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Electric vehicles can play an important role in a future sustainable road transport system and many Swedish politicians would like to see them implemented faster. This is likely desirable to reach the target of a fossil independent vehicle fleet in Sweden by 2030 and a greenhouse gas neutral Swedish society no later than 2050. However, to reach both these targets, and certainly to support the full scope of sustainability, it is important to consider the whole life-cycle of the vehicles and also the interaction between the transport sector and other sectors. So far, there are no plans for transitions towards a sustainable transport system applying a sufficiently wide systems perspective, in Sweden or elsewhere. This implies a great risk for sub-optimizations. The overall aim of this work is to elaborate methodological support for development of sustainable personal road transport systems that is informed by a strategic sustainable development perspective. The Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development (FSSD) is used as a foundation for the work to ensure a sufficiently wide systems perspective and coordinated collaboration across disciplines and sectors, both in the research and application. Maxwell's Qualitative Research Design and the Design Research Methodology are used as overall guides for the research approach. Specific research methods and techniques include literature studies, action research seminars, interviews, and measurements of energy use, costs, and noise. Moreover, a case study on the conditions for a breakthrough for vehicles in southeast Sweden has been used as a test and development platform. Specific results include a preliminary vision for electrical vehicles in southeast Sweden, framed by the principled sustainability definition of the FSSD, an assessment of the current reality in relation to that vision, and proposed solutions to bridge the gap, organized into a preliminary roadmap. The studies show that electric vehicles have several sustainability advantages even when their whole life-cycle is considered, provided that they are charged with electricity from new renewable sources. Electrical vehicles also imply a low total cost of ownership and could promote new local 'green jobs' under certain conditions. Particularly promising results are seen for electric buses in public transport. As a general result, partly based on the experiences from the specific case, a generic community planning process model is proposed and its usefulness for sustainable transport system development is discussed. The strategic sustainable development perspective of this thesis broadens the analysis beyond the more common focus on climate change issues and reduces the risk of sub-optimizations in community and transport system development. The generic support for multi-stakeholder collaboration could potentially also promote a more participatory democratic approach to community development, grounded in a scientific foundation. Future research will explore specific decision support systems for sustainable transport development based on the generic planning process model. ; GreenCharge

Colombia is one of the largest producers of gold in Latin America and it has recently increased its production, especially in the Departments of Antioquia, Chocó, Bolívar and Córdoba, which in 2014 produced 90% of Colombia's gold. Most of this production comes from artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM). Parallel with this boost in production, there is concern about the health of rivers, since many local mines discharge untreated waters and tailings directly to waterways. This situation has awakened awareness in the communities of Colombia. Water is essential to carry out daily activities and for their society and economy. This article review displays three current challenges in Colombia that have been identified with local government, universities, environmental authorities, consultants and mining industry. These challenges are: water pollution; aquifer protection; and changes in natural sedimentation in rivers. Based on previous work done in the region, this paper suggests new research directions to create opportunities for more sustainable practices. In particular, this paper identifies the opportunity to implement a series of practices to manage water and tailings at informal mining sites. The paper also highlights the importance of engaging communities, informal and formal miners, government and researchers in order to create consciousness of the importance of water in Colombia. This is an opportunity to create discussions that help miners to manage water and tailings, adapting these practices to their specific needs and through simple technologies. ; Colombia es uno de los mayores productores de oro en América Latina, y recientemente ha aumentado su producción, especialmente en los departamentos de Antioquia, Chocó, Bolívar y Córdoba, los cuales en 2014 tuvieron una participación del 90% en la producción total de oro del país. La mayor parte de esta producción proviene de la Minería Aurífera Artesanal y de Pequeña Escala (ASGM, por sus siglas en ingles). Simultáneamente a este aumento en la producción, existe una preocupación por la contaminación que se genera sobre los recursos hídricos del país, debido a que la mayoría de minas artesanales e informales arrojan los relaves o desechos del proceso de recuperación de oro a los afluentes hídricos sin recibir ningún tipo de tratamiento previo. Esta situación ha despertado preocupación en las comunidades cuya economía se ha visto afectada, pues el agua que proviene de los ríos no solo es utilizada para satisfacer sus necesidades, sino también en la agricultura para el riego de los cultivos. En este trabajo se exponen tres desafíos actuales que posee el país frente a la utilización del agua en la mineria de oro tradicional, estos retos fueron identificados gracias a la colaboración del gobierno local, entes académicos, las autoridades ambientales, consultores y la industria minera. Estos desafíos son: la contaminación de los ríos producto de los desechos o relaves de la mineria artesanal de oro, la protección de de los acuíferos y los

Results of a search for new phenomena in events with an energetic photon and large missing transverse momentum with the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider are reported. The data were collected in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of- mass energy of 13TeV and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 3.2 fb(-1). The observed data are in agreement with the Standard Model expectations. Exclusion limits are presented in models of new phenomena including pair production of dark matter candidates or large extra spatial dimensions. In a simplified model of dark matter and an axial-vector mediator, the search excludes mediator masses below 710 GeV for dark matter candidate masses below 150 GeV. In an effective theory of dark matter production, values of the suppression scale M-* up to 570 GeV are excluded and the effect of truncation for various coupling values is reported. For the ADD large extra spatial dimension model the search places more stringent limits than earlier searches in the same event topology, excluding M-D up to about 2.3 (2.8) TeV for two (six) additional spatial dimensions; the limits are reduced by 20 40% depending on the number of additional spatial dimensions when applying a truncation procedure. ; ATLAS Collaboration, for complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/JHEP06(2016)059 Funding: We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, CANARIE, CRC, Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, Region Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom.

