Suchergebnisse

Die Spielfilme Im Westen nichts Neues (Kinoproduktion 1930 und TV-Produktion 1979) und Wege zum Ruhm (1957) gehören zu den bekanntesten rund um den Ersten Weltkrieg. Während Erstere den Krieg an der Westfront aus deutscher Perspektive darstellen, wird das Frontgeschehen bei Zweiterem aus französischer Sicht gezeigt. Obwohl beide Stoffe auf Romanvorlagen basieren, steht nur jener von Im Westen nichts Neues explizit mit dem Autor Erich Maria Remarque in Verbindung. Im Fall von Wege zum Ruhm sind es insbesondere dessen Regisseur Stanley Kubrick und der Star-Schauspieler Kirk Douglas, die Assoziationen zum Film hervorrufen.Wie für eine vergleichende Filmanalyse üblich, werden die Filme in mehreren Kategorien verglichen, um sodann Unterschiede und Parallelen zu erkennen. Dies erfolgt in den Bereichen "Rahmenbedingungen und Kontext", "Inhaltliches", "Ästhetik und Gestaltung" sowie "Rezeption". Der filminterne Vergleich wird durch eine In-Relation-Setzung mit der historischen Wirklichkeit ergänzt.Die Befunde zeigen, dass sich insbesondere bezüglich der Frontszenen teils frappierende Ähnlichkeiten ergeben, sowohl den Inhalt, die Gestaltung als auch den Vergleich mit der historischen Wirklichkeit betreffend. Die Rezeption zeigt ebenfalls, dass die Kunst es im öffentlichen Raum schwer haben kann, wenn sie auf historisch-politische Ereignisse rekurriert und sodann zur Projektionsfläche politischer Befindlichkeiten wird. Erhebliche Unterschiede bezüglich der neueren Produktion von Im Westen nichts Neues und den anderen Filmen betreffen die nicht mehr vorhandene Schwarz-Weiß-Ästhetik sowie das Entstehungsmedium selbst. Zudem sind Milestones und Kubricks Streifen vom Entstehungskontext her gänzlich anders motiviert und werden zumindest teilweise anderen Genres (Antikriegsfilm bzw. Antimilitärfilm) zugeordnet. ; The feature films All Quiet on the Western Front (cinema production of 1930 and TV production of 1979) and Paths of Glory (1957) are among the best known around World War I. While the former two depict the war on the Western Front from a German perspective, the events in the latter are shown from a French viewpoint. Although both materials are based on novels, only that of All Quiet on the Western Front is explicitly associated with the author Erich Maria Remarque. In the case of Paths of Glory, it is especially its director Stanley Kubrick and the star actor Kirk Douglas who evoke associations with the movie.As is customary for a comparative film analysis, the films are put into relation in several categories in order to identify differences and parallels. This is done concerning "framework conditions and context", "content", "aesthetics and design" as well as "reception". In addition, the films internal comparison is supplemented by an in-relation setting with historical reality.The findings show that some striking similarities can be identified, especially with regard to the scenes at the front, concerning the content, the design and the comparison with the historical reality. The reception also shows that art can have a hard time in public space when it refers to historical-political events and then becomes the projection surface of political sensitivities. Considerable differences regarding the more recent production of All Quiet on the Western Front and the other films concern the no longer existing black-and-white aesthetic as well as the medium of creation itself. In addition, Milestones and Kubricks productions are motivated in a completely different way in terms of their context of origin and are at least in part assigned to other genres (anti-war film or anti-military film). ; Arbeit an der Bibliothek noch nicht eingelangt - Daten nicht geprüft ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Diplomarbeit, 2021 ; (VLID)6327759

This article presents a first approach to the issue of current changes in the economic and political system in Cuba. The research covers various aspects of these transformations, relying on the reflection of main changes in official documents, considering it as the stage of institutionalization of the measures previously conceived as temporarily. The paper offers an analysis of some decisions made by the Communist Party of Cuba in the latest Congresses, as well as a comparative study of the constitutions (1976, 2019 and the project of the letter) of the country to show the distancing of the current Cuban socialist system from the socialist foundation that existed before the collapse of the USSR, nourished by Marxist theory. The article states that the main (structural) shifts have taken place since the VI Congress with the application of the updating of the Cuban economic and social model. Furthermore, it proposes a study of these transformations in the concept of socialism through the perspective of Ernesto Che Guevara's thought. ; Este artículo presenta un primer acercamiento al tema de los cambios actuales del sistema económico y político en Cuba. La investigación abarca varios aspectos de estas transformaciones apoyándose en el reflejo de los cambios en documentos oficiales lo que se considera la etapa de institucionalización de las medidas que antes podrían concebirse temporales. Se ofrece análisis de unas decisiones tomadas por el Partido Comunista de Cuba en los últimos Congresos, así como un estudio comparativo de las constituciones (1976, 2019 y el proyecto de la última) del país para mostrar alejamiento del vigente sistema socialista cubano del fundamento socialista existente antes del derrumbe de la URSS que se nutría de la teoría marxista. El artículo plantea que los cambios principales (estructurales) han tenido lugar desde el VI Congreso con la aplicación de la actualización del modelo económico y social cubano. Además, propone un estudio de dichas transformaciones a través de cuestionar sustanciales aspectos del socialismo aplicando la perspectiva del pensamiento de Ernesto Che Guevara. ; Este artigo apresenta uma primeira abordagem à questão das mudanças atuais no sistema econômico e político de Cuba. A pesquisa abrange vários aspectos dessas transformações, a partir da reflexão das mudanças nos documentos oficiais, que é considerada a fase de institucionalização das medidas que antes poderiam ser consideradas temporárias. É feita uma análise de algumas decisões tomadas pelo Partido Comunista de Cuba nos últimos Congressos, bem como um estudo comparativo das constituições (1976, 2019 e o projeto da última) do país para mostrar o distanciamento do atual Sistema socialista cubano da base socialista existiente antes do colapso da URSS e fundamentado pela teoria marxista. O artigo afirma que as principais mudanças (estruturais) ocorreram desde o VI Congresso com a aplicação da atualização do modelo econômico e social cubano. Além disso, propõe um estudo dessas transformações por meio do questionamento de aspectos substanciais do socialismo a partir da perspectiva do pensamento de Ernesto Che Guevara.

