Suchergebnisse

The urgency of the study is stipulated by the necessity to clarify the criteria allowing courts to determine a balance between the right to freedom of expression (Article 10 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms) and the right to reputation protection as part of the right to privacy (Article 8 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms), given the complex nature and equivalence of these rights on conditions of a a democratic society. The purpose of the article is to elucidate, through the European Court of Human Rights practice, the provisions allowing defamation cases to be resolved and additional criteria that can be used to consider such cases to be formed. The research is based on the perception of human rights as natural, inalienable and equal human opportunities, which are universal in nature, but may have a regional content, allowing us to talk about the social and cultural nature of law in general. The study takes into account the implicit nature of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms provisions, which enshrine the relevant human rights, respectively, it is the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights that are "filling" these rights with the "content". The principle of the Convention's norms dynamic interpretation is taken into account by the Court, which ensures the effectiveness of human rights institutions and a modern understanding of the content of protected rights. The article clarifies that the criteria for finding a balance between the right to freedom of expression and reputation protection are the following: the content of the publication; degree of public interest in disseminated information; the degree of publicity of the interested person, the form and consequences of the publication, the method of obtaining information, the behavior of the interested party to the publication; as additional criteria for determining the balance between the right to freedom of expression and the protection of reputation, it is suggested to use the purpose of the publication (whether, the publication aims to create a "platform" for discussion of public interest or is used as a means of black PR or this interest is limited to unhealthy curiosity), as well as the results of linguistic examination.

The tasks facing agro-industrial production in Ukraine are to stimulate the processes of accumulation and effective use of investment resources according to the priorities of economic growth, and prospects for the development of innovation activities. The prerequisite for this is macroeconomic stability, which contributes to the accumulation of internal and external factors and resources by increasing investor confidence in economic regulatory policy and reducing the level of risk of investment activity. The issues covered in the study will primarily concern such important factors in ensuring the development of agroindustrial enterprises as innovation and investment. These concepts are widely reflected in the research of many economists, but the management of innovation projects and investment activities to ensure the economic security of agribusiness entities is not sufficiently developed. This determines the relevance of the article. The purpose of the study is to determine the nature and features of agricultural innovations, to examine the conditions and factors of innovative development of agriculture, to assess the challenges and prospects of using the latest advanced technologies in agriculture and their financial support. The following methods were used in the investigation: dialectical, systematic approach, monographic, economicstatistical, tabular, graphical, comparative analysis, abstract-logical and analytical forecasting. The features of the introduction of innovative technologies in the agrarian sector of the economy are analysed and it is revealed that agro-innovations are closely related to agrotechnical conditions of production, are linked to living organisms, are seasonal and, accordingly, have a high level of risk. The analysis of material costs for the production of cereals and the dynamics of their prices was carried out. Using the example of one of the farms of the Vinnytsia Oblast, it is calculated how precision farming technologies and energy-saving technologies can reduce the cost of grain production. The main trends in investment support for agriculture, the relationship between capital investment and GDP are identified, and their role in the implementation of agricultural innovations is clarified. The prospects of investment support of innovative activity of Ukrainian agriculture in the war period are determined. The measures to address the issues related to the introduction of innovations in agriculture are proposed. They will help to improve the production process, increase the efficiency of using internal ones and maximise the attraction of external investment in the implementation of innovative ideas.

