Suchergebnisse

AbstractIn the last three decades, the Turkish economy has become much more open and market-oriented. This paper provides an account of the changes in the underlying economic institutions that have accompanied this transformation. In particular, it assesses whether or not new economic institutions have emerged that constrain the discretionary powers of the executive in the area of economic policy and whether institutional change has resulted in a more rule-based and transparent policy framework. The story that broadly emerges is that the first two decades of the neoliberal era were predominantly a period of increased discretion at the expense of rules. By contrast, after the crisis of 2000-2001 one witnesses a substantial delegation of decision-making power to relatively independent agencies, and the establishment of rules that constrain the discretion of the executive. But this transformation is not uniform across sectors, and there are divergences between the de jure rules and their de facto implementation. Moreover, there are also examples that do not fit the general trend, especially in the case of the construction industry. Finally, recent signs suggest that the government may be having second thoughts about the "excessive" independence of regulatory and policy making bodies.

AbstractThis article calls for a critical scholarly engagement with women's participation in the Kurdish movement. Since the 1980s, women have appropriated the political sphere in different gender roles, and their activism is mostly seen as a way of empowerment and emancipation. Albeit legitimate, such a claim often fails to account for the social and political control mechanisms inherent in the new political gender roles. This article presents the life stories of four Kurdish women. Although politically active, these women do not necessarily define themselves through their political activity. Thus they do not present their life story according to the party line, but dwell on the different social and political expectations, state violence and the contradicting role models with whom they have to deal on a daily basis. Therefore, the status associated with their roles, especially those of the "new" and emancipated woman, does not necessarily represent their own experiences and subjectivities. Women who openly criticize the social and political constraints by transgressing the boundaries of accepted conduct face social as well as political sanctions.

"Song of the Children's Protection Society"(Himaye-i Etfal Türküsü)Oh, Homeland! Homeland! Homeland!It is these Turkish childrenWho protect you, who make you shine,Who increase your renown.Oh, Nation! Nation! Nation!It is these Turkish childrenFor whom you wished happinessAnd created this great state.It is these Turkish childrenWho walk, crawl,Who adorn your homesWho await nurturance and assistance.It is these Turkish childrenFor whom assistance should be endless.Do not distinguish rich from poor,They are all your eyes, your heart, and your equals.It is these Turkish childrenWho will be the guardians of the country tomorrow,Armed with science and ammunition,The grandchildren of the Grey Wolf.-Aka Gündüz, 1929

Turkey's association over the past thirty years with what is now known as the European Union has further stimulated the debate about the nature of European-Turkish relations. This debate began early in the nineteenth century, intensified after the modern Turkish state was founded, and has continued throughout the post-war period.Because it derives from a conceptual heritage developed within a cohesive world of academic reviews, political journals, research projects, institutes, and other bodies and organizations, the body of literature accumulated during the last two decades, particularly during the 1980s, can be deciphered and its overt as well as latent reasoning sketched. The basic elements of this conceptual heritage come primarily from students of Turkish-European relations and Turcological historians, but also from public officials (such as diplomats and bureaucrats), military personnel, and researchers in social sciences.

Theorizing about nationalism must now incorporate phenomena brought about by the break-up of the Soviet Union, the disintegration of formerly socialist states and the emergence of so-called "ethno-nationalisms". Previously, nationalism was mostly addressed in terms of modernization, nation-building and post-colonialism. In these interpretations, the presence of a modernizing state was a given, although the success or failure of these states in mobilizing the loyalties of their populations was seen to vary. What is now troubling to the older paradigms is how to interpret the phenomenon of nationalism sans state, or at least in the absence of the political, economic, ideological construct of the nation-state.

