern humans is determined by the fact that they exist due to the spread of all new knowledge through the growing functionality of digital information and communication technologies and information processing systems. It begins to rethink the role and significance of the country's information resource. At the same time, the very concept of "information" from the category, which for centuries characterized the system of knowledge, is transforming. The purpose of the study is the conceptualization of rights and freedoms in the information and communication activities of a modern person, which is conditioned by the dissemination of new knowledge through the use of functional capabilities of digital information and communication technologies and information processing systems. Tasks of the research: analysis of technological, ideological and legal problems of the global information and communication space; definition of the conceptual-categorical apparatus of the research - "information", "knowledge", "information security", "jurisdiction of states in the conditions of globalization", "monopolization of legal force" and their influence on the development of information and communication activities of society; formation of the directions of increase of the state information and communication activity of Ukraine for realization of constitutional rights of citizens; consider information law as a science, which allows a new way to consider communication processes that have infocommunication technological horizontals and based on the understanding of the resource of knowledge. The analysis of the latest research and publications that initiated the solution of this problem: the use of articles by O. Dzhoban, O. Sosnin "Information security: new dimensions of threats associated with the intensification of international activities in the field of information and communication"; O. Dovhan "Information resources: national and state, content, concept"; Y.Mastyanitsya, O. Sosnin, L.Shymansky "Information Resources of Ukraine: Problems of Public Administration; M. Ozhevan "National Competitive Exploration in a Globalized World: New Challenges and Threats Against the Background of the" Snowden Case ". The methodology of the research is systematic, structural, structural and functional methods, which allowed to structure the problems and to identify functional relationships between them. Scientific novelty - in the formulation of the very problem - rights and freedoms in the information and communication activities of the modern person. Results of the research: the issue of training specialists for the legislative definition of the problems of information and communication, analytical, informational and advocacy and management work in the information sphere; The main information and communication threats to the safety of innovation processes in Ukraine were identified. The conclusion is to create conditions for addressing the security problems of information and communication activities in the implementation of the latest ICT ; Актуальность исследования проблем прав и свобод в информационно коммуникационной деятельности современного человека определяется тем, что они обусловлены распространением все новых при помощи функциональных возможностей цифровых информационно-коммуникационных технологий и систем обработки информации. В современных условиях начинает переосмысливаться роль и значение информационного ресурса. При этом само понятие «информации» из категории, которая столетиями характеризовала систему «знаний», трансформируется. Цель исследования – концептуализация прав и свобод в информационно-коммуникационной деятельности современного человека, которая обусловлена распространением новых знаний при помощи функциональных возможностей цифровых информационно-коммуникационных технологий и систем обработки информации. Задачи исследования: анализ технологических, мировоззренческих и правовых проблем глобального информационно-коммуникационного пространства; определение понятийно-категориального аппарата исследования – «информация», «знание», «информационная безопасность», «юрисдикция государств в условиях глобализации», «монополизация правовой силы» и их влияние на развитие информационно-коммуникационной деятельности общества; формирование направлений повышения государственной информационно-коммуникационной деятельности Украины для реализации конституционных прав граждан; анализ «информационного права» как науки, которая по-новому позволяет рассмотреть коммуникационные процессы. Анализ последних достижений и публикаций, в которых представлено решение данной проблемы: использование стаей А.Дзебаня, А.Соснина «Информационная безопасность: новые измерения угроз, связанных с активизацией международной деятельности в информационно-коммуникационной сфере»; А.Довганя «Информационные ресурсы: национальные и государственные, содержание, понятие»; И. Мастяницы, А.Соснина, Л.Шиманского «Информационные ресурсы Украины: проблемы государственного управления»; Н.Ожевана «Национальная конкурентная разведка в глобализированном мире: новые вызовы и угрозы на основе «каузуса Сноудена», Результаты исследования: поставлен вопрос о подготовке специалистов для законодательного определения проблем информационно-коммуникационной, аналитической, информационно-пропагандистской и управленческой работы в информационной сфере; выявлены главные информационно-коммуникационные угрозы безопасности инновационных процессов в Украине. Вывод – сформировать условия для решения проблем безопасных характеристик информационно-коммуникационной деятельности при внедрении новых ИКТ

Problem setting. The order of cross-border goods and vehicles for commercial use is the basis of the state customs. As a result of the movement of goods in foreign economic entities is subject to certain subjective rights and legal responsibilities. A person who carries out the movement, to pay taxes and fees, return the product for a certain period unchanged (the temporary removal) to keep the goods in a particular state (customs warehouse regime) to carry the goods on certain route (transit mode). There is also entitled to recover VAT on the free use of the goods (in Ukraine or abroad), change the customs regime free of import and export and so on. Transported goods are not the same status, heterogeneity, specific features. They are moving from the point of view of customs law, an object owned by a specific subject, with the customs value. In many cases, their signs are installed by specialized laws of the various areas of law. Bans and restrictions on the movement established a wide range of laws and regulations (depending on the type of goods subject movement, customs regulations, means and transportation). The list of goods allowed to move, does not exist. Similarly, there is no single list of goods prohibited by the customs. Recent research and publications analysis. The issue of moving goods through the customs border of Ukraine are still scarcely explored and controversial legal science in general and in particular customs law. Of course, the movement of goods and its components to some extent, been the subject of distribution was the same theoretical studies in the works B.M. Habrichidze, A.V . Grebelnyka, E.V . Dodina, S.V. Kivalova, O.M. Kozyrina, B.A. Kormicha, A.V . Mazura, V. Naumenko, P.V . Pashka, V.V. Prokopenka, D.V. Pryimachenka, K.K. Sandrovskoho, S.S. Tereshchenka, D.S. Tsalinoyi and others. Review of scientific works leads to the conclusion that despite the obvious signs of apparent legislative wording in this area there is still a lack of understanding of many aspects and features of exercise and movement. Positive perception of Ukraine international legal doctrine in customs led establishment of new approaches, some of which are reflected in the Customs Code of 2012 thus moving goods in a transboundary movement requires further thorough research relevant customs and legal regulation. Paper objective. The purpose of