In the Bapedi society, music and rituals are the obverse sides of the same coin. They are reciprocal. They complete and complement each other. Music plays a significant role in religious rituals, cultural and social ceremonies. It has specific roles in healing and drums are the basic instrument for most of the Bapedi music tradition. Different kinds of drums are found in the Bapedi culture. Each music genre or traditional music ensemble/group uses a special type of its own. Traditional healers and their trainees use sets of drums of different sizes. The philosophical significance of the ritualistic use of music and mental health within traditional healing context as constitutive for understanding music in healing as a cultural phenomenon is evident and cannot be denied. In the Bapedi society, the significance of ritualistic music is well established and acknowledged by the personal ancestors of both traditional healers and their trainees. The combination of singing, dancing and various musical instruments form part of religious rituals with the sole purpose of appeasing the ancestors for their well-being and rejuvenation. The impact or effect of ritualistic music is multifaceted, and one can distinguish various emotional, mental and physical impacts, amongst others, strengthening the social, spiritual and cultural experience of both the traditional healers and their trainees, as well as the audience. The primary objective of this was to investigate the philosophical significance of the ritualistic use of music and mental health within Bapedi traditional healers' healing context. To achieve this objective, the study employed contextual and Afrocentric approaches. Informal interviews, video and audio recordings were used to collect data. Secondary sources included published books and Journal articles. The main question the study addressed is: What is the philosophical significance of the ritualistic use of music and mental health within Bapedi traditional healers' healing context? The results have demonstrated that traditional healers and their trainees apply music in their everyday life to improve their health and well-being. It was concluded that within Bapedi traditional healers' healing context music serves as a cultural immunogen; and spirituality and religiosity are regarded as the most protective factors for health.

Abstract
Background
Spring waters, which are fed mainly by near-surface groundwater, provide a comprehensive picture of emissions of nitrate and other pollutants caused by the type and intensity of land use in the topographic catchment area. One aim of this study was to develop a model for predicting the contribution of nonpoint-source inputs to the nitrate load of small- and medium-sized watercourses based on the type of agricultural use in the catchment areas.

Methods
Fifty-five springs in the German Land Saarland and the adjacent Rhineland-Palatinate were monitored for pollutants during three monitoring periods of at least 12 months between 2000 and 2019. The catchment areas are representative of the natural regions in the study area and are outside the influence of settlements and other developments. In addition to nitrate and other physicochemical parameters, 25 agriculturally impacted springs were screened for pesticides and their metabolites.

Results
Since the first measurements were taken in 2000, the vast majority of agriculturally impacted springs have consistently exhibited high nitrate concentrations of between 20 and 40 mg/L NO3−. Springs not influenced by agriculture contained an average of 3.6 mg/L nitrate. The extreme values observed in the early 2000s decreased to the limit value of 50 mg/L, but most of the springs with moderate levels exhibited an increase to approximately 30 mg/L. The number of pesticidal agents detected in the spring waters demonstrated a clear correlation with the watershed's amount of arable land and the nitrate content detected. Moreover, we found a highly significant correlation between nitrate content and the share of cropland in the catchment area. From this, we derived a regression model that could be used to quantify the share of nitrate pollution attributable to nonpoint-source inputs for larger catchments in the region under investigation.

Conclusion
Nitrate discharged from farmland has not decreased since the European Water Framework Directive (EU WFD) entered into force. At the historically extremely heavily polluted sites, measures have been implemented that have led to compliance with the limit value of the Nitrate Directive. However, below this limit, nitrate levels have increased significantly almost everywhere in the last two decades. We therefore recommend introducing stricter requirements for official water pollution control, such as the marine ecological target value.