Los aspectos técnicos, políticos y administrativos del Ordenamiento Territorial Rural (OTR) están estrechamente enlazados, y difícilmente se pueden tratar de forma aislada. Incorporar a la Ciencia y a los científicos en el proceso de OTR permite mejorar algunos factores que definen la calidad del proceso (e.g., acceso a la información, percepción de los problemas, etc.), pero no otros (e.g., disputas de valores e intereses o asimetrías de poder). En su condición de conocimiento sistematizado, la Ciencia aporta un "banco de conocimientos" indispensable. A su vez, puede jugar otro papel clave al ofrecer esquemas de pensamiento y acción, en los cuales los criterios de verdad se asocian a evidencias empíricas y lógicas y no al principio de autoridad o al pensamiento mágico. La sociedad y el Sistema de Ciencia y Tecnología (SCyT) deberían identificar los casos en los que la participación es crítica y se requiere superar debates poco informados. La participación de la Ciencia y los científicos es clave cuando se debe disminuir la incertidumbre asociada a la toma de decisiones. Por su parte, se debería evitar la situación, menos reconocida, de forzar la incorporación del SCyT cuando no corresponde. La participación de los científicos tiene que ocurrir en colaboración estrecha con otros actores del proceso. No obstante, su participación en los procesos de OTR enfrenta muchos desafíos y problemas. Una lista no exhaustiva incluye los conflictos de interés, el reduccionismo y la consecución de la inter / trans / multidisplinariedad. ; The technical, political and administrative aspects of Rural Land Planning are closely linked and hardly can be treated in isolation. To incorporate science and scientists in land planning improves some factors that define the quality of the process (e.g. access to information, perception of problems, etc.) but not others (disputes on values and interests or power asymmetries). Science incorporates, as systematized knowledge, an indispensable "knowledge bank". In turn, Science can play another key role in providing patterns of thought and action in which the criteria of truth are associated with empirical and logical evidence and not to the principle of authority or magical thinking. Society and the System of Science and Technology (SCyT) should identify those cases where participation is critical to avoid uninformed debates. The involvement of Science and scientists is important when you have to reduce the uncertainty associated with decision making. Should be avoided, meanwhile, the least recognized situation to force the participation of the SCyT in the cases of disputes over interests and values. In such situations its participation becomes unnecessary and possibly counterproductive. The participation of scientists has to happen in close collaboration with other stakeholders. The participation of the SCyT in the land planning processes faces, however, many challenges and problems. A non-exhaustive list includes conflicts of interest, reductionism and the possibility to achieve inter / trans / multidisplinarity.

Something entirely fictions and true, that creeps across your path hallowing your evil ways. –Amiri Baraka My art is an investigation of my cultural identity through the exploration of power as it relates to social stratification. My desire is to create art pieces that serve as a backdrop for a mythology on which I question the ecology of low income communities of color and their relation with other social classes as well as the perception of the people within those communities. My work is heavily influenced by sci-fi literature such as Brave New World and Fahrenheit 451. I believe themes in science fiction are analogous to the contemporary Black experience in America. Being the descendants of a people who were stolen from their home- taken to a new distant world and over generations evolved to survive their extreme circumstances. Therefore, I have created a world of mythical beings in a number of different mediums that personify the complexity within hierarchies of power in everyday life. These entities which are hybrids of appropriated 19th century animal illustrations, objects within my and environment and my hand drawn figures from contemporary Black culture, are in the vein of the Dadaist, who appropriated and recontexualized images from society in order to make "anti-art". Namely Hans Arp, who considered the destruction of "signs" as a subversive act. The signs I'm interested in are the tropes associated with the Black body within the American psyche. These entities are inspired by personal experiences from a rural working class, upbringing, in Red Springs, North Carolina, such as seeing childhood friends mutate into drug dealers then disappear into the streets. I am creating a mythology for my hometown in these gods and goddesses that are the personification of a psychology that is a result of one's particular placement within the social ladder. Inspired by Amiri Baraka poem "Something in the Way of Things", these beings live in the intangible spaces that exist between the nuances of class and race. They are both born of and perpetuate the actions and thought processes due to social reproduction. Within my paintings and collages, we have these mythical beings interacting with each other to suggest a narrative. They exist in an abstracted purgatory. The deities themselves are collages of signifiers of contemporary Blackness and tradition western colonial motifs. In my installations, the use of a found objects such as shovels, sheet-rock and tires can signify the industries of agriculture, construction and factory labor that are specific to my memories of Red Springs. These utilitarian objects are placed with the wheat-pasted figures along walls. Wheat-paste which has a history of being a lost cost method of political activism that communicates a particular ideology to a large number of people. The deities enchant and interact with the 3 dimensional objects, activating them in way that speaks to socioeconomic conditions of a specific geographic region.