The world was shaken at the beginning of 2020 with the news of Covid-19 Virus. Indonesia is one of the countries affected by the impact, especially in Jakarta, that is still in a red zone area, which is one of the areas with the highest Covid-19 cases in Jakarta is West Pademangan in North Jakarta. West Pademangan is one of residential area with the highest population density, with a lot of slum settlements and limited public facilites to support that area. This design aims to reduce the density of buildings in order to create a distance of contact between communities in Pademangan. The presence of public facilities and green spaces also creates contact distance between communities in addition to reducing the level of density. This study used a qualitative descriptive approach, with primary data in the form of survey results and field studies as well as secondary data obtained from government data, research journals, and books. The data collection technique uses the comparative method, the overlay method, and the analysis method using the Solid-Void concept and Organic Architecture. The concept of health and hygiene in the building is inspired by a concept of a medical mask which consists of 3 layers but still can "breathe" consisting of breath brick layer and TiO2 layer. In addition, a space for interaction between communities is also created on the ground floor of the flats which is used as a public area consisting of a garden, canteen, gym, market and retail shop as a place for buying and selling transactions. Keywords: dwelling; health; high density; hygiene AbstrakDunia diguncang pada awal tahun 2020 dengan berita Virus Covid-19. Indonesia menjadi salah satunya negara yang terkena dampaknya, terutama di Jakarta yang sampai saat ini masih menjadi kawasan zona merah, dimana salah satunya adalah kawasan Pademangan Barat di Jakarta Utara yang merupakan salah satu kawasan dengan kasus Covid-19 tertinggi di Jakarta. Pademangan Barat merupakan kawasan permukiman dengan kepadatan penduduk yang tinggi, kumuh dan fasilitas umum yang terbatas untuk menunjang kawasan tersebut. Rancangan ini bertujuan untuk mengurangi kepadatan bangunan agar tercipta adanya jarak kontak antarmasyarakat di Pademangan. Kehadiran fasilitas umum dan ruang hijau turut serta menciptakan jarak kontak antar masyarakat di samping menurunkan tingkat kepadatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif, dengan jenis data primer berupa hasil survey dan studi lapangan juga data sekunder yang diperoleh dari data pemerintah, jurnal penelitian, dan buku. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan metode komparasi, metode penampalan, dan metode analisis dengan menggunakan konsep Solid-Void dan Arsitektur Organik. Konsep hidup bersih dan sehat tercipta pada bangunan dengan konsep yang terilhami dari masker yang terdiri dari 3 lapisan tetapi masih bisa "bernafas" yang terdiri dari breath brick dan lapisan TiO2. Selain itu, ruang interaksi antar masyarakat juga tercipta pada lantai dasar rumah susun yang dijadikan sebagai area publik yang terdiri dari taman, kantin, gym, market, dan retail shop sebagai tempat transaksi jual-beli.