AbstractIntroductionConditional cash transfers (CTs) augmented with other interventions are promising interventions for reducing HIV risk in adolescent girls and young women.MethodsA multi‐phase, quasi‐experimental study assessed the impact of a CT (ZAR300; $22) conditional on attending a skills building intervention, Women of Worth (WoW), designed to improve sexual and reproductive health (SRH) outcomes in Cape Town, South Africa from May 2017 to December 2019. The intervention entailed 12 sessions with encouragement to attend adolescent and youth‐friendly health services. Women aged 19–24 years were randomized 1:1 to receive the intervention with a CT ("cash + care" or C+C) or without a CT ("care"). The study included a pilot phase followed by a post‐modification phase with improved uptake and retention without changing programme content or CT. Self‐reported HIV prevalence and SRH/HIV vulnerability were assessed via a self‐administered questionnaire at baseline, after 11 sessions, and 6–30 months' post‐intervention for a subset. Mixed effect logistic regression models were fitted to estimate within‐subject changes in outcomes.ResultsOf 5116 participants, 904 (452 participants per arm) were in the pilot and 4212 (2039 "care" participants and 2173 "C+C" participants) were in the post modified phase. There were 1867 (85.9%) and 135 (6,6%) participants in the "C+C" group and the "Care," respectively, that were WoW completers (≥ 11 sessions/retention). During the pilot phase, 194 (42.9%) and 18 (4.0%) participants in "C+C" and the "care" groups were retained. Receiving a CT sustained participation nearly 60‐fold (OR 60.37; 95% CI: 17.32; 210.50, p <0.001). Three‐hundred and thirty women were followed for a median of 15.0 months [IQR: 13.3; 17.8] to assess the durability of impact. Self‐reported new employment status increased more than three‐fold (p <0.001) at WoW completion and was sustained to the longer time point. Intimate partner violence indicators were reduced immediately after WoW, but this was not durable.ConclusionsParticipants receiving CT had sustained participation in an SRH/HIV prevention skills building with improvement in employment and some SRH outcomes. Layered, "young woman centred" programmes to address HIV and SRH risk in young women may be enhanced with CT.

Background The quality assessment provides information on the overall strength of evidence and methodological quality of a research design, highlighting the level of confidence the reader should place on the findings for decision making. This paper aimed to assess the quality (methodology and quality of reporting) of ageing studies in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Method This paper is the second of a Four-Part Series paper of a previous systematic mapping review of peer-reviewed literature on ageing studies conducted in SSA. We updated the literature search to include additional 32 articles, a total of 544 articles included in this paper. Downs & Black checklist, Case Report guidelines checklist, the 45-items Lundgren et al. checklist, and the Mixed Method Appraisal Tool were used to assess the methodological quality of quantitative, case reports, qualitative, and mixed-method studies. Quality assessment was piloted and conducted in pairs for each study type. Depending on the checklist, each study was classified as excellent, good, fair, or poor. Result Of the 544 articles, we performed the quality assessment of a total of 451 quantitative studies [Randomized control trials (RCTs) and pre-post (n=15), longitudinal (n=122), case-control (n=15) and cross-sectional (n=300); 4 case reports, 74 qualitative and 15 mixed-method studies. Only 20.4% (n=111) articles were of high quality [one RCT, 27 longitudinal, 4 case-control, 48 cross-sectional studies, 19 qualitative, and 12 mixed-method studies]. The remaining 433 were rated as moderate quality (n=292, 53.7%), fair quality (n = 96, 17.7%) and poor quality (n = 45, 8.2%). Most (80%) quantitative articles' sample size is small, resulting in insufficient power to detect a clinically or significant important effect. Three-quarter (75%) of the qualitative studies did not report their research team characteristics and a reflexivity component of the 45-items Lundgren et al. checklist. Mixed-method studies with low quality did not report the qualitative studies properly. Conclusion We conclude that the methodological and quality reporting of published studies on ageing in SSA show variable quality, albeit primarily moderate quality, against high quality. Studies with a large sample size are recommended, and qualitative researchers should provide a section on research team members' characteristics and reflexivity in their paper or as an appendix.