Based on the study of daily interactions between Katangese and Kasaians, in the aftermath of the mass violence committed against the non-native Kasaians in the early 1990s, the dissertation shows that in their face-to-face interactions (Goffman), Katangese and Kasaians used practices of coexistence based on avoidance, silence, and self-censorship. Silence on the past violence and on political topics that can be interpreted with regard to the conflict between the two communities has indeed became an interactional norm of peaceful coexistence, unlike the injunction of NGOs specialized in the 'bottom-up' pacification to set up a dialogue that is deemed to foster a mutual understanding. The dissertation also shows that specific political or socio-economic contexts lead to 'crisis situations' (Dobry; Vidal). These crisis situations result in the polarization of collective identities: Katangese and Kasaians are viewed only by their ethno-regional origins. The expectations about interaction situations are made more difficult, because of the "structural uncertainty" that characterizes 'crisis situations'; and the routine practices of coexistence based on self-censorship and avoidance tend to disappear. From these findings, the dissertation questions the moral injunctions in favor of reconciliation and dialogue, which are at the heart of the theories and practices of 'bottom-up' pacification, and even the eventuality of a "bottom-up" reconciliation spreading step by step a 'culture of peace', which would eventually permeate society as a whole. ; A partir de l'étude des interactions quotidiennes entre Katangais et Kasaïens, après les violences de masse perpétrées contre les Kasaïens « non originaires» au début des années 1990, la thèse montre que les Katangais et les Kasaïens mettent en œuvre, dans le cadre de leurs interactions en face-à-face (Goffman), des pratiques de coexistence fondées sur l'évitement, le silence et les non-dits. Le silence sur les violences passées et l'évitement des sujets politiques interprétables en fonction du conflit entre les deux communautés constituent en fait une norme interactionnelle de coexistence pacifique, à rebours de l'injonction au dialogue et à la compréhension mutuelle, qui est au cœur des pratiques des ONG de pacification « par le bas». La thèse montre également que dans certains contextes politiques ou socio-économiques macros constituant des situations de crise (Dobry ; Vidal), se produit un phénomène de polarisation des identités collectives : les Katangais et les Kasaïens ne sont alors plus perçus que par rapport à leur origine ethno-régionale. L'anticipation du déroulement des situations d'interaction devient plus difficile, du fait de I' « incertitude structurelle» qui caractérise ces situations de crise; et les pratiques routinisées de coexistence fondées sur l'autocensure et l'évitement tendent à diminuer. A partir de ces conclusions, la thèse interroge les injonctions morales à la réconciliation et au dialogue, qui sont à l'œuvre dans les théories et pratiques de pacification «par le bas», et la possibilité même d'une réconciliation «par le bas», diffusant de proche en proche une « culture de la paix » qui finirait par imprégner toute une société.