South-South cooperation has become an increasingly visible part of international development processes. Together with the expansion of triangular cooperation - that is, cooperation among developing countries supported by a traditional donor or multilateral organisation - the growing clout of South-South schemes reflects shifts in power and wealth towards the former developing world. Against this backdrop, United Nations (UN) entities have repeatedly been asked to mainstream their support for South-South and triangular cooperation (SSTC), but there is hardly any systematic comparative evidence on whether and how they have done so. This paper addresses this gap in three steps. First, it traces the rise and evolution of South-South terminology at the UN, showing that the use of North-South frames had its origins in debates about international inequalities in the 1960s and has expanded in the context of globalisation processes since the 1970s, and also that it is developing countries themselves that have taken up and rallied behind notions of South-South. The paper provides an overview of three partly complementary and partly contradictory approaches that understand South-South cooperation to be a set of technical cooperation modalities; a general political narrative; or a shorthand for inter-state cooperation beyond North-South assistance, with the latter being the dominant de facto understanding among UN entities. Second, the analysis focuses on UN efforts over the last two decades aimed at mainstreaming support for SSTC. It centres around a scorecard of 15 UN entities that maps their level of institutional focus on SSTC, based on insights from strategies, annual reports, publications, monitoring frameworks, budgets and organisational structures. Based on the scorecard, UN entities are grouped under the tentative labels of "champions", "waverers" and "stragglers" for mapping patterns of SSTC mainstreaming. Third, the paper identifies three key factors that, in addition to beliefs in the functional relevance and potential effectiveness of SSTC, have accompanied and conditioned UN mainstreaming efforts. SSTC support has been part of (a) strategic considerations for positioning UN entities in an evolving funding environment; (b) internal bureaucratic dynamics that centre around individuals and shape day-to-day engagement; and (c) geopolitical tensions connected to the increasingly visible fracture between the United States and China. Traditional donors, in particular, tend to approach South-South cooperation as an umbrella for the expansion of China's clout across the UN development system, leading to an intensification of SSTC-related contestations. Overall, support for South-South and triangular cooperation has had a long, multi-faceted, expanding and increasingly controversial trajectory at the UN. With reference to areas of future research and policy recommendations, the paper suggests that UN entities - in coordination with member states - are well advised to expand their efforts for exploring how to best support cooperation that unfolds outside traditional North-South assistance schemes.

Se investigó en qué medida influye el empleo de los métodos que asisten a la reproducción humana, como la inseminación artificial o maternidad subrogada, en la afectación de los derechos fundamentales del concebido. Y es que el neonato es el último ser humano en el que se piensa cuando se aplican estas técnicas, dando mas importancia a la pareja o adulto que desea satifacer su deseo de tener hijos, ello se verifica con la simple lectura de la mayoría de las legislaciones internacionales. La muestra documental, seleccionada intencionalmente, estuvo constituida por 9 casos en los que se utilizaron TERHAS como la inseminación artificial y materinidad subrogada, a nivel nacional e internacional, periodo 2006 al 2016; así como por la Legislación nacional y la Legislación comparada sobre la regulación de las TERHAS; y, para complementar la información, se consideró aleatoriamente a 58 juristas con especialidad en Derecho de Familia de Lambayeque, con la finalidad de recabar información sobre las opiniones que tienen respecto al tema de estudio. Se utilizaron las técnicas de análisis de documentos, y la encuesta. Los datos que se obtuvieron se procesaron mediante el uso del procesador estadístico SPSS 10.0. Se discutieron los resultados con métodos de carácter general y particular de la Ciencia. Se determinó que el uso de las TERHAS, como la IA, y la maternidad subrogada, influye en gran medida en la vulneración de los derechos fundamentales del concebido en el Perú, sobre todo su derecho a la identidad, además del derecho a conocer a sus padres, a vivir con ellos, a ser cuidado por ellos y al ambiente familiar que ello le brinda. ; It was investigated to what extent the use of methods that assist human reproduction, such as artificial insemination or surrogacy, influences the violation of the fundamental rights of the conceived in Peru. The documentary sample, intentionally selected, consisted of 9 cases in which TERHAS were used as artificial insemination and surrogacy, at national and international level, period 2006 - 2016; as well as by national legislation and comparative legislation on the regulation of TERHAS; and, to complement the information, 58 jurists specializing in Family Law from Lambayeque were randomly considered, in order to gather information on the opinions they have regarding the subject of study. The techniques of documentary analysis and the survey were used. The information obtained was processed using the SPSS 10.0 statistical processor. The results were discussed with the general and particular methods of Science. It was determined that the use of TERHAS, such as AI, and surrogacy, greatly influences the violation of the fundamental rights of the conceived in Peru, especially their right to identity, in addition to the right to know their parents, to be cared for by them and to the family environment that this provides.

