Suchergebnisse

Developing climate mitigation policies and strategies for mitigating climate change includes elaboration of alternative scenarios of socio-economic development and quantitation of the scenarios using mathematical models. In particular, integrated assessment models IMAGE, MESSAGE-GLOBIOM, AIM, GCAM, REMIND-MAGPIE are used for assessment of global environmental scenarios "The Shared Socio-Economic Pathways" (SSPs), "Representative Concentration Pathways" (RCPs) and "Shared Climate Policy Assumptions" (SPA). The analysis of reports on implementation of environmental programs in China, Indonesia, Ethiopia, Uganda, Mexico, Kenya, Republic of Cameroon, Brazil and Bangladesh reveals that the development of environmental programs should take into account the level of democracy, trust in government and law, gender equality, equal rights, corruption, poverty, availability of adequate communication of authorities and experts with local people, lack of fuel and effect of spatial spreading of deforestation. Based on the above-mentioned socio-political factors, a conceptual model of influence of socio-political factors on the implementation of climate change mitigation policies is developed. Political and social indices are proposed to be used as proxies for the socio-political factors. Accounting of the socio-political factors in development of environmental policies will improve their efficiency and save money. ; Проанализирован принцип выработки политик и стратегий для борьбы с изменением климата. Указаны ключевые факторы SSPs сценариев (валовой внутренний продукт, численность населения, прогнозы касательно использования энергии и земель, урбанизации). Рассмотрены научные публикации, в которых описан опыт имплементации политик смягчения изменения климата в Китае, Индонезии, Эфиопии, Уганде, Мексике, Кении, Республике Камерун, Бразилии и Бангладеше. Выделены основные факторы-барьеры на пути эффективной имплементации природоохранных политик, а именно: низкий уровень демократии, неравенство среди населения, коррупция, гендерное неравенство, бедность, отсутствие адекватной коммуникации со стороны властей и экспертов с местным населением, недоверие к закону, политическая нестабильность, дефицит топлива, эффект распространения вырубки леса. На основе анализа предложена концептуальная модель, а также политические и социальные индексы для количественной оценки влияния социально-политических факторов на выполнение обязательств по сокращению выбросов парниковых газов. ; Проаналізовано принцип вироблення заходів та стратегій у процесі боротьби зі зміною клімату. Зазначено ключові чинники SSPs сценаріїв (валовий внутрішній продукт, чисельність населення, припущення щодо використання енергії та земель, урбанізації). Розглянуто наукові публікації щодо досвіду імплементації політик пом'якшення зміни клімату у Китаї, Індонезії, Ефіопії, Уганди, Мексиці, Кенії, Республіці Камерун, Бразилії та Бангладеші. Визначено основні чинники-бар'єри на шляху ефективної імплементації природоохоронних політик, а саме: низький рівень демократії, нерівність серед населення, корупція, гендерна нерівність, бідність, адекватної комунікації представників влади та експертів із населенням, недовіра до закону, політична нестабільність, дефіцит палива, ефект поширення знеліснення. На основі проведеного аналізу запропоновано концептуальну модель,, а також політичні та соціальні індекси для кількісної оцінки впливу соціально-політичних чинників на виконання зобов'язань із скорочення викидів парникових газів.

Traditional growth literature advocated the role of fiscal policy in establishing economic growth (Mckinnon, 1973; Schumpeter, 1911; Shaw, 1973; Solow, 1956; Zagler and Durnecker, 2003), but it did not consider the role of the stock market and the financial intermediation as the potential determinants of growth. Among those few economic theories explaining the stock market and taxation as joint determinants of the economic growth are the Levine's (1991) endogenous growth models (EGM), which suggests that economic growth is strongly influenced by the stock market and tax policy, and the Laffer - Khaldun curve, which demonstrates that reduced tax rates on investment income would stimulate economic growth which in turn generate more tax revenue and possibly even compensate for tax incentives given on investment. We investigate ten Developing Asia nations over the period 1990 to 2008. To study differences among the countries, the study sub-divides Developing Asia into East Asia Pacific (China, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Taiwan, Philippines) and South Asia (Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka). Our motivation to choose these particular countries has been influenced by the rapid expansion of the stock markets and the rise in economic growth over the entire sample period. We employ panel unit root tests, Pedroni cointegration tests and panel Granger causality tests to estimate both short and long run causal relationships between stock market, tax revenue and economic growth. Data used included logged values of GDP to proxy economic growth, total tax revenue and stock market capitalization taken as a percentage of GDP to proxy tax revenue and stock market respectively. Findings provide evidence in support of Laffer-Khaldun curve and the Levine's (1991) EGM: stock market and tax revenue do have an impact on economic growth even though the impact might be somewhat small or in some cases even negative. This can be due to country- specific characteristics that make a successful transition from stock market and tax revenue to economic growth more difficult (i.e., corruption, difficulties in obtaining credit at the personal level, inflation). In the short run results demonstrate the existence of causal linkages (varying directions) for the countries in East Asia Pacific and South Asia. In the long run, for all the examined sub-samples the direction of relationship runs from i) economic growth and tax revenue to stock market; and ii) economic growth and stock market to tax revenue. For policy implementation, these results indicate that in order to promote economic growth, governments of ten Developing Asia should improve the channels between the stock market, taxation policy and economic growth by developing stock market liquidity and by identifying growth-oriented tax reform strategies.