Процессы модернизация и трансформации, происходящие в экономической сфере китайского общества в последние десятилетия XX начале XXI в., оказали влияние на все сферы жизнедеятельности, в том числе и на традиционную культуру. Сегодня ни у кого не вызывает сомнения тот факт, что традиционная культура в первоначальном варианте практически нигде не существует, исключение может составлять культура народа, живущего в трудно доступной по природным условиям территории. На трансформацию культурных ценностей, появление вне-региональных, вне-этнических культурных форм, безусловно, оказывает влияние глобализация, затронувшая не только экономику, политику, но и культуру. На изменение традиционной культуры, её форм влияют и технологии овладения окружающей средой, активное вмешательство человека в природу. Разрушая природу, человек разрушает себя, свою культуру, ведь он взаимодействует с природой не только в процессе экономической деятельности, но и культурной. Актуальность исследования сохранения степной культуры Хулунбуирской степи в цивилизационно-историческом и современном аспектах обусловлена как объективными, так и субъективными факторами, именно: деградация степной экосистемы как условия, детерминирующего динамику культуры степных народов; антропогенная трансформации природы в процессе её активного использования для получения максимальной экономической выгоды; происходящие, под влиянием этих процессов изменения традиционного уклада представителей степной культуры; ухудшение качества жизни степняков Хулунбуирской степи. В последние годы в научной литературе появились работы, исследующие различные аспекты сохранения традиционной культуры, основные тенденции её развития, роль и место в истории цивилизации. ; The processes of modernization and transformation taking place in the economic sphere of the Chinese society in the late decades of the 20th beginning of the 21st century have had an impact on all spheres of life, including the traditional culture. No one doubts that the traditional culture in its original version exists almost nowhere today; an exception may be the culture of people living in difficult environmental conditions. Transformation of cultural values, appearance of out-of-regional, extra-ethnic cultural forms are certainly influenced by globalization, which has affected not only the economy and politics but also culture. Change in the traditional culture and its forms is also affected by the technology of mastering the surrounding environment and active human intervention in nature. Destroying nature, man destroys himself, his culture, because it interacts with nature in the course of not only economic activity but also cultural one. Topicality of the study of Hulunbuir steppe culture in civilization-historical and contemporary aspects is caused by both objective and subjective factors, such as degradation of the steppe ecosystem as the condition that determines the dynamics of the steppe peoples' culture; anthropogenic transformation of nature in the process of active use in order to maximize economic benefits; change in the traditional way of the representatives of the steppe culture taking place under the influence of these processes; life quality deterioration of Hulunbuir steppe inhabitants. In recent years, there have been scientific works studying various aspects of preservation of traditional culture, the main trends of its development, the role and place in the history of civilization.

В статье прослеживается предсказательный потенциал концепции цикличного развития культуры О. Шпенглера («Закат Европы», 1918) в отношении современной динамики западной культуры, ее связей с русской культурой и влияния на глобальные процессы.По Шпенглеру, любая культура замкнута на себя, имеет свою «душу» и «говорит на своем языке». Для создания из отдельных индивидов народа нужна внутренняя форма данной культуры, некий «душевный принцип», которым обладают все сословия. В современной западной культуре соединились в один клубок цивилизационные (стремление к воле к власти и пространственная экспансия), экономические (капитализм) и политические (идеология либерализма) причины.В отличие от экспансивной и властной западной культуры душа русской культуры, по Шпенглеру, равнинна и безвольна, а русская воля это «свобода от чего-то». «Душевный принцип» русской цивилизации заключить мир в братский союз противостоит западному «не-свое» надо подчинить, завоевывая. Давление одной культуры на другую, навязывание чуждых ценностей и традиций провоцирует переломный момент в истории покоряемой культуры: преодолевая антинациональные элементы, она крепнет; покоряясь, становится псевдоморфозом, жалкой копией довлеющей культуры.Последняя стадия «дряхления» культуры техногенная цивилизация, которой достигла современная Европа, грозит «закатом» не только ей самой, но и всему миру, потому что экспансия и агрессивность Запада вовлекли в его орбиту народы всей планеты, ставшей территорией глобальной неоколонии. ; The article examines the predictive capability of cyclic development of culture as a concept advanced by Oswald Spengler in his Decline of the West (1918). This capability is tested against the contemporary dynamics of Western culture, its contact with Russian culture and the impact it has on global processes. Every culture, according to Spengler, is self-contained, endowed with its own soul and speaks its own language. To make a people from individuals an internal form, or soul principle, is needed, something which have all the estates in the society possess. Contemporary culture of the West weaves together its civilizational causes (will for power and spatial expansion), economic (capitalism) and political (liberal ideology) causes. Unlike the expansionist and power-hungry Western culture, the soul of the Russian culture, according to Spengler, is akin to the Russian plains and devoid of will. The Russian version of freedom (volya) is a freedom from something. The soul principle of Russian civilization is to embrace the world like a brother. This brotherly union stands in contrast to the Western principle of subjugation and conquest. As one culture exerts pressure on another, imposing alien values and traditions onto it, a crucial stage begins in the history of the nation being subdued. If it manages to overcome antinational elements, it grows stronger; otherwise it becomes a pseudomorphic, weak copy of the dominating culture. Contemporary Europe has achieved the final stage of cultural aging a technogenic civilization. It threatens with decline of both Europe and the world as the expansion and aggression of the West have drawn all the peoples of the world into its orbit and made the planet a global neo-colony.