PurposeTo study the learning processes and mechanisms involved in sustainability-oriented supplier development (SSD), including how knowledge is transmitted by the buyer and how it is received, understood and internalised by the supplier.Design/methodology/approachAn exploratory longitudinal multi-case study approach is adopted. The research context is a social SSD project focusing on occupational health and safety (OHS) management at four supplier factories. The paper draws on the constructs of absorptive capacity and boundary objects.FindingsThe development of a supplier's absorptive capacity for OHS management is triggered by the transfer of boundary objects that are created by the buyer. Findings suggest that each supplier starts explorative learning in a similar and passive way in order to accept the knowledge, but then each supplier proactively transforms and exploits the knowledge through continuous sensing, seizing, and reconfiguring loops that develop the boundary objects in a way that fits their own needs and contexts, incorporating the objects into organisational structures and routines.Research limitations/implicationsThe research furthers the understanding of the development of supplier absorptive capacity for sustainability via SSD projects, including how it is triggered and sustained. The impact of ostensive and performative aspects of boundary objects on knowledge transfer is presented. Finally, insight is provided into how absorptive capacity and dynamic capabilities are linked in the context of SSD.Practical implicationsBuying firms should seek to develop boundary objects that can trigger and maintain learning momentum for sustainability at supplier organisations in addition to effectively transferring SSD-related sustainability knowledge. There is also a need to allow for sufficient flexibility in the design of the boundary objects, and to pay sufficient attention to how suppliers contextualise and embed them into their own organisations, providing support for this process where necessary. For the supplier, establishing structures and routines for OHS management can help to prepare for future audits, thereby reducing audit fatigue.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the supply chain learning literature by exploring the development of supplier absorptive capacity for sustainability triggered by the focal buying firm. It sheds new light on the role of boundary objects for facilitating knowledge transfer and learning between supply chain members in the context of SSD projects.

The purpose of the study is to analyze peculiarities of the historical event «The November Breakdown» («November Action») – the national democratic revolution in the Western Ukrainian lands – not as a revolution in its classical version, but a military coup with the elements of the national liberation struggle of Western Ukrainians in the autumn of 1918. On the basis of the historical and political analysis of the historiographical heritage concerning the preconditions and creation of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic, the events of October 31 – November 1, 1918, are described as discrepancies and generalizations of their direct participants; the research also clarifies the factors of political and ideological «explanations» of the revolutionary «November Breakdown» in historiography of the Ukrainian diaspora of the 20th Century. The Soviet and contemporary Ukrainian historiography statements about the «revolutionary nature» of the events in Eastern Halychyna in 1918, and hence the November 1918 national democratic revolution, are still debatable. Halychyna Ukrainians made a legal proclaimation of the Ukrainian state within the framework of the Austrian-Hungarian state, they were waiting for a peaceful transfer of power in Eastern Halychyna, and the armed uprising of October 31 – November 1, 1918, became a military coup in the geopolitical realities of the rising tension in the Polish-Ukrainian relations. Therefore, on November 1, the Austro-Hungarian government authorized an act of transfer of the state power in Eastern Halychyna to the Ukrainian National Council, and on November 13, 1918, the Council proclaimed Western Ukrainian People's Republic. The origins of the myth about the «revolutionary character», or «revolution» in Eastern Halychyna in 1918, are rooted in attempts to «inject» the non-existent in reality class struggle of the region population into the broader context of the Bolshevik and socialist revolution. During the Khrushchev Thaw, in 1957 this myth underwent certain modification in the famous article of historian O.Karpenko, and later on, in 1993, this myth transformation turned into a «national-democratic revolution» in Western Ukrainian lands. In fact, the memoirs of the participants and creators of the «November Action», the external sources, as well as the mass media of that, do not interpret the events under study just as "a revolution", but only as "a coup", "disarmament", etc., which testifies to the militaristic nature of events.

Los estudios sobre la defensa nacional en Argentina hasta el momento no han incluido en su agenda los aportes de la "escuela de la autonomía". Considerando que dicha tradición plantea distintas formas que tienen los Estados de vincularse con Estados Unidos (acople/resistencia) y que la defensa es un ámbito gubernamental que incide en dicha vinculación, el presente artículo tiene un doble objetivo: dar cuenta teóricamente de la forma en la que la política de defensa puede contribuir a una estrategia de acople hacia Estados Unidos, e ilustrar empíricamente dicha relación teórica, a partir del análisis de la política de defensa argentina. Se utiliza una metodología cualitativa, tomando como estudio de caso la política de defensa que llevó adelante Argentina durante el período 2015-2019. Se toma como referencia empírica a tres áreas propias de la defensa nacional: la definición de amenazas, la defensa como herramienta de posicionamiento internacional y la forma en que se realiza la adquisición de capacidades militares. Se concluye que el estudio de la política de defensa argentina (2015-2019) permite afirmar que la defensa nacional puede ser utilizada como una herramienta de acople hacia los Estados Unidos.
AbstractStudies on national defense in Argentina have not addressed the contributions of the "escuela de la autonomía". Considering that this theoretical tradition proposes different ways in which States can enable links with the United States (bandwagon/resistance) and that defense policy is a governmental area that affects that relationship, the article has a double objective: to inquire theoretically about the way in which defense policy can contribute to a bandwagon strategy towards the Unites States and to illustrate empirically this theoretical relationship from the analysis of the Argentine defense policy. A qualitative methodology is used, taking as a case study the defense policy carried out by Argentina during the period 2015-2019 and taking three areas of national defense as an empirical reference: the definition of threats, defense as an international positioning tool, and the way in which military capabilities are acquired. It is concluded that the study of the Argentine defense policy (2015-2019) indicates that national defense can be used as a bandwagoning tool towards the United States.