the article is to analyze normative legal acts and scientific literature to identify the main components of the movement of goods - customs regimes and customs clearance. In accordance with the designated purpose of the following objectives: analysis of the normative acts that regulate application of customs regimes and customs clearance; clarify the legal status of participants moving; proposals to improve legislation aimed at regulating the movement of goods through the customs border of Ukraine. Paper main body. One of the key places in moving goods through the customs border of Ukraine belongs customs regulations and customs clearance. Customs regimes established exclusively by the Customs Code. With customs regimes carried out state influence on the development of foreign economic relations. A component of the customs regime reflects the customs policy. The current Customs Code of Ukraine (Art. 70) found that in order to apply the law of Ukraine on Civil customs introduced customs regimes: 1) imports (release for free circulation); 2) re-import; 3) exports (final export); 4) re-export; 5) transit; 6) the temporary admission; 7) temporary export; 8) customs warehouse; 9) free customs zone; 10) free trade; 11) inward processing; 12) processing outside the customs territory; 13) destruction or destruction; 14) failure to state. Custom regime has its own internal structure that is revealed through the contents that is provided requirements and restrictions. Under the terms of the customs regime understood the circumstances that lead to the possibility of room under it for goods and vehicles, restrictions - direct or indirect prohibition to carry with them certain actions and requirements - actions are related to the implementation feasibility of completing the customs regime When moving goods through the customs border of Ukraine is determined by its country of origin. This information is needed to use taxation and non-tariff measures. Under the country of origin of goods is the country in which the goods were fully produced or subjected to sufficient processing in accordance with the criteria set out in MK Ukraine. Due to the existence of differential customs duties (depending on the country of origin) customs tariff is an effective tool in foreign relations. Country of origin of goods is one of the main elements of the regulation of trade flows between countries is essential in the implementation of foreign trade agreements Conclusions of the research. Moving goods through the customs border of Ukraine is the main location, which is based customs. It brings together in a single unit all provisions of the Customs Code. Its components, especially, are the customs regimes, the customs clearance, the customs control, the customs formalities and the risk management. As for components that were considered in this study, it is possible to recognize the following. Customs regimes are the most voluminous institutes of the customs law. Through cross-border, economic operators elect customs regime provided for by the customs legislation and implement its clearance in accordance with established procedures. The choice depends on the particular administrative or fiscal prescription. The features are purpose of moving, origin (Ukrainian or foreign) status of the goods after customs clearance, payment of customs duties and some other features. By approving features and procedure for customs clearance, the legislator establishes rules for movement of goods through the customs border of Ukraine. These rules are defined conducted customs policy. ; Раскрыто содержание и структуру перемещения товаров через таможенную границу Украины. Обращено внимание на такие составляющие, как таможенные режимы, таможенное оформление, определение таможенной стоимости и страны происхождения товара. ; Розкрито зміст і структуру переміщення товарів через митний кордон України. Основну увагу сконцентровано на таких складових, як митні режими, оформлення, визначення митної вартості та країни походження товару

Problem setting. The order of cross-border goods and vehicles for commercial use is the basis of the state customs. As a result of the movement of goods in foreign economic entities is subject to certain subjective rights and legal responsibilities. A person who carries out the movement, to pay taxes and fees, return the product for a certain period unchanged (the temporary removal) to keep the goods in a particular state (customs warehouse regime) to carry the goods on certain route (transit mode). There is also entitled to recover VAT on the free use of the goods (in Ukraine or abroad), change the customs regime free of import and export and so on. Transported goods are not the same status, heterogeneity, specific features. They are moving from the point of view of customs law, an object owned by a specific subject, with the customs value. In many cases, their signs are installed by specialized laws of the various areas of law. Bans and restrictions on the movement established a wide range of laws and regulations (depending on the type of goods subject movement, customs regulations, means and transportation). The list of goods allowed to move, does not exist. Similarly, there is no single list of goods prohibited by the customs. Recent research and publications analysis. The issue of moving goods through the customs border of Ukraine are still scarcely explored and controversial legal science in general and in particular customs law. Of course, the movement of goods and its components to some extent, been the subject of distribution was the same theoretical studies in the works B.M. Habrichidze, A.V . Grebelnyka, E.V . Dodina, S.V. Kivalova, O.M. Kozyrina, B.A. Kormicha, A.V . Mazura, V. Naumenko, P.V . Pashka, V.V. Prokopenka, D.V. Pryimachenka, K.K. Sandrovskoho, S.S. Tereshchenka, D.S. Tsalinoyi and others. Review of scientific works leads to the conclusion that despite the obvious signs of apparent legislative wording in this area there is still a lack of understanding of many aspects and features of exercise and movement. Positive perception of Ukraine international legal doctrine in customs led establishment of new approaches, some of which are reflected in the Customs Code of 2012 thus moving goods in a transboundary movement requires further thorough research relevant customs and legal regulation. Paper objective. The purpose of the article is to analyze normative legal acts and scientific literature to identify the main components of the movement of goods - customs regimes and customs clearance. In accordance with the designated purpose of the following objectives: analysis of the normative acts that regulate application of customs regimes and customs clearance; clarify the legal status of participants moving; proposals to improve legislation aimed at regulating the movement of goods through the customs border of Ukraine. Paper main body. One of the key places in moving goods through the customs border of Ukraine belongs customs regulations and customs clearance. Customs regimes established exclusively by the Customs Code. With customs regimes carried out state influence on the development of foreign economic relations. A component of the customs regime reflects the customs policy. The current Customs Code of Ukraine (Art. 70) found that in order to apply the law of Ukraine on Civil customs introduced customs regimes: 1) imports (release for free circulation); 2) re-import; 3) exports (final export); 4) re-export; 5) transit; 6) the temporary admission; 7) temporary export; 8) customs warehouse; 9) free customs zone; 10) free trade; 11) inward processing; 12) processing outside the customs territory; 13) destruction or destruction; 14) failure to state. Custom regime has its own internal structure that is revealed through the contents that is provided requirements and restrictions. Under the terms of the customs regime understood the circumstances that lead to the possibility of room under it for goods and vehicles, restrictions - direct or indirect prohibition to carry with them certain actions and requirements - actions are related to the implementation feasibility of completing the customs regime When moving goods through the customs border of Ukraine is determined by its country of origin. This information is needed to use taxation and non-tariff measures. Under the country of origin of goods is the country in which the goods were fully produced or subjected to sufficient processing in accordance with the criteria set out in MK Ukraine. Due to the existence of differential customs duties (depending on the country of origin) customs tariff is an effective tool in foreign relations. Country of origin of goods is one of the main elements of the regulation of trade flows between countries is essential in the implementation of foreign trade agreements Conclusions of the research. Moving goods through the customs border of Ukraine is the main location, which is based customs. It brings together in a single unit all provisions of the Customs Code. Its components, especially, are the customs regimes, the customs clearance, the customs control, the customs formalities and the risk management. As for components that were considered in this study, it is possible to recognize the following. Customs regimes are the most voluminous institutes of the customs law. Through cross-border, economic operators elect customs regime provided for by the customs legislation and implement its clearance in accordance with established procedures. The choice depends on the particular administrative or fiscal prescription. The features are purpose of moving, origin (Ukrainian or foreign) status of the goods after customs clearance, payment of customs duties and some other features. By approving features and procedure for customs clearance, the legislator establishes rules for movement of goods through the customs border of Ukraine. These rules are defined conducted customs policy. ; Раскрыто содержание и структуру перемещения товаров через таможенную границу Украины. Обращено внимание на такие составляющие, как таможенные режимы, таможенное оформление, определение таможенной стоимости и страны происхождения товара. ; Розкрито зміст і структуру переміщення товарів через митний кордон України. Основну увагу сконцентровано на таких складових, як митні режими, оформлення, визначення митної вартості та країни походження товару

Problem setting. The order of cross-border goods and vehicles for commercial use is the basis of the state customs. As a result of the movement of goods in foreign economic entities is subject to certain subjective rights and legal responsibilities. A person who carries out the movement, to pay taxes and fees, return the product for a certain period unchanged (the temporary removal) to keep the goods in a particular state (customs warehouse regime) to carry the goods on certain route (transit mode). There is also entitled to recover VAT on the free use of the goods (in Ukraine or abroad), change the customs regime free of import and export and so on. Transported goods are not the same status, heterogeneity, specific features. They are moving from the point of view of customs law, an object owned by a specific subject, with the customs value. In many cases, their signs are installed by specialized laws of the various areas of law. Bans and restrictions on the movement established a wide range of laws and regulations (depending on the type of goods subject movement, customs regulations, means and transportation). The list of goods allowed to move, does not exist. Similarly, there is no single list of goods prohibited by the customs. Recent research and publications analysis. The issue of moving goods through the customs border of Ukraine are still scarcely explored and controversial legal science in general and in particular customs law. Of course, the movement of goods and its components to some extent, been the subject of distribution was the same theoretical studies in the works B.M. Habrichidze, A.V . Grebelnyka, E.V . Dodina, S.V. Kivalova, O.M. Kozyrina, B.A. Kormicha, A.V . Mazura, V. Naumenko, P.V . Pashka, V.V. Prokopenka, D.V. Pryimachenka, K.K. Sandrovskoho, S.S. Tereshchenka, D.S. Tsalinoyi and others. Review of scientific works leads to the conclusion that despite the obvious signs of apparent legislative wording in this area there is still a lack of understanding of many aspects and features of exercise and movement. Positive perception of Ukraine international legal doctrine in customs led establishment of new approaches, some of which are reflected in the Customs Code of 2012 thus moving goods in a transboundary movement requires further thorough research relevant customs and legal regulation. Paper objective. The purpose of the article is to analyze normative legal acts and scientific literature to identify the main components of the movement of goods - customs regimes and customs clearance. In accordance with the designated purpose of the following objectives: analysis of the normative acts that regulate application of customs regimes and customs clearance; clarify the legal status of participants moving; proposals to improve legislation aimed at regulating the movement of goods through the customs border of Ukraine. Paper main body. One of the key places in moving goods through the customs border of Ukraine belongs customs regulations and customs clearance. Customs regimes established exclusively by the Customs Code. With customs regimes carried out state influence on the development of foreign economic relations. A component of the customs regime reflects the customs policy. The current Customs Code of Ukraine (Art. 70) found that in order to apply the law of Ukraine on Civil customs introduced customs regimes: 1) imports (release for free circulation); 2) re-import; 3) exports (final export); 4) re-export; 5) transit; 6) the temporary admission; 7) temporary export; 8) customs warehouse; 9) free customs zone; 10) free trade; 11) inward processing; 12) processing outside the customs territory; 13) destruction or destruction; 14) failure to state. Custom regime has its own internal structure that is revealed through the contents that is provided requirements and restrictions. Under the terms of the customs regime understood the circumstances that lead to the possibility of room under it for goods and vehicles, restrictions - direct or indirect prohibition to carry with them certain actions and requirements - actions are related to the implementation feasibility of completing the customs regime When moving goods through the customs border of Ukraine is determined by its country of origin. This information is needed to use taxation and non-tariff measures. Under the country of origin of goods is the country in which the goods were fully produced or subjected to sufficient processing in accordance with the criteria set out in MK Ukraine. Due to the existence of differential customs duties (depending on the country of origin) customs tariff is an effective tool in foreign relations. Country of origin of goods is one of the main elements of the regulation of trade flows between countries is essential in the implementation of foreign trade agreements Conclusions of the research. Moving goods through the customs border of Ukraine is the main location, which is based customs. It brings together in a single unit all provisions of the Customs Code. Its components, especially, are the customs regimes, the customs clearance, the customs control, the customs formalities and the risk management. As for components that were considered in this study, it is possible to recognize the following. Customs regimes are the most voluminous institutes of the customs law. Through cross-border, economic operators elect customs regime provided for by the customs legislation and implement its clearance in accordance with established procedures. The choice depends on the particular administrative or fiscal prescription. The features are purpose of moving, origin (Ukrainian or foreign) status of the goods after customs clearance, payment of customs duties and some other features. By approving features and procedure for customs clearance, the legislator establishes rules for movement of goods through the customs border of Ukraine. These rules are defined conducted customs policy. ; Раскрыто содержание и структуру перемещения товаров через таможенную границу Украины. Обращено внимание на такие составляющие, как таможенные режимы, таможенное оформление, определение таможенной стоимости и страны происхождения товара. ; Розкрито зміст і структуру переміщення товарів через митний кордон України. Основну увагу сконцентровано на таких складових, як митні режими, оформлення, визначення митної вартості та країни походження товару