Полиция является важнейшим институтом подержания правопорядка и безопасности в стране. Работа в полиции сопряжена с повышенным риском, ответственностью и высокими требованиями к выполняемым функциям со стороны общества и государства. Развитие страны детерминирует постоянное совершенствование полиции как института, с чем связаны последние реформы полиции во многих странах с переходной экономикой. Одной из основных составляющих этих реформ является заработная плата полицейских. К сожалению, полиция это закрытая группа, крайне редко представленная в опросах общественного мнения и обследованиях домохозяйств. Как именно происходит формирование заработной платы в полиции и есть ли различия в заработках полицейских в разных странах? Данная статья как раз посвящена анализу механизма формирования заработной платы полицейских и выявлению её детерминант в странах бывшего СССР (Россия, Казахстан) и Восточной Европы (Болгария и Латвия). Эмпирическая часть исследования базируется на уникальных данных опросов полицейских, выполненных по единой методологии, выборка составляет 1854 респондента. В 2012 г. самая высокая в среднем оплата труда в полиции в среднем наблюдалась в Болгарии (1428 дол. США), а самая низкая в Казахстане (595 дол. США). Как показал регрессионный анализ заработной платы полицейских в четырёх рассматриваемых странах, оплата труда в полиции определяется образованием, стажем, подразделением и принадлежностью к руководящему составу, при этом исследуемые страны отличаются по набору влияющих факторов. Так, наличие высшего образования в Болгарии увеличивает заработную плату полицейского на 27%, тогда как в других странах влияние этого фактора незначимо. А в России самый сильный эффект на размер оплаты труда оказывает руководящая должность: руководители получают на 55% больше рядовых сотрудников. ; The police force is the crucial pillar of safety and order in a country.Work in the police is considered to be risky, highly demanding, andvery responsible. Both government and society expect excellent workfrom police officers. A country's development defines the developmentof its institutions, including the police, which is why many transitioneconomies went through police reforms recently. One of the reforms'targets was the wage of police officers. Unfortunately, the police forceis a very closed social group and can rarely be identified in householdsurveys, so information is scarce. However, it is very important to knowand understand how wages are determined in the police force and ifthere are any differences among countries with transition economies.How much do the wages vary inside the police? This paper is aimed atanalyzing the wage formation mechanism in Post-Soviet countries likeKazakhstan and Russia and in Eastern European countries like Bulgariaand Latvia. In 2012, the highest average monthly wage was to be foundin Bulgaria ($1,428) and the lowest was in Kazakhstan ($595). A regressionanalysis on the collected data from police officers' interviews(with a sample size of 1,854 policemen) showed that education, tenure,department, and rank determined police wages but also that the factorsdiffered from country to country. Education is the crucial factor in Bulgariaand increases wages by 27%, while in other countries education has no effect on police wages. In Russia,the most significant influence on wages is rank. The higher-ranked police officers receive up to 55% more thanlower-ranked officers do.

В настоящей статье рассматриваются перспективы развития теории экономической безопасности в качестве методологической основы решения проблемы устойчивости социально-экономических систем на современном этапе, характеризующимся бифуркацией систем в результате системного кризиса мирового глобального хозяйства. Рассматривая влияние этических принципов хозяйственной деятельности в капиталистической экономике со второй половине XX в., автор заключает, что социальная ответственность представляет собой только форму развития капиталистических отношений на их определенном этапе трансформации в систему глобального капитализма. Вырождение рыночных институтов капиталистической системы и угроза инволюции общества ставят на повестку дня не только вопрос о соотношении плана и рынка, но и о критериях эффективности экономических систем. Основные положения парадигмы устойчивости социально-экономических систем состоят в следующем: 1) идеологические, экономические и политические институты взаимообусловлены, и идеология влияет на принятие экономических и политических решений; 2) необходимость обеспечения устойчивого поступательного развития социально-экономических систем формирует идеологию новой, негедонической нормальности, в которой финансы уже не играют определяющей роли в развитии систем; новая нормальность, основанная на критерии безопасности, диктует такой тип экономического поведения, при котором обеспечивается гомеостазис национальной экономики, то есть ее относительно устойчивое, динамичное развитие и способность сохранять свою структурно-функциональную целостность посредством нивелирования внутренних и внешних угроз; 3) экономическая безопасность выступает интегрированной общественной потребностью, связывающей воедино безопасность государства, корпорации и личности. ; In the present article the author considered prospects of development of the theory of economic security as a methodological basis of a solution of the problem of stability of social and economic systems at the present stage, characterized by bifurcation of systems as a result of system crisis of world global economy. Considering influence of ethical principles of economic activity in capitalist economy with the second half of the XX century, the author concludes that social responsibility represents only a form of development of the capitalist relations at their certain stage of transformation in system of global capitalism. Degeneration of market institutes of capitalist system and threat of involution of society don't only raise on the agenda the question of a ratio of the plan and the market, but also of criteria of efficiency of economic systems. Basic provisions of a paradigm of stability of social and economic systems are: 1) ideological, economic and political institutes are interdependent, and the ideology influences adoption of economic and political decisions; 2) need of ensuring sustainable forward development of social and economic systems forms ideology of a new, non-hedonic normality in which finance doesn't play the defining role in development of systems any more; the new normality based on criterion of safety dictates such type of economic behavior at which it is provided homeostasis of national economy, that is its rather sustainable, dynamic development and ability to keep the structurally functional integrity by means of leveling of internal and external threats; 3) economic security acts as the integrated public requirement connecting together safety of the state, corporation and personality.