South-South cooperation has become an increasingly visible part of international development processes. Together with the expansion of triangular cooperation – that is, cooperation among developing countries supported by a traditional donor or multilateral organisation – the growing clout of South-South schemes reflects shifts in power and wealth towards the former developing world. Against this backdrop, United Nations (UN) entities have repeatedly been asked to mainstream their support for South-South and triangular cooperation (SSTC), but there is hardly any systematic comparative evidence on whether and how they have done so. This paper addresses this gap in three steps. First, it traces the rise and evolution of South-South terminology at the UN, showing that the use of North-South frames had its origins in debates about international inequalities in the 1960s and has expanded in the context of globalisation processes since the 1970s, and also that it is developing countries themselves that have taken up and rallied behind notions of South-South. The paper provides an overview of three partly complementary and partly contradictory approaches that understand South-South cooperation to be a set of technical cooperation modalities; a general political narrative; or a shorthand for inter-state cooperation beyond North-South assistance, with the latter being the dominant de facto understanding among UN entities. Second, the analysis focuses on UN efforts over the last two decades aimed at mainstreaming support for SSTC. It centres around a scorecard of 15 UN entities that maps their level of institutional focus on SSTC, based on insights from strategies, annual reports, publications, monitoring frameworks, budgets and organisational structures. Based on the scorecard, UN entities are grouped under the tentative labels of "champions", "waverers" and "stragglers" for mapping patterns of SSTC mainstreaming. Third, the paper identifies three key factors that, in addition to beliefs in the functional relevance and potential effectiveness of SSTC, have accompanied and conditioned UN mainstreaming efforts. SSTC support has been part of (a) strategic considerations for positioning UN entities in an evolving funding environment; (b) internal bureaucratic dynamics that centre around individuals and shape day-to-day engagement; and (c) geopolitical tensions connected to the increasingly visible fracture between the United States and China. Traditional donors, in particular, tend to approach South-South cooperation as an umbrella for the expansion of China's clout across the UN development system, leading to an intensification of SSTC-related contestations. Overall, support for South-South and triangular cooperation has had a long, multi-faceted, expanding and increasingly controversial trajectory at the UN. With reference to areas of future research and policy recommendations, the paper suggests that UN entities – in coordination with member states – are well advised to expand their efforts for exploring how to best support cooperation that unfolds outside traditional North-South assistance schemes.

The subject. The article is devoted to the problems of simultaneous harmonization between the policy of humanization of the Russian criminal law and the reduction of the crime rate in society. The institute of incomplete crime is proposed as one of the promising areas of humanization of criminal legislation. The authors analyze the norms of the Russian Criminal Code which determine the essence of an incomplete crime, as well as the specifics of imposing punishment for its commission. The subject of the research also includes the strategic provisions of the Russian legislation, which reflect the main directions of the implementation of contemporary criminal policy, its goal and objectives. The purpose of the article is to confirm or dispute hypothesis that it is inadmissible to criminalize the actions committed at the stage of preparation for the commission of an intentional crime, as well as it is admissible to mitigate the liability for attempted crime. Research methodology and techniques are represented by a number of general scientific and specific scientific methods of cognition, used primarily in humanitarian research. The establishment of regularities between the growth of crime rates and the degree of criminalization, determined in the current criminal legislation, is ensured by the use of the dialectical method of cognition. The methods of analysis and synthesis were used to compare statistical data on the state of crime in Russia and the dynamics of the number of convicts serving imprisonment. Various methods of formal logic were applied in the process of evaluating measures aimed at ensuring the humanization of modern Russian criminal legislation. The method of comparative legal research was used to study the content of the norms on responsibility for an incomplete crime. The result of the study is proof of the necessity to decriminalize actions that are currently defined as "preparation for the commission of a grave or especially grave crime." The necessity of a significant reduction in the degree of punitive criminal-legal impact on persons found guilty of an attempt to commit an intentional crime has been substantiated. Conclusions. It as expedient to partially decriminalize an incomplete crime and exclude this institution from the General Part of the Russian Criminal Code. This decision fully complies with the fundamental principles of criminal law: legality, guilt, justice, and will also ensure the effectiveness of the implementation of the modern policy of humanizing Russian criminal legislation. ; Статья представляет собой комплексное обоснование необходимости пересмотра положений уголовного закона об ответственности за неоконченное преступление. Отмечается, что действия, квалифицируемые в настоящее время как приготовление к преступлению, в действительности не содержат в себе признаков состава преступления, а сводятся лишь к намерению совершить его в будущем. В этой связи декриминализация приготовительных действий может обеспечить приведение в соответствие содержание института неоконченного преступления основным принципам уголовного права, а также будет способствовать повышению эффективности и результативности процесса гуманизации уголовного законодательства как направлению современной российской уголовной политики.

The article attempts to identify the circumstances of the parochial conflict of the princes A.B. Trubetskoy and P.M. Shchenyatev in the Polotsk voivodeship in the spring of 1564, as well as the reasons for the final transition of the Trubetskoy princes to the sovereign service with the help of comparative and histotical method, analysis and synthesis, literature and sources on the investigated topic. As a result of the study, it was found that up to the 1560-ies the Trubetskoys occupied military and administrative posts sporadically and were not firmly embedded in the system of service relations of the Moscow state. Adopted in the early 1560s. the new land legislation jeopardized the further existence of the Trubetskoy estate and forced them to intensify their official activities. The conflict in Polotsk was the first attempt by the Trubetskoys to find out their real parochial status. Prince A.B. Trubetskoy was guided by the old ideas about the exclusive role of service princes, characteristic of the first third of the 16th century. He entered into a parochial dispute with an obviously superior enemy and did not emerge victorious from it. The author concluded that, faced with the new realities of the sovereign service, the Trubetskoys, who, due to their official passivity, were inferior to many less noble families in a parochial relation, sacrificed their relative independence and went over to the tsarist service. During the years of the oprichnina, they actively served in the oprichnina estate of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, won his favor and were able to raise their parochial status. ; В статье предпринята попытка с помощью сравнительно-исторического метода, анализа и синтеза, литературы и источников по исследуемому вопросу выявитьобстоятельства местнического конфликта князей А.Б. Трубецкого и П.М. Щенятева на полоцком воеводстве весной 1564 г., а также причины окончательного перехода князей Трубецких на государеву службу. В результате исследования было установлено, что вплоть до 1560-х гг. Трубецкие занимали военные и административные посты эпизодически и не были прочно встроены в систему служебных отношений Московского государства. Принятие в начале 1560-х гг. нового земельного законодательства поставило под угрозу дальнейшее существование удела Трубецких и вынудило их активизировать служебную деятельность. Конфликт в Полоцке стал первой попыткой Трубецких выяснить свой настоящий местнический статус. Князь А.Б. Трубецкой руководствовался старыми представлениями об исключительной роли служилых князей, характерными для первой трети XVI в. Он вступил в местнический спор с заведомо превосходящим противником и не вышел из него победителем. Автор сделал вывод, что,столкнувшись с новыми реалиями государевой службы, Трубецкие, вследствие своей служебной пассивности уступавшие в местническом отношении многим менее знатным родам, пожертвовали своей относительной независимостью и всецело перешли на царскую службу. В годы опричнины они активно служили в опричном уделе царя Ивана Грозного, снискали его расположение и смогли повысить свой местнический статус.

Treball Final de Màster Universitari en Psicologia del Treball, de les Organitzacions i en Recursos Humans. Codi: SBE513. Curs acadèmic: 2019/2020. ; Completelyand holistically, this study aims to evaluate psychosocial risks present in a dependence situation, where the eldest personis informally caredfor from a family perspective; in order to observe what factors are protective or bad of suffering psychosocial risks in this dependence situation.First, it encompasses historical development that has taken place the assessment of psychosocial risks as well as their conceptualization. As for the study, it is characterized by being transverse, descriptive and comparative where the selected sample will be one hundred informal caregivers of the eldest person. On the other hand, the collection and analysis of the results will be done with de WANT methodology (and its RED instrument), wich analyses the stress as a variable that depends on the resources and demands present in a psychosocial risk situation, as well as the personal resources available. Results are expected to reflect high demands (psychosocial risk) and high psychosocial harm, as well as low levels of personal and labor resources. Finally, guidance is provided with regard to intervention strategies that may be appropriate to be carried out; and, the study invites reflection on the importance of "caring for caregivers" and the debate on the existence of current legislative and institutional support by raising whether it really protects the person in a situation of dependence. ; De forma integral y holística, este estudio plantea evaluar los riesgos psicosociales presentes en una situación de dependencia, donde se cuida informalmente de la persona mayor desde la perspectiva familiar; con el fin de observar qué factores son protectores o cronificadores de sufrir riesgos psicosociales en esta situación de dependencia. En primer lugar, abarca el desarrollo histórico que ha tenido lugar la evaluación de los riesgos psicosociales así como su conceptualización. En cuanto al estudio, se caracteriza por ser transversal, descriptivo y comparativo donde la muestra seleccionada serán cien cuidadores/as informales de la persona mayor. Por otra parte, la recogida y el análisis de los resultados se hará con la Metodología WANT (y su Instrumento RED), que analiza el estrés como una variable que depende de los recursos y las demandas presentes en una situación de riesgo psicosocial, así como los recursos personales disponibles. Se espera que los resultados reflejen altas demandas (riesgo psicosocial) y altos daños psicosociales así como bajos niveles de recursos personales y laborales. Por último, se aporta una orientación con respecto a las estrategias de intervención que puedan ser oportunas llevarse a cabo; y, se invita a la reflexión sobre la importancia que tiene "cuidar(se) a quien cuida" y al debate sobre la existencia del apoyo legislativo e institucional actual planteando si realmente protege a la persona que se encuentra en una situación de dependencia.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal verificar, com base no caso do povo indígena Guarani e Kaiowá no Mato Grosso do Sul, de que maneira a colonialidade atua para impedir a responsabilização das empresas transnacionais por violações de direitos humanos ocorridas nas suas cadeias de produção. Trata-se de pesquisa de modalidade científica, de espécie explicativa, utilizando como método de abordagem a metodologia indutiva, como métodos de procedimento as metodologias histórica e comparativa, e como técnicas de pesquisa, análises bibliográfica e documental. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam que a lógica da colonialidade ocupa papel central na ausência de responsabilização das empresas transnacionais por violações de direitos humanos ocorridas nas cadeias de produção. Estes resultados foram verificados na medida em que as empresas transnacionais, desde o seu começo, no período colonial, se beneficiam de processos de desumanização e subordinação de indivíduos e grupos (como os povos indígenas) para expandir e consolidar seu poder político e econômico, persistindo até hoje. ; El objetivo principal de este artículo es verificar, con base en el caso de los pueblos indígenas Guaraní y Kaiowá en Mato Grosso do Sul, como funciona la colonialidad para evitar que las empresas transnacionales sean responsables por las violaciones de los derechos humanos que suceden en sus cadenas de producción. Esta es una investigación científica, de tipo explicativo, que utiliza la metodología inductiva como método de enfoque, metodologías históricas y comparativas como métodos de procedimiento, y las técnicas de investigación de análisis bibliográfico y documental. Los resultados de la investigación señalan que la lógica de la colonialidad desempeña un papel central en ausencia de responsabilidad de las empresas transnacionales por las violaciones de los derechos humanos que ocurren en las cadenas de producción. Estos resultados se verificaron en la medida en que las empresas transnacionales, desde el período colonial, se benefician de procesos de deshumanización y subordinación de individuos y grupos (como los pueblos indígenas) para expandir y consolidar su poder político y económico, persistiendo así hasta hoy. ; Drawing from the case of Guarani and Kaiowá indigenous people in Mato Grosso do Sul, this paper aims to analyze how the logic of coloniality relates to the transnational corporations' lack of accountability for human rights violations occurred in their production chains. It is an explanatory research through through the historical and comparative methodologies, that adopts, as as research techniques, bibliographical and documentary analysis. The research results demonstrate that the logic of coloniality plays a central role in the lack of accountability of transnational corporations for human rights violations that occurred in the production chains. These results were verified to the extent that transnational companies, since their beginning, in the colonial period, have benefited from processes of dehumanization and subordination of individuals and groups (such as indigenous peoples) to expand and consolidate their political and economic power, persisting until now.

Purpose: to analyze the legislative basis for monitoring surface water resources of Ukraine. Materials and Methods: The study uses the main state legislation and guidelines of the Government of Ukraine on the organization of monitoring the quality of surface water resources of Ukraine. Scientific methods were used for data processing: bibliographic, analytical, normative search, comparative, system analysis and generalization. Results. The manuscript presents a scientific summary of legislative documents in the field of surface water monitoring in Ukraine, which has undergone significant changes, especially during the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU. Since 2019, Ukraine has introduced European approaches to water monitoring in accordance with the requirements of the Water Framework Directive, according to which monitoring is an integral part of the reform of environmental control and responsibility, and the basis for any management decisions. Conclusions. The system of monitoring of surface water resources in Ukraine has acquired full legislative justification. Its main tasks are: real assessment of the state of water resources and the ability to make effective decisions based on reliable data; providing the public not only with access to information on the status of water bodies, but also to reliable and verified data, in accordance with the requirements of integration with the EU, all data obtained will be classified according to European standards and in full compliance with EU water directives. All this will determine the ecological and chemical status of surface or groundwater, to assess the real state of water, taking into account new pollutants and indicators specific to a particular river basin. ; Мета: провести аналіз законодавчої основи моніторингу поверхневих водних ресурсів України. Матеріали і методи. У дослідженні використано основні державні законодавчі акти та керівні документи уряду України щодо організації моніторингу якості поверхневих водних ресурсів України. Для обробки даних застосовано наукові методи: бібліографічний, аналітичний, нормативно-пошуковий, порівняльний, системного аналізу та узагальнення. Результати. У статті наведено наукове узагальнення законодавчих документів у галузі моніторингу поверхневих водних ресурсів в Україні, яке зазнало суттєвих змін, особливо в період дії Угоди про асоціацію між Україною та Європейським Союзом (ЄС). З 2019 р. в Україні запроваджено європейські підходи щодо здійснення моніторингу вод відповідно до вимог Водної рамкової директиви, згідно з якою моніторинг є невід'ємною частиною реформи екологічного контролю та відповідальності й основою для прийняття будь-яких управлінських рішень. Висновки. Система моніторингу поверхневих водних ресурсів в Україні набула повного законодавчого обґрун­тування. Основним його завданням є реальна оцінка стану водних ресурсів та можливість ухвалення ефективних рішень на основі достовірних даних; надання громадськості не просто доступу до інформації про стан водних об'єктів, але й до достовірних та верифікованих даних. Відповідно до вимог інтеграції з ЄС, усі отримані дані будуть класифіковані за європейськими стандартами та у повній відповідності міжнародним водним директивам. Все це дозволить визначити екологічний та хімічний стан масивів поверхневих або підземних вод, оцінити реальний стан вод з урахуванням нових забруднювальних речовин і показників, характерних для конкретного річкового басейну.

» The study of Ilchenko's oeuvre is relevant in the context of gender studies, because it allows both to reflect the life picture of the Ukrainian people in the early 17th century, and to explore the functioning of gender stereotypes at that time and compare their range with those in modern Ukrainian society. The topicality of the research is determined by the need to study the linguistic material – O. Ilchenko's novel "Cossack Family Has No End, or Mamai and a Stranger Girl" – in a new aspect, through gender linguistics, including how time and changes in society affect gender stereotypes. The purpose of the research is to analyze the peculiarities of functioning of gender stereotypes in the language of the mentioned novel. Such methods as analysis and synthesis (to generalize scientific theories and concepts), descriptive and comparative methods (for classifying gender stereotypes) are used in the research to achieve this purpose. It has been found out that gender stereotypes in the language confirm the peculiarities of the mentality of certain people, and with their help it is possible to study the existing ethnolinguistic norms of written gender culture. Gender stereotypes to denote age, appearance, social roles and psychological characteristics had been analyzed, which allowed to conclude the similarity of gender stereotypes of the past and present. Thus, a woman attaches more importance to her appearance, always strives to be attractive and young, and for men age is not so important, because over the years they become smarter. The studied stereotypes of appearance prove the presence of such stereotyped traits for men: tall, strong, with beautiful hair; for women: beautiful, slender (or prone to fullness), with beautiful hair, well-groomed body and pleasant facial features. It has been found out that social stereotypes are expressed by family roles (attention to the role of mother and wife, while husbands are more committed to politics). A faithful, kind, beautiful woman who is also a good housewife and a strong, courageous man who can lead and support the family are positively evaluated. The analyzed psychological stereotypes indicate a positive assessment of a man (strong, strong-willed, smart, reliable, more determined, purposeful and persistent) and often a negative assessment of a woman (more talkative, unreliable, emotional, more conflicted and not as smart as men). ; У статті розглянуто функціонування гендерних стереотипів у романі О. Ільченка «Козацькому роду нема переводу…» як творі художньої літератури, у якому висвітлено етнолінгвістичні норми гендерної культури українського народу. Проаналізовано гендерні стереотипи на позначення віку, зовнішності, соціальних ролей і психологічних особливостей, що вможливило зробити висновок про схожість гендерних стереотипів минулого й сучасності. Виокремлено стереотипізовані риси зовнішності та вікові характеристики чоловіків і жінок. З'ясовано, що соціальні стереотипи виражені передусім сімейними ролями. Виокремлені психологічні стереотипи вказують на позитивну оцінку чоловіка й часто негативну жінки.

Within the political-religious conflict "la Cristiada", which arose in 1926 until 1929, mainly in the north-central area of Mexico, activities were carried out by women's brigades in support of and assistance to the armed movement. The purpose of this text is to analyze the dynamics of women in Mexican society in the 1920s, making visible their activities as mothers, nurses, brigadistas and guerrillas, active participants in the conflict. In this way, it seeks to vindicate the image of these groups of women who acted as a key piece in the development of the event, through new approaches in its study and historiographic interpretation. The topic will be developed from a mixed methodology that addresses the methods of social history, in relation to approaches and some techniques from social anthropology, in collaboration with each other to enable a broader analysis of the problem. In this sense, comparative analogies will be established between the different activities of the groups of women cristeras, with the purpose of displacing the wrong image that has been built around their participation and relevance the development of the armed movement. Obtaining as a result that the motivations that characterized the cristeros groups were cemented by them from the bosom of the home, since, through the role of mothers as the main natural activity, were those who sustained the social commitment to perpetuate in children and spouses a religious identity. ; Dentro del conflicto político-religioso "la Cristiada", suscitado en el año de 1926 hasta 1929, principalmente, en la zona centro-norte de México, se localizaron actividades realizadas por brigadas femeninas en apoyo y asistencia al movimiento armado. El propósito de este texto es analizar la dinámica de la mujer en la sociedad mexicana de la década de 1920, visibilizando sus actividades como madres, enfermeras, brigadistas y guerrilleras, participes en activas del conflicto. De tal modo, se busca reivindicar la imagen de estos grupos de mujeres que actuaron como pieza clave en el desarrollo del acontecimiento, mediante nuevos enfoques en su estudio e interpretación historiográfica. El tema se desarrollará desde una metodología mixta que aborda los métodos de la historia social, en relación con los planteamientos y algunas técnicas desde la antropología social, en colaboración reciproca para posibilitar un análisis más amplio del problema. En ese sentido, se establecerán analogías comparativas entre las distintas actividades de los grupos de mujeres cristeras, con el propósito de desplazar la equivoca imagen que se ha construida entorno a su participación y relevancia el desarrollo del movimiento armado. Obteniendo como resultado que las motivaciones que caracterizaron a los grupos cristeros fueron cimentadas por ellas desde el seno del hogar, ya que, mediante el rol de madres como principal actividad natural, fueron quienes sustentaron el compromiso social de perpetuar en los hijos y esposos una identidad religiosa.

The study proves the necessity of internal control in order to optimize the aleatory effects of business entities' activity. The main provisions of the comparative approach are proposed, the purpose of which is to organize a system of compliance control within business entities on the example of the United States and Great Britain. Emphasized that in recent years business entities that are related to big business pay attention to comply with corporate ethics and compliance procedures. The last mentioned is not only aimed to ensure compliance with exterritorial legislation while doing business but also aimed to ensure stability of economic relationships on international level, sustainability of economic development on national level and good statement of a particular business entity. The above mentioned is confirmed and has a specific statistics data in regard violation of internationally accepted compliance requirements that resulted in objectively applied sanctions against business entities. As an objectively existing risk these violations are became visible by the inconsistency of different business entities to compliance requirements that affects the entire complex of economic and production, organizational and economic and internal economic relations. All of that shall be an object of permanent attention and strict control from top-management and those who are responsible for particular company's business directions. Amendments to the current legislation of Ukraine in regard compliance-measures of business entities are proposed. The characteristics of compliance and certain aspects of compliance-measures as a common form of internal control are provided. A system of «informative and preventive» indicators for correlation analysis of application of compliance control within business entities is proposed. ; У дослідженні доводиться необхідність реалізації внутрішнього контролю з метою оптимізації алеаторних наслідків діяльності суб'єктів господарювання. Пропонуються отримані в результаті компаративістичного підходу основні положення, метою яких є організація системи внутрішнього комплаєнс-контролю суб'єктів підприємницької діяльності на прикладі США та Великобританії. Наголошується на тому, що за останні роки доволі розповсюдженим явищем є увага, яка приділяється з боку суб'єктів господарювання, що відносяться до великого бізнесу, дотриманню процедур корпоративної етики та коплаєнсу. Останній не лише покликаний забезпечувати екстериторіальні вимоги до ведення бізнесу, а й покликаний забезпечити стабільність економічних зв'язків на міжнародному рівні, а також сталість економічного розвитку в національному вимірі та good statement конкретного суб'єкта господарювання. Зазначене підтверджується та має цілком конкретизовані статистичні дані про порушення загально визнаних у світовій практиці норм комлаєнс, що призвели до об'єктивно покладених санкцій на суб'єктів господарювання. Ці порушення абсорбувались невідповідністю різних комплаєнс-норм як об'єктивний ризик, що впливає на весь комплекс господарсько-виробничих, організаційно-господарських та внутрішньо-господарських відносин. Усе це має бути об'єктом постійної уваги і жорсткого контролю з боку управлінської ланки як топ-менеджменту, так і відповідальних за окремі напрямки діяльності компанії. Пропонуються зміни до чинного законодавства України стосовно комплаєнс-заходів суб'єктів господарювання. Надається характеристика комплаєнсу та окремим аспектам комплаєнс-заходів як розповсюдженій формі внутрішнього контролю. Пропонується система «інформативно-превентивних» покажчиків для кореляційного аналізу застосування комплаєнс-контролю суб'єктів господарювання.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine customer attitudes toward purchasing counterfeit luxury products (ATPCLP) in two cities in two different countries (Saudi Arabia and Malaysia) by testing the relationships between the various reasons for purchasing those products: social status insecurity, status consumption and value consciousness.Design/methodology/approachQuestionnaires were distributed conveniently to urban customers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Altogether 658 useable questionnaires were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics, general linear model of univariate analysis of variance and structural equation modeling.FindingsQuality, price, popularity and status signaling represent the main motivating factors for their brand choices of counterfeit luxury products among the two country groups of customers. As expected, customers' social status insecurity influences their ATPCLP, but not their status consumption. However, status consumption does positively moderates the relationship of their social status insecurity and their ATPCLP. Furthermore, customers' value consciousness influences their ATPCLP and moderates the relationship between status consumption and ATPCLP. The impact of status consumption on ATPCLP depends on the importance one places on the value of the products. However, the authors found no differences in social status insecurity, status consumption and value consciousness, on their ATPCLP among the customers. Some implications and limitations of the results are discussed.Research limitations/implicationsThe use of convenience sampling and mainly college students (in Saudi Arabia) as respondents represent the main limitations of this study.Practical implicationsThe practical implication of this study is to discourage the purchasing of counterfeit luxury products in their respective country Malaysian marketers need to stress that their genuine products are of top quality while Saudi marketers need to stress that their genuine products are of well-known brands that are sourced from well-known countries of origin. Besides, Malaysian marketers need to offer genuine products that are not overly priced or ones that indicate value-for-money while Saudi marketers need to convey the message that their genuine products could help enhance or uplift their customers' social status. In this study, the authors did not find any support for differences in ATPCLP between the two rather different Muslim-majority countries. This could be due to the fact that the majority of the respondents were females in their mid-20s and that both countries have a growing number of young customer base, which makes them particularly attractive target customers for branded/luxury products and, at the same time, easy preys to luxury products counterfeiters. This implies that there are still more opportunities for academics to study the topic or related topics in the future.Originality/valueAs far as the authors know, no one has undertaken a comparative study involving two very different Islamic majority countries (more conservative mono-cultural and mono-ethnicity Saudi Arabia versus less conservative multicultural and multi-ethnicity Malaysia) before.