The Book of Abstracts, 300-302 ; Many case studies and plenty of quantitative work show that academia has an important role in contributing to invention and innovative activities. In particular, academics help by "translating" research into commercial products (Stokes (1997 )). This is because much tacit knowledge about inventions cannot fully be understood from e.g. patent documents and rather than just "transferring knowledge", academics' involvement in commercialization is often necessary (Zucker, Darby and Brewer (1998 )). Moreover, an emerging body of research shows that individuals who engage in commercialization activities also become more productive as researchers (Azoulay, Ding and Stuart (2009); Buenstorf (2009 )). If these results can be generalized and no open-access dilemma exists, research policy should direct attention to how to stimulate university researchers to engage in commercialization. Traditionally, academia in Europe has often followed a "hands-off" approach to regulating researchers' involvement in commercialization, although this has always varied with the institutional setup. Usually, the institute sector (small in e.g. Sweden and Switzerland, more important in e.g. Finland and Germany) has held ownership to inventions, whereas academia has followed the German model of a professor's privilege, where inventors retain rights to their inventions. This has changed, especially over the last fifteen years in many European countries that have abandoned this position, favoring a transition to university ownership (UO) following the model of the US Bayh Dole act of 1980. This trend has also come to the Nordic countries with Denmark switching to UO in 2000, Norway in 2002 and Finland in 2007. Yet, the effects of these switches are far from obvious. In fact, most academics are quite skeptical to the idea that moving to university ownership would facilitate smooth transfer of inventions, the basic reason being higher transaction or negotiation costs of inventions for researchers, not being outweighed by higher levels of efficiency (Lissoni (2013); Lissoni, Lotz, Schovsbo and Treccani (2009); Mowery, Nelson, Sampat and Ziedonis (2001); Mowery and Sampat (2005); Verspagen (2006 )). A few interesting studies indeed suggest that switching in fact may have the opposite effect (Kenney and Patton (2009); Kenney and Patton (2011 )). Yet, large-scale quantitative evidence is scarce. A recent exception is the working paper by Czarnitzki et al. ((2015 )) who compare German researchers at universities with researchers at institutes before and after the switch that took place in Germany using a difference-in-difference approach. They find a strong decline among university researchers in patenting. Still, this result may be specific to the German case; possibly technology transfer offices may have worked better in Finland.1 Thus, whether switching to university ownership generally leads to fewer inventions patented by university researchers remain an open question. This paper studies the case of Finland, with the help of a new unique database on Finnish inventors to be compiled in the project. Finnish policymakers will get an insight into the effects of the abolition, and whether it has lowered patenting by academia or even had positive effects, something which has not been studied before. For the paper, a database on inventors in Finland is to be created where Finnish inventors in the European Patent Office (EPO) databases will be linked with Statistics Finland (StatFi) databases. These registers enable us to access important demographic control variables, and importantly information on whether individuals work at universities or institutes. We choose EPO because it contains full address records of inventors, which makes identification much easier than e.g. USPTO records, and in order to compare results with studies from Europe. The basic method follows that of Czarnitzki et al. ((2015 )), i.e. comparing inventive productivity before and after the reform among university researchers with patenting by Finnish institute researchers. Basically, we will compare inventive activity of Finnish researchers before and after the legislative change. However, change in inventive activity can differ due to innate changes over time in patentability. For this purpose, two benchmark cases will be created. The difference in patentability for an individual compared to a benchmark person gives rise to the difference-in-difference method. That is for each person affected in the Finnish system, we need to find a control person with similar characteristics such as age, gender, technology and/or scientific field of work. The first benchmark case is the Finnish institute sector which never had a PP. This benchmark controls for Finnish-specific traits in the system. The second case is the Swedish university sector, which always had the PP (Ejermo (2012 )). This has the advantage of controlling for any trends in patenting by researchers that is due to being employed in academia and is not fully captured by age or cohort covariates. However, Finnish and Swedish university inventor data cannot be combined in one single database (thus allowing for a full difference-in-difference estimation of these groups). That analysis therefore has to be based on comparative descriptive statistics. The use of two types of benchmarks allows us to draw more robust conclusions. Also, the comparison with Swedish university patenting is interesting in itself.2 REFERENCES Azoulay, Pierre, Waverly Ding, and Toby Stuart, 2009, The impact of academic patenting on the rate, quality and direction of (public) research output, The Journal of Industrial Economics 57, 637-676. Buenstorf, Guido, 2009, Is commercialization good or bad for science? Individual-level evidence from the max planck society, Research Policy 38, 281-292. 1 See http://ec.europa.eu/invest-inresearch/ pdf/download_en/monitoring_and_analysis_of_technology_tra nsfer_and_intellectual_property_regimes_and_t heir_use.pdf for an overview of the professor's privilege in Europe, specifically p. 56 regarding Finland for the distinction between "contract" and "open" research. 2 The team of authors is divided in its prediction of the outcome, but currently Finland leads over Sweden 2-1. ; The 2015 Annual Conference of the EU-SPRI Forum: Innovation policies for economic and social transitions: Developing strategies for knowledge, practices and organizations, 10 - 12 June, 2015, Helsinki, Finland

Карьера руководителя возможна не для всех: она требует определенных свойств личности и профессионального умения взаимодействовать с коллективом, знать его особенности, нормы и методы воздействия на него. Управление коллективом - процесс творческий, т. к. его результатом является создание качественно новых материальных и духовных ценностей, создание новых реальностей, удовлетворяющих многообразные общественные потребности. Менеджеру приходится чаще всего работать именно с людьми, а не с машинами. Американский знаток менеджмента Л. Смит сказал: «Железные дороги - это на 95 % люди и на 5 % металл». Каждый специалист в области управления прекрасно понимает, что в руководимом им коллективе не каждый элемент этой сложной открытой системы совершенно надежен, ему необходимо постоянно контролировать показания барометра общественной погоды и настроений и принимать при необходимости неотложные меры. Чем же и как вооружены современные руководители в своей повседневной работе с этим особо сложным объектом - человеком, личностью, коллективом? Увы, только интуицией, пресловутым методом «проб и ошибок», своим жизненным опытом. А еще и психологией управления, хотя, следует сказать, психология как наука не может пока еще гордиться большими открытиями и достижениями. И еще, конечно, высшим разделом теории управления - искусством управления. Но сначала нужно разобраться в таких понятиях, как личность, коллектив, власть, авторитет, в том, как складываются межличностные отношения, как формируется стиль руководства и лидерство. В этих вопросах психология накопила солидный объем теоретических знаний, практических исследований, и она может быть полезной руководителю в его деятельности. В советское время автор теории организационной деятельности П.М. Керженцев обосновывал важность роли руководителя тем, что именно руководитель подбирает кадры по своему образу и подобию, - они могут быть сильными, одаренными или посредственными, важен, в первую очередь, подбор самих руководителей. Особенности личности и труда руководителя интересовали людей уже давно. В 900 г. был опубликован известный трактат крупного ученого Востока Аль Фараби, посвященный этой проблеме; персидский теолог Аль Газали сформулировал требования, необходимые для успешной деятельности руководителя. Проблемы руководства государством, вопросы разработки системы целей и методов воздействия на социум были глубоко исследованы в книге «Государь» итальянцем Никколо Макиавелли (1469-1527); к его своеобразным, иногда парадоксальным выводам проявляют интерес и современные ученые. Современник Н. Макиавелли, один из основоположников утопического социализма, Томас Мор (1478-1535) изучал следствия плохого управления и убедился в справедливости своих выводов на собственном опыте, несмотря на честное и добросовестное служение отечеству и престолу, он был низвергнут с высшего государственного поста Англии и вскоре казнен по приказу благодарного короля. В капитальном труде «Курс для высшего управленческого персонала», широко известном в 1970-х гг., среди основных качеств административного персонала подчеркивается необходимость большой выдержки, крепких нервов и целеустремленности, логического и рационального мышления в сочетании с умением быстро схватывать суть проблемы и разрешать ее быстрее, чем это может сделать «средний человек», брать на себя бремя ответственности за руководящие решения и действия, обращаться с людьми искренне, дружественно, приветливо, но решительно и умения ясно и доходчиво передавать свои мысли устно или письменно. ; Career of manager is possible not for everyone: it requires definite features of personality and professional ability to cooperate with collective, know its peculiarities, norms and methods of influencing on it. Management of collective creative process, as its result is creation of new material and spiritual values, creation of new realities, satisfying various social requirements. Manager often has to work with people, but not with machines. American expert of management L. Smith said:" Railways are 95 % people and 5 % metal". Every specialist in area of management brilliantly understands that in his collective not every element of this difficult opened system absolutely reliable, he always has to control l barometer of public sentiment and the weather and take immediate action if necessary. What and how modern leaders armed in their daily work with this very complex subject man, person, team? Alas, only intuition, the notorious method of "trial and error", their life experiences. And management and psychology, although it must be said, psychology as a science can not yet boast great discoveries and achievements. And, of course, the highest branch of the theory of management the art of government, but first you need to understand concepts such as identity, collective power, authority, how interpersonal relationships are formed, how a style of management and leadership. In these matters, psychology has accumulated a vast body of theoretical knowledge, practical case studies, and she can be useful to managers in its activities. In Soviet times, the author of the theory of organizational activity P.M. Kerzhentsev argued the importance of the role of the head so that it head picks up shots in his own image and likeness they can be strong, gifted or indirectly, is important in the first selection of the managers themselves. Personality characteristics and labor leader interested people for a long time. In 900 year was published the famous treatise of great scientist of East Al Farabi dedicated to this issue; Persian theologian Al-Ghazali formulated the requirements which are necessary for the success of the leader. Problems of leadership of the state, issues of development of the goals and methods of influence on society have been deeply studied in the book "The Emperor" by Italian Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527); to its kind, sometimes paradoxical findings show interest and modern scholars. Contemporary of N. Machiavelli, one of the founders of utopian socialism Thomas More (1478-1535), studied the consequences of poor management and verify the validity of their findings on their own experience in spite of the honest and faithful service to the country and the throne, he was cast down from the highest office in England and soon executed by order of a grateful king. In fundamental work "The course for senior management personnel", is widely known in the 1970's, among the basic qualities of the administrative staff emphasizes the need for slow shutter speeds, strong nerves and determination, logical and rational thinking, combined with the ability to quickly grasp the essence of the problem and allow it faster than it can make the "average person", to assume the burden of responsibility for management decisions and actions, treat people sincerely, friendly, welcoming, but with determination and the ability to clearly and effectively transmit his thoughts orally or in writing.

The new geography of the R&D activities As a rule, new technologies in today's world are the result of a long R&D process. This includes basic theoretical and applied research, as well as repeated testing which ensures that the new techniques coming out of the previous processes are ready to be applied in production and/or to enrich the output-mix with new products. In a broader sense, R&D generates also new ideas and techniques that contribute to the introduction of more efficient methods in the organization of production. In that part in which the non-marketable results are significant, the R&D activity is primarily state funded or financed by international organizations. It manifests a wide spatial distribution, spreading practically to all countries, and includes mainly research aiming to improve public health and security conditions, and to raise agricultural efficiency. It aims also to increase environmental protection and to create positive external economies that promote the public interest. In many big countries a considerable amount of state funded research serves military purposes and the exploration of space, with some of it having spillover effects for peaceful purposes. In the remaining part of the R&D that is conducted in the private sector of the economy, the Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) are the dominant players. In the era of globalization they have emerged as principal economic actors and are even more important in the application of new technologies. They dispose of large material resources and can recruit scientific and engineering talent from all over the world. It matters therefore where they locate their R&D. Given that the developed countries spend on R&D 2-3% of their GDP, amounting to the largest part of the world research expenditure, the traditional view has been that those countries account also for nearly all research activity. According to the UN World Investment Report 2005, however, the view of more complex production activities being undertaken in the North and simpler ones in the South is less and less a true reflection of reality. In some developing countries like China, India, Pakistan and North Korea, the state budget allocations for R&D expenses, including those for military research, has been high. The actual research output per unit of expense may be even higher, in comparison to that of the developed countries, because their wage levels and the cost of the basic infrastructure (building and various kinds of materials) are lower. Many of their researchers, however, are not less efficient and inventive than their homologues in the more developed countries. Further, MNEs now view parts of the developing world not only as key sources of cheap labour, but also of growth, skills and even new technologies. They have accelerated the pace of their direct investment in overseas R&D and the delocation of R&D activities in other countries, acquiring or establishing new laboratories abroad and integrating them into global R&D networks. They have many reasons to implement those policies: Their purpose is to source foreign technology, gain access to the local science base, hire foreign skilled engineers and benefit from local expertise and scientific excellence. They also want first, to utilize their subsidiaries in adapting the local market products to those developed in the research laboratories of the mother multinational company; and second, to adjust their own products to the local market and manufacturing processes. R&D activities of acquired subsidiaries are more concerned with applied research and scanning of local technologies, while new established subsidiaries generally focus on the suitable for the local market development of products based on technologies applied in the mother company. All told, small and less developed countries contribute now substantially to the world research output in three main ways: By running their own public and private research centers; as partners and employees of the subsidiaries of the MNEs established in them; and through their nationals doing research work in foreign universities and research centers. Despite its alleged detrimental effects, globalization, whatever its definition, appears to be reducing at a quick pace the spatial inequalities in research activities. The ways and means of those developments and their actual effects will be analyzed in the proposed paper. Policy implications Exploring the spatial allocation of the R&D activity may lead to useful conclusions for rational policy decisions. The establishment of MNEs in any country has overall positive labour market affects. It may, however, cause unemployment to the less qualified workers, in the usual cases that labour intensive processes are introduced in production lines carried out with traditional techniques. R&D activities established by the MNEs in a host country generate also positive spillovers in it, by strengthening its policies designed to attract FDI in research and innovation, as well as through an increase in the local demand for highly qualified persons. The more pronounced the presence of foreign R&D subsidiaries in a host country, the higher the demand for domestic researchers. It follows that well trained and with appropriate work attitudes graduates of tertiary education in any country can find satisfactory employment, at home or abroad. The national borders are also open for the highly skilled. Far from causing a brain drain, their emigration develops, as a rule, into a brain gain because it creates incentives for more and better training in the sending country. Eventually, it develops also into a brain exchange between sending and receiving countries, for their mutual benefit. In the last fifteen years, for example, the Chinese and Indian researchers in the universities and the technological parks of many developed countries have contributed considerably to the economic development of their respective countries. Up until very recently, in Greece as well about nine out of ten persons with responsible positions in the academia, the research centers and practically in all walks of life had some research experience abroad. The hypothesis which will also be tested in the proposed paper is that, higher degrees of R&D internalization are associated with minimal negative effects of any brain drain Main Bibliography Bein M. and Docquier Fr 2004 "Skilled Migration", Brussels Economic Review, Vol. 47-No1, Spring, Special Issue Cornelius W., EspenshadeT. J. and Salehyan I. 2001 "The International Migration of the Highly Skilled: Demand, Supply, and Development Consequences in Sending and Receiving Countries" La Jolla, Uni. of California, San Diego United Nations 2005 "World Investment Report 2005. Transnational Corporations and the Internationalization of R&D", New York and Geneva Various publications in English and Greek by Lambrianidis L., Liargovas P., Liberaki Ant., Petrakos G., Pournarakis M. and Thardanidis Ch.

La imputación que le hace la Contraloría de la República a la Universidad Nacional de Colombia de un presunto descuido o negligencia que explicaría fallas técnicas en varias obras de la primera fase del Aeropuerto del Café, responden a interpretaciones que desde la perspectiva epistémica no se corresponden con la verdad, se soportan en prejuicios y son una equivocada mirada al problema desde el campo teórico, desconociendo el fundamento empírico de un problema con incertidumbres tecnológicas insalvables, además del aporte ético y técnico de la U.N. al proyecto.

International audience Polanyi (1944, [1957] 1968) has distinguished three 'patterns of social integration,' namely 'reciprocity', 'redistribution' and 'exchange.' This triad has provided the starting point for most subsequent discussion. Our purpose is to introduce a further type of coordination, the 'destructive mode of coordination'. This mode achieves coordination by intimidation, threat, and the use of non-institutionalized coercive means. Resources and human efforts are allocated in order to appropriate what other people produce. Two simple examples provide an introductory illustration, traffic circles (roundabouts) and prisons. Appropriation through pirating provides a further example of destructive coordination. More specifically, biopiracy (blood patenting) is discussed in order to clarify the relationship between destructive coordination and the institutionalization of property rights. Finally, we focus on the role of destructive coordination as a transitional mechanism that is supported by the institutional vacuum ultimately yielding to other modes of coordination.

Die Mensch-Tier-Beziehung hat sich im Laufe des letzten Jahrhunderts, insbesondere in den westlichen Ländern, deutlich gewandelt. Infolgedessen sind die gesellschaftlichen Ansprüche an einen ethisch korrekten Umgang mit Tieren erheblich gestiegen. Dies verdeutlichen die intensiven Diskussionen, die rund um die heutige Nutzung von Tieren geführt werden. Von der gesellschaftlichen Kritik sind die verschiedensten Formen der Tiernutzung betroffen: z.B. landwirtschaftliche Nutztierhaltung, Tierversuche, Tiershows, Pferdesport und Heimtierhaltung. Solche tierethischen Bedenken beeinflussen das Konsum- und Kaufverhalten tierbezogener Produkte und Dienstleistungen (z.B. Lebensmittel, Kleidung, Kosmetika, Zirkus und Zoo) zum Teil erheblich. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist es für eine Vielzahl an Stakeholdern (z.B. Politik, Handel, Wissenschaft, Agrarwirtschaft, Sport- und Veranstaltungsbranche) von großer Bedeutung, ein tieferes Verständnis für die tierethischen Wertvorstellungen der Gesellschaft sowie deren Einfluss auf das Konsumentenverhalten zu entwickeln. In der Konsumforschung wird hierzu verbreitet auf den kausalen Zusammenhang zwischen dem menschlichen Wertesystem, bestehend aus globalen und bereichsspezifischen Werten sowie Einstellungen, und dem Verhalten zurückgegriffen. Bereichsspezifische Werte zeichnen sich durch zwei wesentliche Vorteile aus. Einerseits bieten sie eine gewisse prognostische Qualität, da sie vergleichsweise tief im menschlichen Wertesystem verankert sind. Andererseits sind sie zu einem gewissen Grad generalisierbar, da sie sich auf einen spezifischen Themenbereich beziehen und diesen abstrakt und umfassend aufgreifen. Dadurch lassen sich bereichsspezifische Werte auf verschiedene Fragestellungen innerhalb des betrachteten Themenkomplexes anwenden. Bisher wurde jedoch kein Versuch unternommen, bereichsspezifische Werte für den Themenkomplex der Mensch-Tier-Beziehung zu operationalisieren. Um diese Forschungslücke zu schließen, wurden in der vorliegenden kumulativen Dissertation erstmals bereichsspezifische Werte für den Themenkomplex der Mensch-Tier-Beziehung entwickelt (Studie 1). Diese greifen verschiedene Überzeugungen zum ethisch korrekten Umgang mit Tieren auf. Hierzu wurde ein interdisziplinärer Ansatz aus Philosophie (Tierethik) und Agrarmarketing (Konsumentenforschung) gewählt. Die Tierethik beschäftigt sich bereits seit Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts intensiv mit der Frage, wie ein ethisch korrekter Umgang mit Tieren auszusehen hat. Infolgedessen wurden in der Philosophie verschiedene tierethische Positionen entwickelt, die vom ursprünglichen Anthropozentrismus (der Mensch darf mit Tieren umgehen, wie er möchte) bis hin zum Abolitionismus (der Mensch darf Tiere grundsätzlich nicht nutzen) reichen. Im Rahmen der Operationalisierung bereichsspezifischer Werte wurden die komplexen Argumentationsstrukturen philosophischer Positionen auf ihre zentralen Kernideen reduziert. Aufgrund dieser deutlichen Abstraktion wird im Kontext bereichsspezifischer Werte nicht mehr von "tierethischen Positionen", sondern von "tierethischen Intuitionen" gesprochen. Mittels konfirmatorischer Faktorenanalyse konnte gezeigt werden, dass die entwickelten Skalen zur Erhebung bereichsspezifischer Werte im Kontext der Mensch-Tier-Beziehung über eine gute Reliabilität und Validität verfügen. Die deskriptiven Ergebnisse geben zudem einen Überblick über die Verteilung der tierethischen Intuitionen in der deutschen Gesellschaft. Der neue kontrakttheoretische Ansatz erhält die mit Abstand größte Zustimmung (75 - 94 %). Diesem Ansatz folgend darf der Mensch Tiere grundsätzlich nutzen, muss ihnen aber im Gegenzug ein gutes Leben ermöglichen. Mit den so entwickelten bereichsspezifischen Werten im Kontext der Mensch-Tier-Beziehung liefert die erste Studie einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Identifizierung relativ stabiler und themenumfassender Treiber. In der zweiten Studie wurden die entwickelten tierethischen Intuitionen als bereichsspezifische Werte in das menschliche Wertesystem integriert. Als konkretes Beispiel wurde der Konsum von Wildfleisch herangezogen. Die Jagd und der Konsum heimischer Wildtiere werden in der Gesellschaft kontrovers diskutiert, weshalb dieses Beispiel zur Untersuchung des Einflusses verschiedener tierethischer Intuitionen auf das Verhalten besonders geeignet erscheint. Das verwendete Strukturgleichungsmodell bildet dabei die kausalen Zusammenhänge zwischen globalen Werten, bereichsspezifischen Werten (tierethische Intuitionen), Einstellungen (Einstellung zur Jagd) und Verhalten (Konsum von Wildfleisch) ab. Es kann gezeigt werden, dass sich die tierethischen Intuitionen ohne Weiteres auf der Ebene der bereichsspezifischen Werte in das menschliche Wertesystem integrieren lassen. Das Konsumentenverhalten wird insbesondere durch die beiden Extreme, ursprünglicher Anthropozentrismus und Abolitionismus, beeinflusst. Mit der Integration tierethischer Intuitionen auf der Ebene der bereichsspezifischen Werte liefert diese Studie die Bestätigung, dass es sich bei tierethischen Intuitionen um stabile Hintergrundtreiber handelt. Darüber hinaus trägt sie zu einem tieferen Verständnis für die Zusammenhänge zwischen tierethischen Intuitionen und Konsumentenverhalten bei. Auf Grundlage der entwickelten tierethischen Intuitionen wurde in der dritten Studie eine Konsumentensegmentierung durchgeführt. Eine solche auf bereichsspezifischen Werten basierende Segmentierung ist relativ stabil und umfasst den Themenkomplex der Mensch-Tier-Beziehung in seiner gesamten Bandbreite. Mit Hilfe einer dreistufigen Clusteranalyse wurden fünf Konsumentensegmente identifiziert. Die deskriptive Analyse der Segmente weist zudem auf einen Zusammenhang zwischen tierethischem Werteprofil (Gesamtheit der tierethischen Intuitionen) und Ernährungsweise hin. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass die Ablehnung der relationistischen Intuition (unterschiedliche Berücksichtigung von Tieren aufgrund ihrer Beziehung zum Menschen) bei der Wahl einer nachhaltigen Ernährungsweise (flexitarisch, vegetarisch, vegan) von zentraler Bedeutung ist. Etwa ein Viertel der deutschen Bevölkerung ist durch ein Werteprofil charakterisiert, welches sich einerseits durch die Annahme tierwohlorientierter Intuitionen (v.a. neuer kontrakttheoretischer Ansatz, Tierrechte, Abolitionismus) und andererseits die Ablehnung des Relationismus auszeichnet. Diese spezifische Kombination bereichsspezifischer Werte korreliert mit einem überdurchschnittlichen Anteil an Flexitariern und Vegetariern. Vor dem Hintergrund gesellschaftlicher, politischer und wissenschaftlicher Diskussionen um eine nachhaltige Ernährung ist das Wissen um diesen Zusammenhang von großem Interesse. Abschließend wurde untersucht, ob Laien die tierethischen Intuitionen auf alle Tiere gleichermaßen anwenden, zwischen verschiedenen Kategorien von Tieren unterscheiden oder von Tierart zu Tierart entscheiden (Studie 4). Mittels Varianzanalyse wurde untersucht, ob die Annahme bzw. Ablehnung der tierethischen Intuitionen bei konkretem Bezug auf fünf ausgewählte Tierarten (Fisch, Huhn, Kuh, Pferd und Hund) variiert. Mit Bezug auf die Intuitionen zum moralischen Handeln zeigen sich nur minimale Unterschiede zwischen den Tierarten, so dass eine Übertragbarkeit der allgemein erhobenen Intuitionen angenommen wird – zumindest auf klassische Nutz- und Heimtiere. Bei den Intuitionen zur Tötungsfrage sind die Unterschiede sehr viel grundlegender. Am Beispiel der Intuition Schmerzfreie Tötung von Tieren ist erlaubt zeigt sich dies exemplarisch. Mit konkretem Bezug auf Fische, Hühner und Kühe wird die Intuition angenommen, wohingegen sie für Hunde eher abgelehnt wird. Diese Differenzierung ist vermutlich auf die kulturelle Einordnung der Tierarten als 'essbar' bzw. 'nicht-essbar' zurückzuführen, da dies zwingend mit einer Tötung verknüpft ist. Das Wissen, ob tierethische Intuitionen auf alle Tiere gleichermaßen angewandt werden oder nicht, ist von großer Bedeutung, wenn die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse auf unterschiedliche Fragestellungen innerhalb des Themenkomplexes der Mensch-Tier-Beziehung übertragen werden sollen. Des Weiteren ist es beispielsweise für die Agrarbranche von großer Bedeutung, ob seitens der Gesellschaft dieselben ethischen Maßstäbe für Heim- wie für Nutztiere angesetzt werden oder eine Differenzierung erfolgt. Mit diesen vier Studien trägt die vorliegende Dissertation zu einem tieferen Verständnis der vorherrschenden tierethischen Wertvorstellungen bei. Damit bietet sie einer Vielzahl an Stakeholdern, die sich mit den gesellschaftlichen Diskussionen rund um einen ethisch korrekten Umgang mit Tieren konfrontiert sehen (z.B. Politik, Handel, Wissenschaft, Agrarwirtschaft, Sport- und Veranstaltungsbranche), die Möglichkeit, ihre künftigen Entscheidungen entsprechend auszurichten. ; The relationship between humans and animals has changed significantly over the last century, especially in Western countries. As a result, social demands for ethically correct treatment of animals have increased considerably. This trend is underlined by intensive discussions presently taking place on the use of animals. Social criticism affects various forms of animal use – for example, livestock farming, animal experiments, animal shows, equestrian sports, and the keeping of companion animals. Such animal-ethical concerns have a considerable effect on the consumption of and purchasing behaviour related to animal products and services (e.g., food, clothing, cosmetics, circuses, and zoos). Therefore, it is of great importance for stakeholders in various sectors (e.g., politics, retail, science, agriculture, sports, and events) to gain a deeper insight into societies' animal-ethical values and the impact of these values on consumer behaviour. In consumer research, the causal relationship between the human value system, consisting of global and domain-specific values as well as attitudes, and behaviour is commonly used for this purpose. Domain-specific values are characterised by two essential advantages. Firstly, they offer a certain prognostic quality, since they are comparatively deeply rooted in the human value system. Secondly, they are generalisable to a certain extent, since they address a specific issue in an abstract and comprehensive way. Thus, domain-specific values are applicable to different questions within the considered thematic complex. However, thus far no attempt has been made to operationalise domain-specific values for the thematic complex of the human-animal relationship. In order to close this research gap, domain-specific values for the human-animal relationship were developed for the first time in the present cumulative dissertation (Study 1). These domain-specific values relate to different convictions on the ethically correct treatment of animals. For this purpose, an interdisciplinary approach combining philosophy (animal ethics) and agricultural marketing (consumer research) was chosen. Since the late 18th century, animal ethics has intensively dealt with the question of what ethically correct treatment of animals should look like. As a result, various animal-ethical positions have been developed in philosophy, ranging from original anthropocentrism (humans may treat animals in any way they see fit) to abolitionism (in principle, humans may not use animals). As part of the operationalisation of domain-specific values, the complex argumentation structures of philosophical positions were reduced to their key ideas. Due to this clear abstraction, the term 'animal-ethical intuitions' is used instead of 'animal-ethical positions' in the context of domain-specific values. By means of confirmatory factor analysis, it was determined that the scales developed for surveying domain-specific values are reliable and valid. The descriptive results provide an overview of the distribution of animal-ethical intuitions in German society. The new contractarian approach receives by far, the greatest approval (75–94%). In accordance with this approach, humans are allowed to use animals in principle, but, in return, humans have to ensure the animals have a good life. By developing domain-specific values, this study provides an essential contribution to the identification of relatively stable and comprehensive drivers within the human-animal relationship. In the second study, the animal-ethical intuitions developed were integrated into the human value system as domain-specific values. The consumption of game meat was used as an example. The hunting and consumption of local game is the subject of controversial discussions, which is why this example was deemed particularly suitable to investigate the impact of different animal-ethical intuitions on behaviour. A structural equation model was used to analyse the causal relationship between global values, domain-specific values (animal-ethical intuitions), attitudes (attitude towards hunting), and behaviour (consumption of game meat). Animal-ethical intuitions can be integrated well into the human value system at the level of domain-specific values. Consumer behaviour is affected, in particular, by the two polarising intuitions of original anthropocentrism and abolitionism. Integrating animal-ethical intuitions at the level of domain-specific values, this study confirms that animal-ethical intuitions are relatively stable drivers in the human-animal relationship. Furthermore, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of the link between animal-ethical intuitions and consumer behaviour. Based on the developed animal-ethical intuitions, consumer segmentation was carried out in the third study. Such segmentation, based on domain-specific values, is relatively stable over time and covers the whole range of the human-animal relationship. Five consumer segments were identified using a three-step cluster analysis. The descriptive analysis of the segments additionally demonstrates a correlation between animal-ethical value profile (totality of all intuitions) and diet. The results reveal that the rejection of relationism (different consideration of animals based on their relationship to humans) is of central importance in the choice of a sustainable diet (flexitarian, vegetarian, or vegan). About a quarter of the German population is characterised by a value profile that, on the one hand, applies animal-welfare-oriented intuitions (e.g., new contractarian approach, animal rights, and abolitionism) and, on the other hand, rejects relationism. This specific combination of domain-specific values correlates with an above-average proportion of flexitarians and vegetarians. In the light of social, political, and scientific discussions about sustainable diet, knowledge of this link is of great interest. Finally, it was examined whether laypeople apply animal-ethical intuitions uniformly to all animals, distinguish between different categories of animals, or decide on a species-specific basis (Study 4). An analysis of variance was used to determine whether the application or rejection of animal-ethical intuitions varies with specific reference to five selected animal species (fish, chickens, cows, horses, and dogs). In terms of intuitions on moral acting, there are only slight differences between the animal species, assuming a transferability of the generally surveyed intuitions – at least to traditional farm and companion animals. In terms of intuitions on the question of death, the differences are much more pronounced. The intuition painless killing of animals is allowed demonstrates this exemplarily. With specific reference to fish, chickens, and cows, this intuition is applied, while, for dogs, it is rather rejected. This differentiation is probably due to the cultural classification of animal species as edible or inedible, as edibility is necessarily linked to killing. Understanding whether or not animal-ethical intuitions are applied uniformly to all animals is of great importance if the insights gained are to be applied to different questions within the thematic complex of the human-animal relationship. Furthermore, it is of great interest to, for example, the agricultural sector whether society applies the same ethical standards to companion animals as to farm animals or whether a differentiation is made. The present dissertation, based on these four studies, contributes to a deeper insight into prevailing animal-ethical values. Thus, stakeholders in various sectors, who are confronted with societal discussions about ethically correct treatment of animals (e.g., politics, retail, science, agriculture, sports, and events), are given the opportunity to align their future decisions with societies' animal-ethical intuitions. ; 2021-03-11