В статье описаны результаты анализа официальности как одного из организующих начал текстовой деятельности в сфере официально-деловой письменной коммуникации. Первая часть статьи представляет собой осмысление категориального статуса официальности на коммуникативно-речевом (как коммуникативной категории) и текстовом (как текстовой категории) уровнях. В качестве сущностных признаков данного понятия определены: реализация регулятивной функции в пространстве институционального дискурса; выражение социально-статусных отношений; законодательно-правовое и нормативно-методическое обеспечение стратегий и тактик речевого поведения; наличие разнообразных специализированных средств выражения. Во второй части работы в соответствии с полевым принципом описана система средств выражения категории официальности, включающая вербальные (разноуровневые языковые и коммуникативно-речевые) и паравербальные единицы официального функционирования языка, которые употребляются в целях придания социальной значимости речевому произведению, исходящему из административных, государственных органов, а также от лиц, наделенных служебными полномочиями, и направленному на регулирование общественных, производственных отношений, и коррелируют с интраи экстралингвистическими нормами создания и функционирования официального текста. Эти единицы получают в работе терминологическое обозначение «единицы официального функционирования языка». В заключении статьи дано общее определение категории официальности: это целенаправленно формируемая категория общения, текстовой деятельности, организующая и регулирующая процесс коммуникации в рамках социальных институтов, осуществляющих управление обществом, производством, на основе сложившейся системы социально-статусных отношений посредством лингвистических и паралингвистических средств, придающих тексту социальную значимость. ; The article presents the results of textual activity analysis in the sphere of official written communication the official principle being one of the guiding organizing principles. The first part of the article substantiates the categorical status of officiality on communicative-speech (as communicative category) and textual (as text category and its variety functional semantic-stylistic category) levels. Intrinsic components of this concept are: 1) realization of regulatory function in the institutional discourse space; 2) expression of social and status relations; 3) legislative and regulatory-methodical support of speech behavior strategy and tactics; 4) availability of various specialized means of expression. The second part of the article describes the category of officiality within the means of expression system, which includes both verbal (split-level linguistic and communicative-speech) and para-verbal units of official functioning of the language used to attach social significance to speech act coming from administrative, public and other authorities as well as from the people vested with official duties and aimed at governing social, working relations and correlated with intraand extralinguistic norms concerning creation and functioning of an official text. These units acquire terminological designation of an "official functioning of the language unit". The general definition of category of officiality is given in conclusion of the article: it is an intentionally created category of communication, textual activity, which organizes and regulates the process of communication within social institutions exercising administration of society, production sphere based on the existing system of social-status relations by linguistic and paralinguistic means attaching to the text social significance.