The article analyzes the approaches in modern Ukrainian historiography to coverage of the everyday life problems of the early modern nobility. It is emphasized that the study of this problem has been tendentious and superficial for a long time. Attention is paid to the fact that in the 19th century it was due to the perception of the Commonwealth as a state of other nations, in which the Ukrainian nobility lost its identity and gradually assimilated with the Polish one. The 20th-century's studies of this topic were significantly influenced by the historiography of the Soviet era, both because of the Marxist-Leninist research methodology and the limited communication with Western European scholars. It is pointed out that such interpretations and distancing from the history of the nobility had a negative effect on the study of the life realities of this community, and accordingly on the understanding of the characteristics of Ukrainian early modern times.The works of modern historians dedicated to the everyday life of the nobility are considered. It is established that the greatest contribution to the development of this aspect was made by N. Yakovenko, I. Voronchuk, M. Dovbyshchenko, and N. Starchenko. Emphasis is placed on the active development of the genealogy of the Ukrainian nobility. The assessment of the identity of an early modern nobleman in modern works is considered, which allows observing the multiplicity of his self-perception (awareness of belonging to local groups and a sense of homeland). Basing on the analyzed works of Ukrainian historians, it is proved that the aristocratic everyday life's conflicts were regulated and controlled by the community itself. The discussion about the number of the nobility and the strategies of a nobleman in the private space, which was determined by one's family and court, is considered. The opinions of Ukrainian researchers on the problems of religious conversions and the presence of the sacred in the worldview of the nobility are compared.The problems of nobility's everyday life, which require additional research (history of local aristocratic groups, economic activity of the nobility, the concept of labor and leisure, consumption culture, history of clothing, intellectual needs, etc.), are distinguished.

PurposeIncreasing environmental pollution and destruction have damaged sustainability in polluting societies and organizations. For this reason, various environmental management programs have recently been developed by governments and the environmental protection agencies (EPAs) to control and reduce environmental pollution. One of these programs is environmental audit (EA), which has not been fully implemented yet in developing countries and it has many disadvantages. It seems that one of the reasons for the lack of perfect implementation of EA in these countries is the lack of adequate review of the factors affecting its implementation. The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors affecting EA implementation and then analysis of causal relationships between them.Design/methodology/approachDecision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) technique was used to identify causal relationships of factors affecting EA implementation. Based on the literature review and interviewing nine experts in EA, 17 factors were identified to influence EA implementation. Six experts were selected for the evaluation using snowball sampling method. Using the DEMATEL approach, a cause and effect relationship diagram was generated through which the effect of factors was analyzed.FindingsSeventeen factors were categorized in terms of cause and effect, and the interrelationships of factors were also analyzed. "Reducing environmental impacts and improving environmental performance," "obtaining environmental management system certificates" and "contributing to the environmental goals of investment projects" are the most prominent factors on the basis of their prominent score.Research limitations/implicationsAnalysis in the research is highly dependent on expert judgments and opinions may be biased. However, the initial matrix obtained from the experts is hindered by the ambiguity about some relationships. But this can be improved by using fuzzy and gray set theories. The factors used for the analysis may not be comprehensive and other researchers may find other factors.Practical implicationsIdentifying the factors affecting EA implementation and analyzing causal relationships between them can be a guide and help governments to improve the implementation of EA or even develop this policy by being aware of the effect of the factors analyzed.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, no comprehensive study of factors affecting EA implementation has been undertaken; this study is the first to identify these factors and analyze them using DEMATEL. Therefore, it is suggested that governments and EPAs in the policies focus on the significant factors.