Mobile payment is an industry's response to global and regional technological-driven, as well as national social-economical driven in less cash society development. The purposes of this study were 1) identifying positioning of PT. Indosat in providing a response to Indonesian mobile payment market, 2) analyzing Indosat's internal capabilities and business model fit with environment turbulence, and 3) formulating the optimum mobile payment business model development design for Indosat. The method used in this study was a combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis through in-depth interviews with purposive judgment sampling. The analysis tools used in this study were Business Model Canvas (MBC) and Ansoff's Strategic Diagnosis. The interviewees were the representatives of PT. Indosat internal management and mobile payment business value chain stakeholders. Based on BMC mapping which is then analyzed by strategic diagnosis model, a considerable gap (>1) between the current market environment and Indosat strategy of aggressiveness with the expected future of environment turbulence level was obtained. Therefore, changes in the competitive strategy that need to be conducted include 1) developing a new customer segment, 2) shifting the value proposition that leads to the extensification of mobile payment, 3) monetizing effective value proposition, and 4) integrating effective collaboration for harmonizing company's objective with the government's vision. Keywords: business model canvas, Indosat, mobile payment, less cash society, strategic diagnosis AbstrakMobile payment adalah sebuah respon industri terhadap dorongan teknologi global maupun regional, serta dorongan ekonomi nasional berupa pembentukan Masyarakat Non Tunai. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah 1) mengidentifikasi positioning PT. Indosat dalam memberikan respon terhadap pasar mobile payment di Indonesia, 2) menganalisis kesesuaian kapabilitas internal dan model bisnis mobile payment Indosat dengan turbulensi lingkungan, 3) memberikan rancangan pengembangan model bisnis mobile payment yang optimal bagi Indosat. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kombinasi analisis kualitatif dan kuantitatif melalui wawancara mendalam kepada narasumber ahli yang ditentukan secara purposive judgement sampling. Alat analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Model Bisnis Kanvas (MBK) dan Strategic Diagnosis Ansoff. Narasumber penelitian adalah perwakilan manajemen internal PT. Indosat dan pihak-pihak pemangku kepentingan di dalam rantai nilai dasar bisnis mobile payment. Berdasarkan pemetaan MBK yang kemudian dianalisis dengan model strategic diagnosis menghasilkan adanya gap yang cukup jauh (>1) antara lingkungan pasar saat ini dan agresifitas strategi Indosat dengan tingkat turbulensi lingkungan masa depan yang diharapkan. Oleh karena itu, perubahan strategi kompetitif yang perlu dilakukan adalah 1) membentuk segmen pelanggan baru, 2) melakukan pergeseran proposisi nilai yang mengarah kepada ekstensifikasi mobile payment, 3) monetisasi proposisi nilai yang efektif, dan 4) kolaborasi terpadu yang efektif untuk menyelaraskn tujuan perusahaan dengan visi pemerintah.Kata kunci: model bisnis kanvas, mobile payment, Indosat, masyarakat non tunai, strategic diagnosis

Traditional growth literature advocated the role of fiscal policy in establishing economic growth (Mckinnon, 1973; Schumpeter, 1911; Shaw, 1973; Solow, 1956; Zagler and Durnecker, 2003), but it did not consider the role of the stock market and the financial intermediation as the potential determinants of growth. Among those few economic theories explaining the stock market and taxation as joint determinants of the economic growth are the Levine's (1991) endogenous growth models (EGM), which suggests that economic growth is strongly influenced by the stock market and tax policy, and the Laffer - Khaldun curve, which demonstrates that reduced tax rates on investment income would stimulate economic growth which in turn generate more tax revenue and possibly even compensate for tax incentives given on investment. We investigate ten Developing Asia nations over the period 1990 to 2008. To study differences among the countries, the study sub-divides Developing Asia into East Asia Pacific (China, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Taiwan, Philippines) and South Asia (Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka). Our motivation to choose these particular countries has been influenced by the rapid expansion of the stock markets and the rise in economic growth over the entire sample period. We employ panel unit root tests, Pedroni cointegration tests and panel Granger causality tests to estimate both short and long run causal relationships between stock market, tax revenue and economic growth. Data used included logged values of GDP to proxy economic growth, total tax revenue and stock market capitalization taken as a percentage of GDP to proxy tax revenue and stock market respectively. Findings provide evidence in support of Laffer-Khaldun curve and the Levine's (1991) EGM: stock market and tax revenue do have an impact on economic growth even though the impact might be somewhat small or in some cases even negative. This can be due to country- specific characteristics that make a successful transition from stock market and tax revenue to economic growth more difficult (i.e., corruption, difficulties in obtaining credit at the personal level, inflation). In the short run results demonstrate the existence of causal linkages (varying directions) for the countries in East Asia Pacific and South Asia. In the long run, for all the examined sub-samples the direction of relationship runs from i) economic growth and tax revenue to stock market; and ii) economic growth and stock market to tax revenue. For policy implementation, these results indicate that in order to promote economic growth, governments of ten Developing Asia should improve the channels between the stock market, taxation policy and economic growth by developing stock market liquidity and by identifying growth-oriented tax reform strategies.

Bali is one of the tourist destinations in Indonesia, where there are three priority factors on Bali development. They are agriculture, tourism with its culture and Hindu religion and home industry to support agriculture and tourism sector. The rapid development in tourism sector is expected that the holticulture product especially local fruits could be accommodated by tourism industry especially the big or star hotels which most of them located at Badung Regency. But in this free trade globalization, imported fruits products spreading in Bali are as a tight competitors in order to be able market segment especially to the star hotels in Bali. The title of this research, the dominand factors for the demand of local fruits at star hotels in Badung Regency. The choice of this location is done by using purposive sampling. The purpose of this research are : (1) To identify the fruits needed at star hotels in Badung Regency. (2) To know the factors for demand of local fruits at star hotels in Badung Regency, and (3) To know the deminand factor for the demand of local fruits at star hotels in Badung Regency. The samples taken are 96 hotels by using the Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling Technique. The data are collected by using (1) observation, (2) interview, (3) questionnaire and (4) documented method. There are 18 fixed variable indicators and they are analized by using inductive statistic. It is factor of analizes. The result this research shows that : (1) There 10 kinds of fruits needed by the star hotels in Badung Regency such as : watermelon, melon, pineapple, papaya (popo), king banana, snakeskin fruit, kapok banana, gold banana, red apple and avocado. (2) There are 5 factors for local fruits demand at star hotels in Badung Regency. They are : the quality of the fruit, the price, hotel policy, continuation and government policy. (3) From those 5 factors available, exactly the quality of the fruits is as dominant factors to influence the demand of local fruits at the star hotels in Badung Regency. From the result of this research could be suggested for : (1) Farmers. They should develop their knowledge and skill for planting local fruit plantations by joining agriculture information through both newspaper and electronically. (2) The supplier should have commitment to local fruits by doing more marketing to the star hotels in Bali especially in Badung Regency. (3) The government should give more agricultural information to the farmers and also to provide superior quality of the seed which are needed by the farmers and more tight policy for the imported fruits.

[ES] Esta investigación ha tratado de explicar por qué en algunos lugares se reconocen los derechos de los PI y en otros lugares no. El reconocimiento de estos derechos se ha extendido sobre todo a partir de los años ochenta, fruto de un cambio de paradigma a nivel internacional por el cual se pasó de un enfoque asimilacionista y paternalista a un enfoque multicultural de reconocimiento de la diversidad. Sin embargo la extensión del reconocimiento se ha producido de forma desigual. Los países de América Latina y de la esfera anglosajona han sido los pioneros en esta materia, y también por ese motivo existe una literatura mucho más abundante sobre estos casos. El problema es que se ha producido un sesgo geográfico y/o cultural a la hora de teorizar sobre Pueblos Indígenas, puesto que estos dos conjuntos de países comparten una serie de condiciones que por sí mismas podrían explicar cierto nivel de reconocimiento de derechos. No obstante, existen otras realidades contextuales, distintas a los patrones históricos de estas dos áreas, para las cuales apenas existe teoría sobre el reconocimiento de derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas. Ante este vacío teórico, la presente tesis ha querido poner a prueba teorías ya existentes, pero ésta vez aplicadas al área el Sudeste Asiático. Esta región dada su gran variabilidad interna permite testar las condiciones que en América Latina y los países anglosajones se comportan como constantes. Para ello se ha construido el índice IRELDI que partiendo también de un esquema multicultural, busca recoger información relevante sobre el reconocimiento de estos derechos en diferentes realidades contextuales. Éste índice ha permitido discriminar entre Estados que reconocen los derechos de los PI (Camboya, Filipinas, Indonesia, Sabah y Sarawak) y Estados que no los reconocen (Laos, Malasia Peninsular, Myanmar, Tailandia, Timor Oriental y Vietnam), así como establecer gradaciones más finas dentro de los dos conjuntos, que permiten distinguir entre Estados que reconocen más y Estados que reconocen menos. También se han analizado a través de un análisis en dos fases y de la lógica de conjuntos difusos dentro del Análisis Cualitativo Comparado ciertas condiciones que pueden estar detrás del reconocimiento. Estas condiciones son de dos tipos: estructurales o remotas y coyunturales o próximas. Las primeras son poco susceptibles de variar en el tiempo, y hacen referencia a la tradición colonial de pluralismo legal, la forma de ciudadanía, el peso de la población indígena y la extensión del cristianismo. Las segundas varían a lo largo del tiempo, y hacen referencia a la Estructura de Oportunidades Políticas (contexto internacional, apertura del Estado al régimen de derechos de los PI y democracia) y a la resonancia de los movimientos indígenas.

This dissertation combines research on three topics in development economics. The first paper estimates the long-term labor performance outcomes for a worker subjected to a negative labor market shock upon entry. The second paper, based on joint work with Alain de Janvry and Elisabeth Sadoulet, examines the political economy of public goods provision through community driven development projects in the context of decentralization . The third paper analyzes household behavior under multiple shocks in rural China. The first paper looks at the impact of labor market shocks upon graduation on the education/work decision and on subsequent employment status in Indonesia where the Asian financial crisis hit in 1997/8. The work/education decision affects the selection of samples when estimating the later impact. Therefore we use a dual selection model to correct the sample selection bias due to the decision process. We find evidence of persistent impacts on later labor market outcomes for junior high and senior high school graduates measured as the probability of working in the informal sector or the agricultural sector. The second paper identifies the impact of increasing decentralization on community targeting using the unique situation of Zambia's Social Investment Fund (SIF) where the degree of decentralization changed in time and space across districts over the 15 years of program implementation. We find that greater decentralization of SIF's functions to districts that had been deemed to have the necessary level of managerial capacity to deserve decentralization led to more progressive targeting across wards, mildly so at the national level and strongly so within districts. We also observe how local electoral politics gained importance with greater decentralization, with more votes received by the candidate from the majority party in the district council attracting more projects to a ward, and more projects in a ward rewarded by more votes for the councilor from the incumbent party.The third paper examines who is more likely to be exposed to shocks, which ex-post coping strategies are employed, and how shocks affect the welfare of Chinese rural households using detailed information on a variety of shocks and household characteristics. We find that an increase in medical expenditures due to health shocks has a negative impact on non-medical expenditures: durable consumption is negatively associated with health shocks in two relatively wealthier provinces; food consumption shows a similar trend among households in the richest province of the sample. Secondly, households who experienced only health shocks have higher medical expenditures than those who experienced both agricultural and health shocks. This suggests that medical insurance schemes in rural China are absent or not functioning well, and that agricultural shocks are also not well-insured.

This study aimed to determine the role of the sub-district government in managing the UPPO program. The results of this study were expected as the input for the Kolai sub-district government in performing their duties and functions as the spearhead of Indonesian government. Academically, the results of this study were expected to provide more values which can then be compared with other scientific research, particularly the study under the problem of the role of sub-district government. This was a descriptive quantitative research, basically, this was a survey study and samples in this study were 35 people by purposive sampling technique . Data were collected by using techniques such as observation, questionnaires and developed interviews for the respondent . The data were analyzed by descriptive quantitatively, in which all the data collected by the authors, and then presented in the form of frequency tabulation completed by the responds of respondents obtained from informants , interviews , and questionnaires . The results showed an active role of sub-district government in managing UPPO program that can influence the community participation in UPPO management. By the support and assist of the sub-district government, UPPO management program can run well. Moreover, the support and assist of the sub-district government towards UPPO program management were 1. Facilitate the UPPO program 2. Facilitate meetings between the representatives agricultural services and society as of manager UPPO program 3 . Carrying out training . Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peranan pemerintah desa dalam pengelolaan program UPPO. Hasil dari penelitian ini diharapkan menjadi masukan bagi pemerintah desa kolai dalam menjalankan tugas dan fungsinya sebagai ujung tombak pemerintahan Indonesia. Dari segi akademik, hasil dari penelitian ini diharapkan memberi nilai tambah yang selanjutnya dapat dikomparasikan dengan penelitian-penelitian ilmiah lainnya, khususnya yang mengkaji masalah peranan pemerintah desa. Penelitian ini adalah Deskriptif kuantitatif, dasar penelitian yang digunakan adalah survey dan sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 35 orang menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan teknik berupa observasi, kuesioner serta dikembangkan dengan wawancara kepada responden. Data tersebut dianalisis secara Deskriptip kuantitatif yaitu menganalisis semua data yang berhasil dikumpulkan penulis, dan selanjutnya disajikan dalam bentuk tabulasi frekuensi dilengkapi dengan tanggapan responden yang diperoleh dari hasil Informan, wawancara, dan kuesioner. Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan peran aktif aparat pemerintah desa dalam pengelolaaan program UPPO dapat berpengaruh terhadap partisipasi masyarakat dalam pengelolaan UPPO. Dengan adanya dukungan dan bantuan dari pemerintah desa maka pengelolaan program UPPO dapat berjalan lancar. Adapun bentuk dukungan dan bantuan pemerintah desa dalam pengelolaan program UPPO adalah (1). Memfasilitasi pengadaan program UPPO (2). Memfasilitasi pertemuan utusan dinas pertanian dengan msyarakat pengelola program UPPO (3). Melakukan pembinaan.

Pendidikan yang dalam UU No. 20 Tahun 2003 tentang SISDIKNAS bertujuan untuk berkembangnya potensi peserta didik agar menjadi manusia yang beriman dan bertaqwa kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, berakhlak mulia, sehat, berilmu, cakap, kreatif, mandiri, dan menjadi warga negara yang demokratis serta bertanggung jawab (pasal 3). Namun kenyataannya, Kondisi sosial, kultural masyarakat kita akhir-akhir ini memang mengkhawatirkan. Masyarakat kita menghadapi krisis kronis dan perilaku positif hilang termakan zaman digantikan produksi perilaku negatif yang cenderung destruktif. Pembentukan karakter merupakan salah satu tujuan pendidikan nasional. Pendidikan karakter menjadi semakin mendesak untuk diterapkan dalam lembaga pendidikan kita. Sekolah merupakan salah satu wadah yang tepat untuk mengembangkan pendidikan karakter bagi anak. Belajar Akuntansi tidak hanya sekedar terampil dalam berhitung, tetapi juga menumbuhkan karakter rasional, jujur, obyektif, kontrol diri, progesif, keterbukaan pada aneka pendapat, eksploratif, dan ketekunan lewat pelajaran Akuntansi. Oleh karena itu, perlu dipersiapkan metode khusus dalam upaya mempersiapkan dan mengintregasikan seluruh nilai-nilai pendidikan serta karakter agar terjadi keseimbangan antara penguasaan bidang ilmu akuntansi dengan kemampuan non-akademik merupakan amanahnya untuk meningkatkan kualitas kehidupan bangsa. Inspirasi Diary dimanfaatkan untuk menginternalisasi pendidikan karakter pada siswa. Desain inspirasi diary adalah pembukuan uang saku siswa dan rencana pengembangan diri dan di evaluasi oleh guru. Adanya pembukuan mengenai uang saku maka peseta didik akan mengenal pendidikan cara mempertanggung jawabkan keuangan orang tua, kasih sayang terhadap orang tua, disiplin, tanggung jawab sikap hemat dan saling menghormati dan lain-lain. National Education System in Indonesia aims at developing a student' potentials in order to become a human being who is faithful and devoted to God Almighty, noble, healthy, knowledgeable, skilled, creative, and independent. Furthermore, he is also expected to be a democratic and responsible citizen. However, the reality shows that social conditions and society cultures these days arealarming. Our society is facing a crisis of chronic. Moreover, positive behavior is replaced by the negative behavior that tends to be destructive. Character is one of national education goals. Character education is becoming increasingly urgent to be applied in our educational institutions. Character must be built and developed.Learning Accounting does not only focuson math, but also onhaving rational character, honesty, objectiveness, self-control, progressiveness,open minded to various opinions, exploratory minded, and dilligence. Therefore, an inspring diary needs to be applied for internalizing the character education. The design of inspiring diary is about bookkeeping for students' pocket money and a plan for developing students' potentials which are evaluated by teachers. It aims for giving lessons to the students about responsibility, love, discipline, trhiftiness, and having respect to the others

Abstract: The Act Number 32, 2004 regarding Local Governance and the Government Regulation Number 72, 2005 regarding the Village are both mentioning that the revenue from regional tax is a source of village revenue. There is the fact that what has been mandated in the rule has not been conducted well by Sabang Municipality Government. Apart from that, it is also caused by the lack of legislative members' understanding regarding the sources of its revenue or implementation mechanism of its distribution for a village with amount of 10 %. The hierarchy theory called as stufenbau theory states that legal norms are arranged in hierarchical patterns. A norm that is lower is implemented and based on a higher norm, and the higher norm is implemented and based on the much higher norm. Lower rules should not be against the higher one, it is known as the principle of lex superior derogat legi in feriori. Qanun Number 5, 2010 regarding Gampong Governance of Sabang does not include the tax division for revenue of a village is against higher rules, hence it can be appealed through judicial review to the Supreme Court of Republic Indonesia. Keywords: For results, Village, Autonomy, Authority, Source of Revenue Village and Implementation. Abstrak: Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 Tentang Pemerintahan Daerah dan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 72 tahun 2005 Tentang Desa sama-sama menyebutkan bahwa bagi hasil pajak daerah Kabupaten/Kota merupakan salah satu sumber pendapatan desa. Dalam kenyataannya apa yang sudah diamanahkan dalam peraturan tersebut tidak dilaksanakan oleh Pemerintah Kota Sabang. Faktor tidak dimasukkannya bagi hasil pajak daerah sebagai sumber pendapatan gampong, karena Pemerintah Gampong belum siap dalam mengelola keuangan gampong, karena masih dari tahap peralihan kelurahan menjadi gampong. Disamping itu juga dipengaruhi kurangnya pemahaman para legislator tentang sumber pendapatan gampong maupun mekanisme implementasi bagi hasil pajak daerah yang diperuntukkan untuk gampong sebesar 10 %. Teori hierarki norma (stufenbau theory) bahwa norma hukum itu berjenjang dalam suatu tata susunan hierarki. Suatu norma yang lebih rendah berlaku dan bersumber atas dasar norma yang lebih tinggi, dan norma yang lebih tinggi itu, berlaku dan bersumber kepada norma yang lebih tinggi lagi. Peraturan yang lebih rendah tidak boleh bertentangan dengan peraturan yang lebih tinggi, dikenal dengan asas lex superior derogat legi in feriori. Qanun Kota Sabang Nomor 5 Tahun 2010 tentang Pemerintahan Gampong yang tidak memasukkan bagi hasil pajak daerah menjadi salah satu sumber pendapatan gampong bertolak belakang dengan peraturan yang diatasnya, sehingga dapat dilakukan judicial review ke Mahkamah Agung. Kata Kunci : Bagi Hasil, Gampong, Otonomi, Kewenangan, Sumber Pendapatan Gampong dan Implementasi.

ABSTRAK. Jalur pedestrian sudah seharusnya dapat menjadi fasilitas yang baik yang disediakan baik oleh pemerintah maupun lembaga swasta sebagai fasilitas untuk pejalan kaki. Kebutuhan fasilitas pejalan kaki sebagai ruang terbuka publik juga meningkat karena adanya penyesuaian gaya hidup dan standar hidup bagi masyarakat Indonesia pada umumnya dan masyarakat Jakarta khususnya. Daerah jalur pejalan kaki memiliki banyak fungsi, salah satu fungsi mereka baik sebagai fasilitas untuk pejalan kaki, juga sebagai ruang terbuka untuk berbagai aktifitas diantaranya aktifitas social dan juga aktifitas lainnya. Sebuah jarak dari tempat tinggal ke tempat kerja harus direncanakan dan dirancang sebagai akses yang mudah dan dapat dicapai dengan berjalan kaki. Hal ini menjadi latar belakang mengapa konsep pedestrian penting untuk diterapkan dalam wilayah publik seperti area kampus. Namun pada kenyataannya jalur pedestrian yang ada masih jauh dari optimal dalam hal perencanaan, desain atau penggunaannya. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penerapan konsep pedestrianisasi dalam area kampus sebagai ruang terbuka bagi komunitas kampus baik untuk memfasilitasi kebutuhan sosial juga untuk beraktifitas di dalamnya. Sebagai fakta terlihat bahwa jumlah arus pejalan kaki dalam waktu area kampus cukup tinggi. Perlunya kegiatan bersosialisasi antara mahasiswa dan lain-lain sangat penting. Metode deskriptif serta metode studi banding telah dipilih sebagai metodologi penelitian. Kata kunci: jalur pedestrian, ruang terbuka, area kampus ABSTRACT. A pedestrian line should be a good facility provided either by government or private institutions as a tool for pedestrians. The need for pedestrian facilities as public open spaces have also increased due to an adjustment of lifestyle and standard of living for Indonesian community generally and Jakarta's community particularly. Pedestrian areas have many functions, one of their functions either as a tool for pedestrians, also as a space for social need for many people. A distance from residence to work place should be planned and designed as an easy access and can be reached by walking distance. This is become a background why the concept of pedestrian is important to be applied within public area such as campus area. But in fact the existing pedestrian path is far from optimal in terms of planning, design or use. This paper is aimed to analyse the application of pedestrianization concept within campus area as a public space for social need. As the fact showed that number of pedestrian's flow within campus area is quite high. The need for socialization's activity between students and others is significant as well. Descriptive method as well as comparative studies method have been chosen as a methodology of the research. Keywords: pedestrian line, open space, campus area

In recent decades we have seen an increase in peace processes aimed at solving armed conflicts through peaceful means. The often fragile characteristics of such processes and the settlements that they produce underline the essential importance of improving our understanding of the dynamics at play in transitions from war to peace. This thesis aims to contribute to this overarching objective by analysing ceasefire agreements in relation to peace processes in two protracted intrastate armed conflicts: Aceh, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka. In the scholarly literature, ceasefire agreements are often assumed to create momentum due to their ability to pave the way to a peaceful solution. At the same time, it has also been suggested that ceasefires can influence conflict dynamics in negative ways. Although there are many unanswered questions about ceasefire agreements in contemporary peace processes, few studies have been devoted to systematic and in-depth analysis of how ceasefire agreements can be characterized and analysed in relation to peace processes in protracted intrastate conflicts. This thesis, which is based on written documents and on interviews conducted during four research trips to the region, contributes to filling this research gap by presenting comparative case studies of Aceh and Sri Lanka. The point of departure in the study is a process-oriented, conflict dynamics approach and a view that war-to-peace transitions require changes in the conflicting parties' attitudes, behaviours and relationships. I analyse and compare ceasefire agreements by looking at their initiation, form and content, and by examining their implementation and the unfolding of the processes. I identify six key factors in the literature that can influence the conflicting parties' attitudes, behaviours and relationships. I then use these factors to analyse ceasefire agreements in relation to the dynamics of the broader peace processes. In this thesis I show how these key factors – including issues of recognition, trust, whether the parties' claims are met, international involvement, contextual changes and intra-party dynamics – have mattered. I also show that context is important for understanding how and why they have mattered. The results suggest that ceasefire agreements can facilitate war-topeace transitions; however, it also illuminates challenges and the risk that such agreements can be counter-productive in the context of intrastate conflicts. The study also shows that ceasefire agreements have a historical legacy, as illustrated by their impact on subsequent interactions and agreements, and it underlines the symbolic politics of ceasefires in asymmetrical intrastate conflicts. The thesis ends with a number of propositions, among others that ceasefire agreements tend to become more comprehensive over time and that power struggles and developments within the conflicting parties are important for understanding ceasefire agreements in relation to contemporary peace processes.

Background: Since Indonesia suffered monetary crisis, the government program was Social Safeguard Net Program in the field of healthy for pregnant woman through Pemberian Makanan Tambahan Pemulihan (PMTP) program. Target of PMTP program is the chronic energy deficiency (CEO) of pregnant woman. The problem of PMTP program is not readiness of the family, which obtain PMTP program. However, pregnancy is not only woman responsibility, but also family responsibility especially the husband. Objective: The objective of research is to know the role of husband in order to overcome the CED of pregnant woman and to find some factors that affect the role of husband in order to overcome the CEO of pregnant woman. Methods: Research sample is the husband of pregnant woman, who suffered the CED in Puskesmas Salaman 1, Kecamatan Salaman, Kabupaten Magelang, Central Java. Research instrument is questionnaire to know knowledge, attitude, and action of the husband. Data collection method is to interview the husband and direct measurement of height, weight, and upper arm s circle of pregnant woman. Knowledge of husband is scored 1 (right) and 0 (wrong). Attitude of husband is scored 4 (very agree), 3 (agree), 2 (disagree) and 1 (very disagree). Action of husband is analyzed descriptively. Correlation and regression analysis with SPSS version 10 and SPS 2000 program are used to analysis data. Results and conclusion: The role of husband in order to overcome the CED of pregnant woman is shown by knowledge, attitude, and action. Knowledge of husband consist good knowledge 2.86%, intermediate knowledge 77.14% and bad knowledge 20.00%. Attitude of husband consist good attitude 97.14%, bad attitude 2.86% and intermediate attitude 0%. Actions of husband are example to deliver pregnancy checking; to care during pregnancy; to suggest consuming nutritious food; to control during eating; to suggest taking medicine; to follow PMTP program; to prepare baby needs; and to help home works. Age of marriage, education level and kind of work have significant correlation with the knowledge of husband. Age of husband, age of marriage, education level and kind of work have significant correlation with attitude of husband. Knowledge and attitude of husband have significant correlation. Education level, age of marriage, kind of work, age of husband, number of life child and number of birth give lower effective contribution toward the knowledge of husband. Education level, age of marriage, kind of work, number of life child, number of birth and age of husband give lower effective contribution toward the attitude of husband. Keywords: husband, chronic energy deficiency, pregnant woman

For Asian developing countries it is of great importance to create a good investment climate for the private sector, in particular for direct investors and commercial debt financiers. However, for many of them it remains quite a challenge under current market circumstances (e.g., the EU sovereign debt crisis and new Basel III solvency regulations) to find commercial lenders willing to provide medium and long term (MLT) debt financing for infrastructure projects, which are often projects with relatively high political risks. Commercial banks use various risk mitigation techniques and instruments to secure their MLT financing. The most commonly used instruments are credit and political risk guarantees, but there also some other credit enhancement products available. It is strategically important that governments are aware of the importance of these credit enhancement products (CEPs) and how they are used in both public and private sectors infrastructure projects. Without adequate CEPs, many infrastructure projects will not be able to attract commercial finance or the financing will be too expensive. Among government officials in developing member countries (DMCs), there appears to be insufficient knowledge about and experience with such risk mitigation instruments, including those provided by ADB. To attract sufficient financing for current and future infrastructure projects, officials involved in financing infrastructure should have a good knowledge of the financing needs, the risks related to projects, and the possible financing sources and instruments like CEPs that can be used to mitigate risks. In December 2008, the President of ADB approved the provision of technical assistance in the form of CEPs workshops for government officials in DMCs. Under this technical assistance program, workshops on CEPs were given in eight member countries (in chronological order): Mongolia (October 2009), the People's Republic of China (October 2009), Indonesia (November 2009), Viet Nam (December 2009), Cambodia (February 2010), Papua New Guinea (March 2010), the Philippines (March 2010), and Sri Lanka (July 2010). The CEPs workshops in eight ADB member countries were attended by 424 government officials. Their feedback, comprehensively described in the report of consultants of August 2011,6 showed that the workshops were highly successful. This led to the decision to extend the program to another three ADB member countries. Based on the experience with and feedback obtained in previous workshops, it was furthermore decided to extend the workshop for middle management and infrastructure (finance) specialists from 2 to 2.5 days. This would allow for more in-depth discussions with participants and an exchange of views on the basis of various case studies. In addition, it was decided to design a special half-day workshop for senior executive government officials in which all issues would be discussed at a more strategic level.

For Asian developing countries it is of great importance to create a good investment climate for the private sector, in particular for direct investors and commercial debt financiers. However, for many of them it remains quite a challenge under current market circumstances (e.g., the EU sovereign debt crisis and new Basel III solvency regulations) to find commercial lenders willing to provide medium and long term (MLT) debt financing for infrastructure projects, which are often projects with relatively high political risks. Commercial banks use various risk mitigation techniques and instruments to secure their MLT financing. The most commonly used instruments are credit and political risk guarantees, but there also some other credit enhancement products available. It is strategically important that governments are aware of the importance of these credit enhancement products (CEPs) and how they are used in both public and private sectors infrastructure projects. Without adequate CEPs, many infrastructure projects will not be able to attract commercial finance or the financing will be too expensive. Among government officials in developing member countries (DMCs), there appears to be insufficient knowledge about and experience with such risk mitigation instruments, including those provided by ADB. To attract sufficient financing for current and future infrastructure projects, officials involved in financing infrastructure should have a good knowledge of the financing needs, the risks related to projects, and the possible financing sources and instruments like CEPs that can be used to mitigate risks. In December 2008, the President of ADB approved the provision of technical assistance in the form of CEPs workshops for government officials in DMCs. Under this technical assistance program, workshops on CEPs were given in eight member countries (in chronological order): Mongolia (October 2009), the People's Republic of China (October 2009), Indonesia (November 2009), Viet Nam (December 2009), Cambodia (February 2010), Papua New Guinea (March 2010), the Philippines (March 2010), and Sri Lanka (July 2010). The CEPs workshops in eight ADB member countries were attended by 424 government officials. Their feedback, comprehensively described in the report of consultants of August 2011,6 showed that the workshops were highly successful. This led to the decision to extend the program to another three ADB member countries. Based on the experience with and feedback obtained in previous workshops, it was furthermore decided to extend the workshop for middle management and infrastructure (finance) specialists from 2 to 2.5 days. This would allow for more in-depth discussions with participants and an exchange of views on the basis of various case studies. In addition, it was decided to design a special half-day workshop for senior executive government officials in which all issues would be discussed at a more strategic level.