After the end of World War I, Poland regained its long-awaited independence. For the politics of the newly reborn state, question of material and spiritual reconstruction of the state and rebuilding the sense of national identity among its inhabitants became a priority. National identity may be based on positive as well as on negative social attitudes. This paper examines one aspect of the policy of building Polish identity, implemented by authorities in the Second Polish Republic, as well as results of founding it on the negation of the "Other" – using Emmanuel Lévinas' term – by focusing on the Orthodox Church and fate of the Orthodox churches in Poland in the interwar period. Situation of the Orthodox Church in the Second Polish Republic was very difficult. Absence of legal regulations was conducive to mass recovery actions, leading to demolition, or at best, conversion of the former Orthodox temples into Catholic churches. In central regions of Poland, first years after regaining independence were dominated by spontaneous reactions of the society towards religious symbols of the bygone tsarist Russification – which undoubtedly Orthodox churches were. While the 're-Moscow-ing' [odmoskwianie] of the major Polish cities was 'emotionally' justified, the last phase of the reclamation actions increased the anti-Polish attitudes among the Ukrainian and Belarusian (mostly Orthodox) communities. In consequence it was a shortsighted policy. Negation of the "Other's" identity in the name of reinforcing national single-ethnic self-identity provided weak foundations for the state, that collapsed with the outbreak of World War II. ; Po zakończeniu I wojny światowej Polska odzyskała długo oczekiwaną niepodległość. Dla odrodzonego organizmu państwowego pierwszorzędną sprawą stała się materialna i duchowa odbudowa państwa oraz poczucia tożsamości narodowej jego obywateli. Budowanie tego rodzaju wartości może opierać się na postawach zarówno pozytywnych, jak i negatywnych. Artykuł dotyka jednego z aspektów polityki budowania polskiej tożsamości przez władze RP i skutków oparcia się w tej działalności o negację 'Innego' (używając kategorii Emmanuela Lévinasa), na przykładzie sytuacji Kościoła prawosławnego w Polsce i losów prawosławnych świątyń w tym okresie. Sytuacja cerkwi prawosławnej w okresie II Rzeczypospolitej była bardzo trudna. Brak uregulowań prawnych sprzyjał masowym rewindykacjom, skutkującym burzeniem lub w najlepszym wypadku przebudową prawosławnych świątyń na kościoły katolickie. W Polsce centralnej w pierwszych latach po odzyskaniu niepodległości dominowały spontaniczne reakcje społeczeństwa na religijne symbole carskiej rusyfikacji, jakimi bez wątpienia były cerkwie. Natomiast w województwach wschodnich przerodziły się w programową akcję niszczenia świątyń i przymusowej polonizacji ludności prawosławnej, co miało najbardziej dramatyczny przebieg w ostatniej fazie w 1938 roku. Taka polityka miała charakter krótkowzroczny i o ile akcja 'odmoskwiania' polskich miast w pierwszych latach niepodległej Rzeczypospolitej była 'emocjonalnie' uzasadniona, o tyle ostatnia faza rewindykacji jedynie spotęgowała nastroje antypolskie i nacjonalistyczne społeczności ukraińskiej i białoruskiej. Negacja tożsamości 'Innego' w imię umacniania własnej identyfikacji narodowej utworzyła słaby fundament, który rozpadł się wraz z wybuchem II wojny światowej.

The authors of the present article demonstrate that, during the constitutional process of 1990-1993 in the Russian Federation, specialized judicial system evolved as a result of serious discussion between prominent scientists of the time, representatives of the various segments of the people and the institutions of civil society, politicians, bureaucrats, judges. In the course of this debate the proposal to create a single Supreme Court with constitutional and arbitration chambers and the idea of the Supreme Bench, which would be "superstructure" of the judiciary, have been rejected. The authors cite and consistently analyze each of the arguments which was put forward in this debate. In the absence of such a discussion prior to elimination of the Higher Court of Arbitration and establishment of the new Supreme Court during 2013-2014, some of the previous arguments are of special value and, on the contrary, some have discredited themselves during the past 20-odd years. In particular, the article examines the arguments such as the need to appeal to the American experience of building a unified higher federal court and the German experience of decentralization of the judiciary at the highest level, the problem of ensuring uniformity of judicial practice and avoidance of unfair denial to protect the rights by reason of jurisdictional dispute, the form, in which it would be possible to decide particularly important constitutional issues by representatives of all higher courts. Finally, in the concluding part of the paper, the authors make some observations concerning further discussion on specialization of judiciary. ; Авторы настоящей статьи демонстрируют, что в ходе конституционного процесса 1990-1993 годов в России специализированная судебная система складывалась в результате серьезных дискуссий между выдающимися учеными этого времени, представителями различных слоев населения и институтов гражданского общества, политиками, чиновниками, судьями. В ходе этой дискуссии были отвергнуты как предложение создать единый Верховный Суд, который объединял бы в своем составе конституционную и арбитражную коллегии, так и идея Высшего судебного присутствия – в качестве бюрократической «надстройки» над судебной властью. Авторами приводится и последовательно анализируется каждый аргумент, который выдвигался участниками этой дискуссии. В отсутствие подобного рода обсуждения при ликвидации ВАС РФ и создании нового объединенного ВС РФ в 2013-2014 годах некоторые из прежних доводов представляют собой особую ценность, некоторые наоборот – дискредитировали себя за прошедшие 20 с лишним лет. В частности, в статье рассматриваются такие аргументы как обращение к американскому опыту построения единого высшего федерального суда и к немецкому опыту децентрализации судебной власти на высшем уровне, проблема обеспечения единообразия судебной практики и неоправданного отказа в защите прав по причине неподведомственности спора, форма, в которой было бы возможно совместное решение представителями высших судов особенно важных конституционно-правовых вопросов и др. Наконец, в заключительной части работы авторы рассуждают о перспективах дискуссии о необходимости судебной специализации.