Abstract. Greenspaces within broader ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction
(Eco-DRR) strategies provide multiple benefits to society, biodiversity, and
addressing climate breakdown. In this study, we investigated urban growth,
its intersection with hazards, and the availability of greenspace for
disaster risk reduction (DRR) in the city of Quito, Ecuador, which
experiences multiple hazards including landslides, floods, volcanoes, and
earthquakes. We used satellite data to quantify urban sprawl and developed a
workflow incorporating high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) to
identify potential greenspaces for emergency refuge accommodation (DRR
greenspace), for example, following an earthquake. Quito's historical urban
growth totalled ∼ 192 km2 for 1986–2020 and was primarily on
flatter land, in some cases crossed by steep ravines. By contrast, future
projections indicate an increasing intersection between easterly
urbanisation and steep areas of high landslide susceptibility. Therefore, a
timely opportunity exists for future risk-informed planning. Our workflow
identified 18.6 km2 of DRR greenspaces, of which 16.3 km2
intersected with potential sources of landslide and flood hazards,
indicating that hazard events could impact potential "safe spaces". These
spaces could mitigate future risk if designated as greenspaces and left
undeveloped. DRR greenspace overlapped 7 % (2.5 km2) with
municipality-designated greenspace. Similarly, 10 % (1.7 km2) of
municipality-designated "safe space" for use following an earthquake was
classified as potentially DRR suitable in our analysis. For emergency
refuge, currently designated greenspaces could accommodate ∼ 2 %–14 % (depending on space requirements) of Quito's population within 800 m. This increases to 8 %–40 % considering all the potential DRR greenspace
mapped in this study. Therefore, a gap exists between the provision of DRR
and designated greenspace. Within Quito, we found a disparity between access
to greenspaces across socio-economic groups, with lower income groups having
less access and further to travel to designated greenspaces. Notably, the
accessibility of greenspaces was high overall with 98 % (2.3 million) of
Quito's population within 800 m of a designated greenspace, of which 88 %
(2.1 million) had access to potential DRR greenspaces. Our workflow
demonstrates a citywide evaluation of DRR greenspace potential and provides
the foundation upon which to evaluate these spaces with local stakeholders.
Promoting equitable access to greenspaces, communicating their multiple
benefits, and considering their use to restrict propagating development into
hazardous areas are key themes that emerge for further investigation.

Context Little is known about wildlife harvesting by licensed recreational hunters in Australia, where both native and introduced species are hunted. It is important to understand harvest trends to assess sustainability for native species and implications for population control of introduced species. Aim The aim of this study was to analyse trends in hunter participation, activity and efficiency, and wildlife harvest, including effects of climate, in Victoria, Australia, for three game species groups: introduced deer, native waterfowl (ducks) and one native grassland species, stubble quail (Coturnix pectoralis). Methods Telephone surveys of a random sample of licenced Victorian hunters were performed annually from 2009 to 2019. Hunters were asked to quantify their hunting effort and the number of animals harvested. The respondents' answers were analysed to estimate measures of hunter success, activity and efficiency. Bayesian modelling was applied to these data, accounting for changes over time, differences between survey periods for all licence types, and random effects for over-dispersion. The effect of climate on game bird hunter activity and harvest was estimated, as measured by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Results Over 11 years, annual deer harvest (all species) increased exponentially, at a mean annual rate of 17% (95% credible interval: 14–21%), and the number of deer hunters increased at 8% (5–11%). In contrast, for ducks and stubble quail, hunter numbers remained relatively unchanged, with no evidence of consistent change to total harvests over time, unrelated to changes in environmental conditions or regulations. The annual duck harvest was influenced by ENSO and hunting regulations. The annual stubble quail harvest exhibited 'boom-and-bust' dynamics, with an exceptionally large harvest immediately after a La Niña season. Conclusions Long-term monitoring of harvest trends in south-eastern Australia revealed stark differences between introduced deer and native birds: harvest of deer increased rapidly whereas equivalent rates for game birds were either stable or declining. Seasonal effects had a strong influence on game bird harvest. Environmental and regulatory conditions were influential for harvest outcomes for ducks and stubble quail. Implications This study filled a key knowledge gap around managing harvesting of game species, but increased scrutiny is warranted in this field.

The purpose of the article is to study the chain of interaction "challenge-action- confidence", to build a system model of the dependence of the level of confidence on the impact of the challenge under the influence of the activity context and to formulate the law of the crisis of confidence, which reveals the process of its functioning in the conditions of transforming economic relations. The methodological basis of the study was humanistic and economic approaches, which made it possible to pay priority attention to the problems of interaction between challenge and confidence, as well as to the process of the influence of social mechanisms on the level of confidence. The use of the synthesis method made it possible to identify the author's approach to the problem, and the application of the identification principle revealed shortcomings in the theory and practice of the interaction between challenge and confidence. The system-integrated approach made it possible to identify problems in the "challenge-confidence" chain, determine the role of the social mechanism in forming the context of this process, build a systemic model of the dependence of the level of confidence on the impact of a challenge under the influence of the context, and formulate the law of its functioning through the introduction of the concept of a crisis of confidence. The results of the work are: a new theoretical and empirical understanding of how a challenge, confidence and context interact in a single chain, a system model of the dependence of the level of confidence on the impact of a challenge under the influence of the context, and the law of the crisis of confidence, which reveals the process of its functioning. The main scientific conclusion is concluded in the position that under the influence of external and internal challenges to confidence, with its existing certain level, the process of functioning of the social mechanisms of its formation should be concentrated on making a creative response that makes it possible to reduce the impact of a challenge on confidence, and in specific conditions and increase the level of confidence based on the use of the positive component of the challenge.

Context Quantifying the space use and movement patterns of animals is important to understand other aspects of a species ecology, such as habitat use and social systems. However, basic data on space use and movement patterns, and how they are influenced by biotic or abiotic factors, are lacking for many species. Aims We identified the space use and movement patterns of the central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps), and assessed how external factors (environmental conditions) and internal factors (sex and morphology) shape these patterns. Methods We tracked 36 P. vitticeps individuals over three seasons from 2017 to 2018. Animals carried tags with a Global Positioning Systems (GPS) device to collect spatial data and an accelerometer to collect movement data in far western New South Wales, Australia. Measurements of body morphology were taken for each individual and ambient temperatures were recorded. Space use was analysed by calculating minimum convex polygons (MCPs) and kernel density estimates (KDEs) using the spatial data. Movement data were analysed to determine whether dragons had moved during 10-min periods. Results Twenty-three out of 36 individuals held defined activity areas. Males with wider tails were most likely to be floaters (i.e. not restricted to specific areas). Evidence of floater behaviour was shown by 45% of females and 20% of males, though both sexes often roamed over distances greater than 1 km. Air temperatures strongly influenced movement rates in both sexes. Movement rate was significantly higher for males than females during late-spring, but not mid-summer, and was inversely related to head sizes and body mass during mid-summer. Interestingly, although there was no correlation observed between daily movement rates and size of MCPs calculated, the movement rates of residents were significantly different from floaters for each season. Conclusions These results confirm that wild P. vitticeps movement patterns are driven by temperature, though space-use patterns vary from previously studied agamids, with high rates of nomadism, possibly due to drought conditions. Individuals varied widely in their space-use tactics, which seem unrelated to size, a potential proxy for social status or age. Implications Our study provides baseline information on a common arid zone agamid that is lacking research in the wild. More complex studies on the ecology of P. vitticeps can build on the findings of this study.