Megapode chicks live independently from the time of hatching and are thus ideal subjects for investigations into how the lack of parental care can affect chick survival. Here, we present such results for chicks of the Australian brush-turkey (Alectura lathami), radio-tracked in two smallremnant rainforest patches (Mary Cairncross Rainforest Park and Aplin Forest) from their second day of life. Mortality was 88–100% during the first three weeks after hatching. It did not differ between two breeding seasons at Mary Cairncross Rainforest Park, as evident from comparisons of average survival time (in days) and Kaplan–Meier survival estimates. Survival differed, though, between the two sites in the same breeding season: the average survival time was significantly higher at Aplin Forest (8 days compared with 3�days) and the Kaplan–Meier survival estimates decreased less sharply. Predation by cats and birds of prey exerted the greatest influence on survival, but the proportion of deaths caused by these two predators was approximately the same at both sites. The main factor affecting survival was obviously the availability of thickets, which were more abundant at Aplin Forest. The survival rates of chicks released in thickets was significantly higher than of those released in the rainforest, presumably because they were better protected from predators. For chicks living in thickets the likelihood of being killed was lower than expected, but it was higher for those remaining in rainforest. On the basis of these results, we propose that management plans for endangered megapodes should include the identification and protection of large protective thicket habitats for enhancing overall chick survival, apart from controlling introduced predators such as feral cats.

1980'li yıllardan beri, Türkiye'deki sivil toplum, çeşitli iç ve dış gelişmelere bağlı olarak ciddi bir gelişme kaydetmiştir. Ancak, 1999 yılında Türkiye'nin adaylığının resmi olarak tanınmasıyla başlayan Avrupa Birliği katılım süreci, Türkiye'deki yasal ve kurumsal yapıyı sivil toplumun işleyişi açısından iyileştirmekle kalmayıp, sivil toplum kuruluşlarının faaliyetlerini de önemli ölçüde geliştirmiştir. Bu bağlamda, AB'nin Türkiye'de sivil toplumun geliştirilmesi ve güçlendirilmesine dahil olması, Avrupalılaşma süreçlerinin interaktif mekanizmalarının doğrudan ve dolaylı yollarıyla gerçekleşmektedir. Koşulluluk ilkesi, finansman politikaları ve mekanizmaları, etkileşimler, ağlar ve ortaklıklar yoluyla tesis edilen işbirliği ve Türkiye'de sivil faaliyetlerin meşrulaşması, interaktif Avrupalılaşma süreçlerinin Türk sivil toplumunun yasal ve pratiksel açılardan gelişmesindeki etkilerinin anlaşılmasına yönelik kategorilerdir. Bu tez çalışması, Avrupalılaşma perspektifinin yukarıdan aşağıya ve aşağıdan yukarıya doğru çözümlemelerini yaparak Türkiye'nin Avrupalılaşmasının sonuçlarını, AB katılımı sayesinde, hem AB'nin hem de Türk sivil toplumunun birlikte şekillendirdiğini ortaya koymaya çalışmaktadır. --- Since 1980s, civil society in Turkey has shown drastic advancement related to several internal and external developments. However, it is the European Union accession process began with the official recognition of Turkey's candidacy in 1999 has significantly not only improved the Turkish legal and institutional structure for the operation of civil society but also enhanced the practices of civil society organizations in Turkey. In this regard, the involvement of the EU in the civil society development and empowerment in Turkey has been taking place through the interactive mechanisms of Europeanization processes via direct and indirect ways. Conditionality principle; funding policies and mechanisms; cooperation through interactions, networks and partnerships; legitimization of civic activity in Turkey are the categories for figuring out the influence of the interactive Europeanization processes on the development of Turkish civil society in legal and practical terms. By incorporating the top down and the bottom up considerations of Europeanization perspective into the analysis, the thesis attempts to reveal that both the EU and Turkish civil society have shaped Turkey's Europeanization outcomes collectively thanks to the EU accession context.

AbstractThis article examines how the labor market in seasonal migrant work in agriculture in Turkey has changed with the influx of refugees from Syria. Based on both qualitative and quantitative fieldwork in ten provinces of Turkey, the article discusses precarity in seasonal migrant work in agriculture and the impact of the entry of refugees on this labor market. The analysis of precariousness of both Turkish-citizen migrant workers and refugees suggests that precarity is a relational phenomenon. The multifaceted vulnerabilities of groups in the lower echelons of the labor market resonate with one another and the adverse incorporation of vulnerable groups into the labor market pushes the market in a more insecure and informal direction.

TÜRKİYE'DE Kİ BİREYSEL EMEKLİLİK FİRMALARININ ETKİNLİK ANALİZİÖZETSosyal güvenlik sistemlerinin birçoğu mevcut çalışanlardan toplanan primlerin, mevcut emekliklilere ödenmesinden oluşan, dağıtım esaslı yaklaşıma dayanmaktadır. Ancak bu yaklaşımın sürdürülebilirliği, hükümetlerin yıllardır sisteme olan katkılarının ve bütçe açıklarının artması sebebiyle, son 30 yıldır tüm dünyada sorgulanmaktadır. Birçok ülkede sosyal güvenlik sistemlerinin reformu için çeşitli girişimler olmuştur. Reform önerileri esas olarak liberal anlayışa dayanmakta ve bireysel emeklilik sistemlerini de kapsamaktadır. Sosyal güvenlik sistemlerinin finansal sorunlarını aşmak için, Türkiye de bu yönde bir reform süreci teşebbüs etmiş ve 2000'li yılların başında Bireysel Emeklilik Sistemini (BES) hayata geçirmiştir. BES gönüllülük esasına dayanmakta ve bireysel emeklilik firmaları ile sözleşme yapanlara, belirli koşullar altında bir emeklilik geliri taahhüt edilmektedir. Firmalar genelinde, yatırımların etkinliğinin farklılığı, bu yeni kurulmuş ve gelecek vadeden sektörde önem taşımakla beraber, bu tezin amacını oluşturmaktadır. Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA) kullanılarak 2005-2008 dönemini için yapılan ampirik analiz, sektörde verimli ve verimsiz firmalar olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Etkinlik, Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA), Bireysel EmeklilikABSTRACTTHE EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS OF THE PRIVATE PENSION FIRMS IN TURKEYMany of social security systems have been based upon pay-as-you-go (PAYG) approach which the contributions of current employees are paid out to the current retirees. However the sustainability of this approach has been questioned in the last three decades since the contribution of governments to the system has increased over the years and this has increased the budget deficits throughout the world. There have been several attempts to carry out reforms in the social security system in many countries. The reform proposals are mainly based upon liberal understanding and based upon multi-pillar social security view which includes the private pension system as well.In order to overcome the financial problems of the social security system, Turkey has also attempted a reform process in this direction and has initiated the Individual Pension System (IPS) in the early 2000s. The Individual Pension System is based on a voluntary participation and the individual signs a pension contract with private companies which guarantee a retirement income under certain conditions. Investigation of the efficiency differences across the firms in this newly established and promising sector is important and constitutes the aim of this thesis. The Empirical analysis obtained by employing the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) for the period 2005-2008 reveals that there are efficient and inefficient firms in the sector. Keywords: Efficiency, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Individual Pension System

The main purpose of economic growth theories has been to increase the welfare of people by using scarce resources. In these theories, it is accepted that human welfare is directly proportional to indicators such as GDP and GNP. With the increase of environmental problems following the Second World War, the increase in these two indicators started to be seen as inadequate to represent human welfare. Human welfare and economic development are based on a more environmentally friendly structure in the green growth model, which is the result of environmental problems. In green growth, where classical economic indicators are insufficient, more comprehensive indicators are needed. In order to address this insufficiency, OECD prepared green growth indicators in Rio+20 conference in order to ensure the healthy implementation of the Green Growth strategy and to ensure a healthy and continuous control of the transition process. These indicators were chosen according to well-defined criteria and were placed in the structured conceptual framework around 4 main headings, which were created to observe the main characteristics of green growth. In this study, the steps that Turkey has taken in the context of the OECD green growth indicators have been investigated comparatively.

Sustainable development recently topped the universal agenda again when the United Nations adopted its Sustainable Development Goals on 25 September 2015. Yet, since the 1990s, the concept has prompted different actors to reformulate their relations with the environment in line with different narratives on the concept. This inherent contradiction becomes all the more salient during sustainable development debates on nuclear, which has often been dominated by the expert-oriented politics prioritizing carbon-free economic growth by "post-politicizing" the issue at stake. In this light, the main objective of this paper is to contribute to nuclear related literature stressing on broader conceptions of sustainability by going beyond those techno-economic discussions. Hinging on the multi-faceted nature of Turkey's nuclear energy debate, this paper argues that multitude of state and non-state discourse coalitions (i.e. nuclear advocacy, nuclear opposition and ambivalent) has constructed sustainability of nuclear differently through their narratives. To substantiate its argument, through a narrative analysis, this paper examines competing narratives over nuclear energy's economic, environmental and societal impacts in Turkey. The findings have challenged pro-nuclear techno-economic discourse coalition's attempt to "post-politicize" Turkish nuclear debate by revealing complex and multi-faceted nature of the debate.