The article is devoted to the actual topic – organization of tourism in the Kharkiv's region and the peculiarities of it's development. Tourism in Ukraine legally declared priority direction of national culture and economy. In recent decades there have been significant transformations in the development of tourism in Ukraine, which led to the emergence of a number of issues, including spontaneity, uncontrollability, significant territorial inequality of development, imperfection of the legal framework, rapid reorientation to outbound tourism, decreasing rate of domestic tourism etc.Tourism has an important role in regional development. Nowadays, most research is aimed at analysys of economic aspects of development, which is usually associated with external (international) tourism. But not enough attention is paid to social and environmental aspects of domestic tourism, which can be an important tool for spiritual revival and national-patriotic education, formation of ecological thinking and future mentality of the Ukrainian society. Kharkiv's region has traditionally been kown as a region with a high level of industry, agriculture, education and science. Tourism is not a determining factor in the development of the region, whereas has favorable conditions for that - natural, historical-cultural, economic, social-demographic.The development of tourism in the Kharkiv's region has certain special aspects: changing ratio of internal and external tourism for the benefit of the external, a small number of foreign tourists, gradually reducing the number of people covered by domestic tourism. Unfortunately, the negative trends in the development of domestic tourism and excursion activity are due to both economic and political problems of last two years.To determine the main directions of development and existing problems in the field of tourism, improving the competitiveness of the regional tourism market, creation of necessary tourist infrastructure in the March 2013 by the decision of the Kharkiv's regional council was approved the "Concept of tourism development until 2020". The Concept states that the purpose of tourism development in the Kharkiv's region is the intensification of the industry, increasing of its role in economic and social life of the region through the effective use of tourism potential. ; В статье рассматриваются особенности развития туризма в Харьковской области за период 2000 – 2014 гг. Основное внимание уделяется анализу динамики въездного, выездного и внутреннего туристических потоков за данный период в регионе. Детально охарактеризованы колебания туристической активности и причины этого явления, а также изменения в структуре туристических потоков. Выявлены позитивные и негативные тенденции в работе туристических предприятий за исследуемый период. Показано влияние общественно-политических процессов на развитие сферы туризма. ; Стаття розглядає особливості розвиток туризму в Харківській області за період 2000 – 2014 рр. Основну увагу приділено аналізу динаміки в'їзного, виїзного та внутрішнього туристичних потоків за цей період у регіоні. Детально охарактеризовані коливання туристичної активності та причини цього явища, а також зміни у структурі туристичних потоків. Виявлені позитивні та негативні тенденції у роботі туристичних підприємств за досліджуваний період. Показано вплив суспільно-політичних процесів на розвиток туристичної галузі.

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAM ; Studies of the spin and parity quantum numbers of the Higgs boson are presented, based on proton-proton collision data collected by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. The Standard Model spin-parity JP=0+ hypothesis is compared with alternative hypotheses using the Higgs boson decays H→γγ, H→ZZ*→4ℓ and H→WW*→ℓνℓν, as well as the combination of these channels. The analysed dataset corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 20.7 fb-1 collected at a centre-of-mass energy of s=8TeV. For the H→ZZ*→4ℓ decay mode the dataset corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.6 fb-1 collected at s=7TeV is included. The data are compatible with the Standard Model JP=0+ quantum numbers for the Higgs boson, whereas all alternative hypotheses studied in this Letter, namely some specific JP=0-, 1+, 1-, 2+ models, are excluded at confidence levels above 97.8%. This exclusion holds independently of the assumptions on the coupling strengths to the Standard Model particles and in the case of the JP=2+ model, of the relative fractions of gluon-fusion and quark-antiquark production of the spin-2 particle. The data thus provide evidence for the spin-0 nature of the Higgs boson, with positive parity being strongly preferred ; We acknowledge the support of ANPC y T, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWF and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbai-jan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAP ESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COL-CIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMTCR, MPOCR and VSCCR, CzechRepublic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; EPLANET, ERC and NSRF, European Union; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, DFG, HGF, MPG and Av H Foundation, Germany; GSRT and NSRF, Greece; ISF, MINERVA, GIF, DIP and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; BRF and RCN, Norway; MN iS W, Poland; GRICES and FCT , Portugal; MERYS (MECTS), Romania; MES of Russia and ROSATOM, Russian Federation ;JINR ; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia; DST/NRF, SouthAfrica; MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF and Cantons of Bernand Geneva, Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the Royal Society and Lever hulme Trust,United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN and the ATLAS Tier facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3(France), KIT/Grid KA(Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy)