Suchergebnisse

Pašlaik Latvijas Republikas ekonomika ir uz atgūšanas ceļa, taču, krīzes laikā, izsniegto kredītu apjomi un pakalpojumi ar pēcapmaksu, ir kļuvuši par apgrūtinājumu daudziem uzņēmumiem un fiziskam personām, līdz ar to, arvien aktuālāks kļūst jautājums par parādu atgūšanu. Tas rada situāciju, kad uzņēmumam ir jāpieņem lēmums, vai šīs lietas uzņemties pašam, vai uzticēt piedziņu profesionālām kompānijām, kas ar to nodarbojas. Pacta sunt servanda!" jeb "Līgumi jāpilda!" – tā formulēts viens no svarīgākajiem civiltiesību pamatprincipiem. Diemžēl šis princips ne vienmēr tiek īstenots dzīvē. Ja pat "treknajos gados" naudas nesaņemšana no parādniekiem bija viena no aktuālākajām komersantu problēmām, tad šobrīd ekonomiskās krīzes ietekmē parādu nemaksāšanas jautājums daudziem komersantiem var izrādīties kritisks darbības turpināšanai. Kā risinājums tādai situācijai ir tā saucamā parāda nodošana, kas nozīmē, ka kreditors nodod pret to izveidojušos parādu trešajai personai, parasti – juridiskai, kura tieši nodarbojas ar parādu piedziņu vai ir speciāli izveidota šādam parādu piedziņas mērķiem, paralēli veicot arī ar to saistītu saimniecisko darbību. Arvien vairāk tirgū ienāk jaunie dalībnieki, kuri arī grib ieņemt savu tirgus daļu. Katrs tirgus dalībnieks kaut kādā veidā atšķiras no konkurējošā uzņēmuma ar savu specifiku. Autors izpētīja Latvijas parādu piedziņas tirgu un ir nolēmis ieguldīt līdzekļus parādu piedziņas kompānijas izveidē. Projekts dibināt parādu piedziņas uzņēmumu tiks realizēts ar AS "Akciju komercbankas "Baltikums"" palīdzību, arī uzņēmuma darbība tiks veicināta ar komercbankas palīdzību, tiks nodrošināta piekļuve pie komercbankas "problemātisko" klientu datu bāzes. Šīs datu bāzes apstrāde un komercbankas klientu parādu piedziņa, būs uzņēmuma darbības sākumposms, lai iekarotu savus tirgus daļu darbības nozarē. SIA ''Parāds'' ofiss atradīsies Rīgā, Mazā Pils iela 13, telpās, kuras pieder komercbankai, taču šobrīd netiek izmantotas, telpas būs piešķirtas bezmaksas. Uzņēmums SIA Parāds darbības nozare ir kredītmenedžments, kas ir saistīts ar finanšu un jurisdisko pakalpojumu sniegšanu, šie pakalpojumi tika apvienoti, lai veiktu parādu piedziņu. Uzņēmums galvenā darbības sfēra ir kavēto maksājumu iekasēšana – tā ir pasākumu kopums, kurus kreditors plāno veikt attiecībā uz klientiem, kuri nav savlaicīgi apmaksājuši rēķinus. Tā sevī ietver lēmumus, kas saistīti ar iekasēšanas metožu izvēli un kombināciju (vēstules, pārrunas, tikšanās, juridiskas darbības u.c.). Labi definēta kavēto maksājumu iekasēšanas politika sevī iekļaus skaidri noteiktas kavēto maksājumu iekasēšanas secības vadlīnijas. Kopumā kavēto maksājumu rašanos ietekmē trīs faktori: konkurence un līgumu nosacījumi, uzņēmuma un klientu darījumu vadība, kā arī ārējā un finanšu vide. Parādu piedziņa ir salīdzinoši jauns uzņēmējdarbības veids jeb pakalpojums. Parādu piedziņa sāka veidoties vienlaikus ar Latvijas neatkarības atgūšanu. Tajā laikā gan parādu piedziņā pielietoja pavisam citas metodes nekā šodien. 90.gadu sākumā ļoti pārliecinošu līdera pozīciju ieņēma tā saucamie "reketieri", kuri izmantoja nelikumīgas metodes un pieprasīja par šo pakalpojumu ļoti lielu procentu no atgūtās summas. Šodien parādu piedziņu lielā mērā nosaka likumdošana, kas ieviesa krasas izmaiņas piedziņas metodēs. Parādu piedziņas darbības pamatojums balstās uz to, ka liela daļa darījumu tiek sniegti uz pēcapmaksu, kā rezultātā daļa klientu laikā nemaksā vai mēģina nemaksāt vispār. Tas attiecīgi dod iespēju šajā procesā iesaistīties parādu piedzinējiem. Pasaules prakse rāda, ka globālajos apstākļos efektīva ir tieši darba dalīšana, tas nozīmē – koncentrēties uz sava pamata biznesu un izmantot ārpakalpojumu. Laikā, kad Latvijā strauji uzlabojās ekonomiskā situācija, daudzi uzsāka uzņēmējdarbību. Tas bija labs laiks celtniecības, tirdzniecības un dažādu pakalpojumu sniegšanai, jo bankas bija pretimnākošas un piedāvāja dažādus jauno uzņēmēju atbalsta komplektus: skaidras naudas aizdev ; Currently the Latvian Republic's economy is on a recovery path, but, in times of crisis, credit exposure and post-paid services have become a burden for many companies and individuals, therefore, is becoming increasingly topical issue of debt recovery. This creates a situation where a company has to decide whether to take the case himself, or may have driven a professional company, dealing with it. Pacta sunt servanda "or" Contracts play "- it reads as one of the most important civil rights principles. Unfortunately, this principle does not always happen in life. If even the" fat years "non-receipt of money from debtors was one of the most topical problems of businesses, the current economic crisis impact of non-payment of debt issue for many businesses may be critical to continue to operate. As a solution to a situation is the so-called transfer of debt, which means that the creditor shall be against the indebtedness to a third party, usually - in law, which is directly engaged in the collection of debts or are established especially for that debt collection purposes, accompanied by the related economic activities . More and more new players entering the market, which also wants to take its market share. Each player in some way different from a competitive company with its own specificity. The author studied the Latvian market for debt collection and has decided to invest in the debt collection company's development. The project will establish a debt collection company will be realized with AS Joint Stock Commercial Bank "Baltikums" "to the company's activities will be encouraged to help commercial banks, will have access to the commercial banks 'problem' client database. This database, processing and commercial clients debt collection, will be in the early stages to conquer their market share in the industry. SIA Parāds office will be located in Riga, Maza Pils Street 13, on premises owned commercial bank, but are not used, space will be allocated free of charge. SIA Parāds industry is a credit management, which is related to the financial and's legal services, these services were combined in order to recover the debt. The company main activity lies in a late payment charge - it is a set of measures, the creditor intends to take with regard to customers who are not timely paid the bills. It includes decisions relating to the collection methods of selection and combination (letters, interviews, meetings, legal actions, etc.). Well defined for late payment collection policy itself will include a clear account of late payment charge sequence guidelines. Overall, the occurrence of late payments are subject to three factors: competition and contract conditions, the company's business and customer management, as well as external and fiscal environment. Debt collection is a relatively new type of business or service. Debt collection began to take shape at the same time the Latvian independence. At that time, the debt-recovery methods applied quite different than today. In the early 90s a very strong leader took the so-called "racketeer" who used illegal methods and asked for this service a very large percentage of recoveries. Today, debt recovery is largely determined by legislation, which introduced radical changes in recovery methods. Enforcement action rests on the fact that much of the transaction are provided to post-paid, as a result of the customers at the time trying not to pay or not pay at all. This shall enable the process to engage in debt-collecting. World practice shows that global conditions are directly effective division of labor, it means - to focus on their core business and the use of outsourcing. At a time when the Latvian rapidly improving economic situation, many started business. It was a good time for construction, trade and various services, as the bank was welcoming and offered a variety of new business support package: cash loans, consumer loans, overdrafts, credit lines, etc. But even then, ma

This presentation proposes that BPO and other ICT development have a potential to be a major catalysts for economic growth and socio-economic transformation. It claims that IT-BPO sectors development represents major promises that potentially can transform the Philippine economy and also foster inclusive growth. The presentation postulates that the importance of IT-BPO industry development goes beyond the debate of picking industry winners. It argues that the BPO industry is poised to have a substantive impact on the country and that especially so if there simultaneously is major growth in other ICT sectors and the scale and scope local usage of ICTs. It claims that expanded scale and scope of BPO industry in conjunction with further development of IT services, Telecom and other ICTs industries coupled with the advancement in education, science & technology can be principal factors that can transform the Philippine economy and its interface with the rest of the world.

Den digitale sky gennemsyrer det daglige liv. 3,6 milliarder brugere føder den 174 $ millionindustri som udgør 3% af det globale energiforbrug. Afhandlingen undersøger metaforen og de datacentre som det er tegn på for at afsløre skyens midlertidighed, rumlighed og materialitet fra et arkitektonisk perspektiv. Ved at skabe analogier med skyvariationer – meteorologiske, fiktive og nedfalds-skyer – søger undersøgelsen at afdække hvad sky-metaforen afslører om digitale arkiver. På trods af den (digitale) skys omfattende tilstedeværelse i beslægtede fagområder, har den stadig ikke etableret en teoretisk ramme i arkitektur. Gennem "planetary imaginary" viser jeg at digitale arkiver legemliggør det meteorologiske modus: som meteorlogiske skyer er de ekstremt responsive og opdaterer konstant deres animerede mobile data, styret af en arkiveringsimpuls til at opdatere. Del I undersøger geologiske konsekvenser af datacentre, skyens fysiske rygrad, da servere er lavet af materialer udvundet af jorden: metaller, mineraler, sjældne jordarter (Parikka). Da geologi var en ung videnskab defineredes planeten som et arkiv. I dialog med en række tænkere (Ruskin, Smithson, Ernst, Leopold, Bjornerud, Cohen, Deleuze og Guattari) udvikler jeg den geologiske modus – en tidslig, materiel og rumlig metode der legemliggør jordens/terrænets logik. Det guider min analyse af tre casestudier. Først Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. Det arkiverer sedimentkerner udtaget af fra havbunden, der indeholder geofysiske og miljø historier legemliggjort i fossiler. Med Meillassoux undersøger jeg de store tidslige horisonter i det før animerede stof. For yderligere at vurdere terrænets tidsligheder, vender jeg mig mod stor-skala mindesmærket Il Grande Cretto (1984–2015) af kunstneren Alberto Burri. Det arkiverer geologisk materiale der engang udgjorde Gibellina´s byggede struktur, før det blev ødelagt af jordskælv. I tråd med planetens immanente bevægelse (Nigel Clark), affekt teori (Sara Ahmed og Lauren Berlant) og kunsthistoriske referencer, forstår jeg Cretto som Burri's forsøg på at skabe et ophold, en pause i de vedvarende geologiske aktiviteter. Den geologiske modus frembringer arkiver der uafbrudt opdaterer deres indhold. Denne modus er legemliggjort i Nordeas hovedkvarters datacenter af Henning Larsen, 2017. Datacentre tæmmer det geologiske stofs kapacitet til at arkivere. Deres indgroede hemmelighedsfuldhed modstandsdygtighed og redundans inviterer den arkitektoniske sammenligning til bunkeren (Virilio, Hu). Bunkeren er som en modvægt overfor den omfattende infrastruktur som datacentrerne ikke kan isoleres fra (Koolhaas, Easterling). I Del II med datacentrers faste men aktive (geologiske) terræn som baggrund, har jeg vendt mig mod skyen og den meteorologiske modus. Begyndende med den filosofiske kontekst af skyen og dets skyer som medie (Durham Peters) beskriver jeg de meteorologiske skyers drivgas som datapunktskyer, der bogstaveligt lagrer og overfører information. Som data i den digitale sky, komponerer den konstant foranderlige og omskiftelige drivgas stadigt nye forbindelser og sammenstillinger. Med reference til tidlig "computing" (Babbage) taler jeg for meteorologiske skyer som analoge computere. For en arkitektonisk konstellation af vejr og "computing" vender jeg mig mod meteorologen Richardsons spekulative Forecast Factory (1922) – en kombination af en sky og en klode, designet til at beregne og arkivere planetens vejr. Jeg vender mig mod den arkiveringshistorie som har påvirket skymetaforen. Eksemplet med en tidlig databank foreslået af den amerikanske regering i 1966, afslører hvordan det kybernetiske arkiv i kombination med den kolde krigs konstante tilstedeværelse af radioaktivitet, gav næring til arkiv- og netværk- feber, kulminerede afslutningsvis i vores digitale sky. Udlicitering af ubevidste kognitive processer (Hayles) til "technical beings", er et forsøg på at dæmpe disse febertilstande. Jeg kobler den digitale skys domæne af ubevidstes "mschine learning" og big-data med forestillingen om et "great outdoors" (Meillassoux, Bennett). Kunstige skyer medierer det utilgængelige. Arkitektoniske eksempler fra 1960-erne (Wright, Ant Farm) aktualiserer skymediatoren i en tid hvor det globale, øjeblikkelig kommunikation og rumrejser spirede. Den digitale sky udgør et eksteriørt og fysisk utilgængeligt domæne der paradoksalt nok er fyldt med intime og identitet-definerende information om dets eksternaliserede brugere. Den digitale sky er mere end en metafor: den artikulerer, stadig mere gennemtrængende, tærsklens rumlighed, af kroppe uden overflader, af medie som rum, af vores byggede verden udvidet til det uhåndgribelige – kort sagt et "great outdoors". ; The digital cloud permeates daily life. The $174 billion industry is fuelled by 3.6 billion users and constitutes three per cent of global energy consumption. This thesis examines the cloud metaphor and the data centres it denotes to reveal the cloud's temporality, spatiality and materiality from an architectural perspective. By creating analogies with cloud variations—meteorological, fictional and artificial clouds—the research seeks to uncover what the metaphor discloses about digital archives. Despite the (digital) cloud's ample presence in adjacent fields, a theoretical framework for it has yet to be established in architecture. Tapping into the planetary imaginary, I show that digital archives embody the meteorological mode: like meteorological clouds, they are extremely responsive and governed by an archival impulse to continuously update their animated, mobile data. Part I addresses the geological implications of data centres, the physical backbone of the cloud, as servers are made of materials extracted from the ground: metals, minerals, rare earth elements (Parikka). The beginnings of geology as a science (Hutton, Lyell) defined the planet as an archive. In dialogue with a variety of thinkers (Ruskin, Smithson, Ernst, Leopold, Bjornerud, Cohen, Deleuze and Guattari), I develop the geological mode—a temporal, material and spatial method that embodies the logic of the ground. It guides my analysis of three case studies. The first is the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, New York. This archives sediment cores, extracted from ocean floors, which contain geophysical and environmental histories embodied in fossils. Thinking with Meillassoux, I explore the vast temporal horizons stored in the formerly animated matter. To further gauge the ground's temporalities, I turn to the large-scale memorial Il Grande Cretto (1984–2015) by artist Alberto Burri. It archives geological matter that used to constitute the built fabric of Gibellina before the latter was destroyed in an earthquake. In line with the planet's intrinsic movement (Clark), affect theory (Ahmed, Berlant) and art-historical references, I understand Il Grande Cretto as Burri's attempt to suspend persistent geological activities. The geological mode engenders archives that incessantly update their content. This mode is embodied in Henning Larsen's Nordea Bank headquarters data centre (2017). Data centres harness the archival capacities of geological matter. Their ingrained secrecy, resilience and redundancy invite architectural comparison to the bunker (Virilio, Hu). The bunker is positioned in tension with vast infrastructure networks from which data centres cannot be isolated (Koolhaas, Easterling). In Part 2, against the backdrop of the firm but active (geological) ground of data centres, I turn to the cloud and the meteorological mode. Beginning with the philosophical context of the sky and its clouds as media (Durham Peters), I describe meteorological clouds' aerosols as data points that literally store and transmit information. Like data in the digital cloud, the continuously transforming and shifting aerosols compose ever- new adjacencies and juxtapositions. Referring to early computing (Babbage), I postulate meteorological clouds as analogue computers. For an architectural constellation of weather and computing, I turn to meteorologist Richardson's speculative Forecast Factory (1922)—a combination of a cloud and a globe, designed to compute and archive the planet's weather. I then turn to the archiving history that has affected the cloud metaphor. The example of an early databank proposed by the American government in 1966 reveals how the cybernetic archive, in combination with the constant presence of radioactivity during the Cold War, fuelled archive (Derrida) and network fever (Wigley), finally culminating in our digital cloud. The outsourcing of nonconscious cognitive processes (Hayles) to technical beings is an attempt to cool these fevers. I pair the digital cloud's nonconscious realm of machine learning and Big Data with the notion of a great outdoors (Meillassoux, Bennett). Artificial clouds mediate the inaccessible. Architectural examples during the 1960s (Wright, Ant Farm) actualised the cloud mediator at a time of budding instant global communication and space travel. The digital cloud thus constitutes an exterior, a physically inaccessible realm that is paradoxically filled with intimate and identity-defining information about its externalised users. The digital cloud is more than a metaphor: it articulates an increasingly pervasive spatiality of the threshold, of bodies without surfaces, of space as media, of our built world extended into the intangible—in short, a great outdoors.

Inhaltsangabe: Einleitung: Das erste in die Arbeit einleitende Kapitel bringt die Problemstellung zum Ausdruck. Dabei wird eine Abgrenzung zu bisherigen Arbeiten vorgenommen und anschließend auf das Forschungsproblem sowie das Ziel der Arbeit hingeführt. Die Darstellung der einzelnen Kapitel bildet den Abschluss der Einleitung. Ausgangspunkt dieser Arbeit stellt der seit einigen Jahren in der Finanzbranche vollziehende Strukturwandel dar. Für die Finanzdienstleister ergibt sich daraus die Notwendigkeit geeignete Maßnahmen zu ergreifen, um diesem einschneidenden Wandel zu begegnen. Die Banken und Versicherungen folgen dabei dem Vorbild der Industrie, in dem sie ihre Prozesse vermehrt auf den Prüfstand stellen. Die damit zunehmende Fokussierung auf die Leistungserstellung und die interne Organisationsstruktur wird unter dem Schlagwort "Industrialisierung der Finanzdienstleister" zusammenfassend betrachtet. Lamberti, Mitglied des Vorstandes der Deutschen Bank, sagte 2004 voraus "Die Kreditinstitute, die bei der Industrialisierung eine Vorreiterrolle spielen, werden sicherlich zu den Gewinnern der Neuordnung der Branche gehören". Damit liegt der Schlüssel in der Bewältigung dieser Transformation, in der Anwendung eines Konzeptionsmixes. Auf der einen Seite kommt es zur Standardisierung, Automatisierung und Verschlankung der Geschäftsprozesse durch Lean Management, dem Offshoring beziehungsweise Outsourcing von Funktionen. Zum Anderen findet eine unternehmensweite Qualitätsoffensive durch Six Sigma Anwendung. Ziel dieser Maßnahmen ist die Wiederherstellung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit. Auf Basis einer optimierten Kosten-, Leistungs- und Qualitätseffizienz kann eine Steigerung der Kundenzufriedenheit realisiert werden. Besonders im Umfeld der Finanzdienstleister, in dem die konsequente Prozessorientierung gerade erst an Bedeutung gewinnt, kann der integrierte Lean Six Sigma (LSS) Ansatz zu entscheidenden Vorteilen führen. De Koning et al. nehmen dazu Stellung: "The fact that services are not always tangible and the process performance in services is not usually transparent could be seen as an impediment to apply Lean Six Sigma. The opposite is, in fact, true. Six Sigma offers advanced methods for making the process performance measurable and some of the Lean Thinking tools explicitly deal with making the production flows visible. Especially in an environment where visibility and transparency are new, this can create breakthroughs". Die vorliegende Arbeit grenzt sich dabei von bisherigen Studien und Arbeiten im Bereich Lean Management und Six Sigma ab. Dafür werden die beiden Managementansätze nicht getrennt, sondern im Rahmen des Lean Six Sigma Konzepts zusammenfassend betrachtet. Lubowe/Blitz, definieren dabei Lean Six Sigma wie folgt: "Lean Six Sigma is a combination of Lean methods, which focus on reducing costs through process optimization, and Six Sigma approaches, which are about meeting customer requirements and stakeholder expectations and about improving quality by measuring and eliminating defects. Lean Six Sigma draws on the philosophies, principles, and tools of both". Ziel der Arbeit ist die Untersuchung des Lean Six Sigma Ansatzes im Rahmen der Managementprozesse von Finanzdienstleistern. Dabei werden ausgehend von der Strategie- und Zielausrichtung, die Bedeutung der einzelnen Phasen und die DMAIC-Werkzeuge untersucht. Neben der Überprüfung der Erfolgsfaktoren und Barrieren bei der Implementierung, steht im Vergleich zu bisherigen Arbeiten die Darstellung der Produktivitäts- und Qualitätsverbesserungen im Fokus. Die im folgenden Abschnitt dargestellte Vorgehensweise gewährleistet eine ganzheitliche Betrachtung der gesamten Methodik. Die empirische Untersuchung bildet demnach die Grundlage für die am Ende formulierten Handlungsempfehlungen bezüglich einer erfolgreichen Implementierung von Lean Six Sigma bei Finanzdienstleistern. Gang der Untersuchung: Das Kapitel 2 "Industrialisierung der Finanzbranche" bildet den Ausgangspunkt für die Bearbeitung der Forschungsfragen. Anhand fünf wesentlicher Treiber wird zunächst der Strukturwandel aufgezeigt. Daran anschließend werden verschiedene Maßnahmen zur Bewältigung des Strukturwandels aufgeführt. Über die Darstellung der Industrialisierungstendenzen in der Finanzbranche, wird die Notwendigkeit der Anwendung eines umfassenden Prozess- und Managementansatzes eröffnet. Die theoretischen Grundlagen für das Verständnis der Arbeit und für die empirische Untersuchung werden in Kapitel 3 "Lean Six Sigma bei Finanzdienstleistern" gelegt. Zunächst wird die historische Entwicklung von Lean Six Sigma in Abschnitt 3.1 beschrieben, dabei findet gleichzeitig eine Abgrenzung von bisher verfolgten Methoden statt. Anschließend wird ein Rahmenwerk für die Implementierung von Lean Six Sigma im Unternehmen unter Abschnitt 3.2 erarbeitet. Einbezogen werden dabei die Beschreibungen der notwendigen Organisationsstruktur und der Strategietreiber als Ausgangspunkte. Innerhalb der Implementierung sind die richtige Projektauswahl sowie der stringente Durchlauf des DMAIC-Zyklus wesentliche Aspekte. Abschließend werden dazu die kritischen Punkte infolge der Implementierung, durch die Darstellung der kritischen Erfolgsfaktoren und Barrieren, in die Betrachtung mit einbezogen. Beispiele aus dem Umfeld der Finanzdienstleister werden in Abschnitt 3.3 dargestellt. Damit wird die Praxisnähe der Arbeit gewährleistet. Neben der anfänglichen Darstellung von Produktivität und Qualität bei Banken und Versicherungen wird die Problematik der Auswahl und Durchführung von Pilotprojekten aufgegriffen. Mit der Darstellung der verschiedenen Anwendungsbereiche und Best Practice Beispiele aus der Finanzbranche wird die Aufmerksamkeit für die Thematik gestärkt und anschließend zur empirische Untersuchung übergegangen. Die Studie "Lean Six Sigma bei Finanzdienstleistern" wird in Kapitel 4 ausführlich vorgestellt. Zur Veranschaulichung des Ablaufs der empirischen Forschung wird zu Beginn eine theoretische Basis gelegt, in dem der gesamte Forschungsablauf in seinen Grundzügen diskutiert wird. Die Operationalisierung und Theoriebildung bilden dabei Schwerpunkte, da sie die wesentlichen Grundlagen des wissenschaftlichen Arbeitens bilden. Im Anschluss werden die Ergebnisse deskriptiv und induktiv ausgewertet. Zurückführend auf das Forschungsziel werden in Kapitel 5 nach einer abschließenden kritischen Betrachtung der Methodik, verschiedene Empfehlungen für eine erfolgreiche Implementierung aufgezeigt. Ausschließlich durch die konsequente Darstellung von Stärken und Schwächen des Konzepts ist es dem Leser möglich ein umfassendes Verständnis hinsichtlich der Einführung von Lean Six Sigma in der Finanzbranche zu erhalten. Abschließend wird ein Ausblick gewährt.Inhaltsverzeichnis:Inhaltsverzeichnis: AbbildungsverzeichnisIV TabellenverzeichnisV AbkürzungsverzeichnisVII SymbolverzeichnisVIII 1.Einleitung1 1.1Einführung in die Problemstellung1 1.2Gang der Untersuchung2 2.Industrialisierung der Finanzbranche4 2.1Strukturwandel in der Finanzbranche4 2.2Bewältigung des Strukturwandels6 2.3Industrialisierung der Finanzdienstleister8 3.Lean Six Sigma bei Finanzdienstleistern10 3.1Die historische Entwicklung von Lean Six Sigma10 3.1.1Lean Management10 3.1.2Six Sigma12 3.1.3Integriertes Lean Six Sigma13 3.2Implementierung der Lean Six Sigma Methodik16 3.2.1Die Lean Six Sigma Organisationsstruktur16 3.2.2Die Strategietreiber von Lean Six Sigma17 3.2.3Die richtige Projektauswahl20 3.2.4Das Vorgehen bei Lean Six Sigma Projekten - der DMAIC+T21 3.2.4.1Define21 3.2.4.2Measure22 3.2.4.3Analyze23 3.2.4.4Improve24 3.2.4.5Control25 3.2.4.6Technology Transfer26 3.2.5Kritische Erfolgsfaktoren und Barrieren bei der Einführung27 3.3Lean Six Sigma in der Finanzbranche28 3.3.1Produktivität und Qualität bei Banken und Versicherungen28 3.3.2Auswahl und Umsetzung von Pilotprojekten30 3.3.3Arten von Verschwendung bei Finanzdienstleistern31 3.3.4Anwendungsbereich von Lean Six Sigma33 3.3.5Best Practice bei Finanzdienstleistern34 4.Empirische Untersuchung "Lean Six Sigma bei Finanzdienstleistern"36 4.1Ziel der Untersuchung36 4.2Theoretische Vorbetrachtung zur empirischen Untersuchung37 4.2.1Ablauf der empirischen Forschung37 4.2.2Hypothesen und Theoriebildung38 4.2.3Operationalisierung der zu untersuchenden Ausprägungen39 4.2.4Stichprobenbildung und Datenerhebung43 4.3Auswertung der empirischen Untersuchung44 4.3.1Einführung in das Forschungsvorhaben44 4.3.2Bestimmung der Reliabilität und Validität der Untersuchung44 4.3.3Deskriptive Auswertung der Daten46 4.3.4Modellierung der Ursache-Wirkungsbeziehungen55 4.3.3.1Wirkungszusammenhänge zwischen den Zielen57 4.3.3.2Zusammenhänge zwischen Ziele und Werkzeuge58 4.3.3.3Zusammenhänge zwischen den Zielen, Erfolg, Kommunikation und Unternehmenskultur59 4.3.3.4Beziehungen zwischen den Erfolgsfaktoren61 4.3.3.5Beziehungen zwischen den Barrieren63 4.3.3.6Zusammenhänge zwischen den Zielen, den Produktivitätsverbesserungen sowie den wirtschaftlichen Einflußgrößen65 4.3.3.7Zusammenhänge zwischen den Zielen, den Qualitätsverbesserungen sowie den wirtschaftlichen Einflussgrößen66 5.Abschließende Betrachtung der Lean Six Sigma Methodik69 5.1Kritische Würdigung69 5.2Fazit für die Implementierung71 5.3Ausblick73 Literaturverzeichnis75 Anhang88Textprobe:Textprobe: Kapitel 5.1, Kritische Würdigung: Die Literatur beschreibt eine Vielzahl von erreichten Erfolgen infolge von Six Sigma/Lean Six Sigma Initiativen in der Industrie sowie im Dienstleistungsbereich. Dennoch weisen verschiedene Forscher und Autoren auf bestimmte Schwächen hin. Dazu gehört zum Einen die bereits diskutierte nicht eindeutige Begriffsverwendung im Praxisumfeld. Weiterhin wird der geringe Neuigkeitsgrad der Teilaspekte von Lean Six Sigma aufgeführt. Milkau, nimmt dazu Stellung und schreibt, dass "… ein streng methodisches "Zählen, Messen und Wiegen" die Grundlage von vielen Methoden…" ist und war. Diese Aussage spiegelt sich vor allem in Juran`s Qualitätstrilogie und dem Kaizen Ansatz wider. Weiterhin gilt die eingeschränkte Anwendbarkeit des Konzeptes in der Finanzbranche als Kritikpunkt. Der Grund dafür liegt in der vertretenen Meinung, dass das gesamte Potential von Lean Six Sigma ausschließlich in der Industrie vollständige Anwendung findet. Desweiteren führt Töpfer auf, "… dass das geforderte Niveau praktizierter Null-Fehler-Qualität im Vergleich zu beispielsweise 99% Qualität viel zu aufwendig und deshalb praxisfern ist". Auf die Frage "Wie viel Six Sigma braucht eine Bank?" nimmt Milkau., kritisch Stellung. Er bezeichnet "… Six Sigma 'bewusst überzeichnet' als eine 30 Jahre alte Antwort von Motorola auf Fortschritte der japanischen Industrieproduktion .". Dabei stellen die angestrebten 3,4 DPMO weniger ein Ziel dar, sondern vielmehr einen Wert mit pädagogischer Wirkung. Daran schließen die Kritikpunkte von Lieber nahtlos an. Sie führt im Hinblick auf den Six Sigma Anteil die hohe statistische und mathematische Komplexität als weiteren Kritikpunkt auf. Dahlgaard/Dahlgaard-Park weisen außerdem Six Sigma eine fehlende Berücksichtigung des menschlichen Faktors zu: "Especially with six sigma quality there seems to be too much focus on training people in tools and techniques and at the same time too little focus on understanding the human factor, i.e. how to build the right company culture – a culture where people's basic needs are both understood and respected". Der hohe Ressourcenbedarf, bezüglich Zeit, Kosten und Training der Mitarbeiter, stellt eine weitere Schwachstelle dar. Dabei stellt Husby, heraus, dass die Ausbildung von internen Lean Six Sigma Fachberatern, einfache Teammitglieder aus dem Verbesserungsprozess sogar ausgrenzen kann. Weiterhin zeigen die Praxiserfahrungen, dass der messbare Erfolg einer Initiative sich erst nach einigen Monaten einstellt. Das ist der Ausbildung von geeigneten Mitarbeitern, der richtigen Projektauswahl sowie der Projektdurchführung und Implementierung geschuldet. Dadurch kann die Projektdurchführung in den ersten Monaten durch fehlende quantifizierbare Erfolge zum Stillstand kommen. Zur Verdeutlichung der bereits genannten Aspekte werden die Ergebnisse der Studie "Six Sigma bei Finanzinstituten" von Petzel herangezogen. Die befragten Finanzdienstleister nehmen vornehmlich Kritik an der formellen Anwendung der Methodik (19%), den hohen Ausbildungskosten (21%), der zu komplexen Anwendung (20%) sowie am notwendigen Aufbau eines ganzheitlichen Messsystems (28%). Für die Finanzdienstleister ergibt sich eine neue Situation einer strukturierten Vorgehensweise bei der Optimierung von Prozessen. Daher ist ein Umdenken der Finanzdienstleistern erforderlich. Ohne das für Lean Six Sigma grundlegende Basisverständnis, hinsichtlich Qualität, Kundenzufriedenheit und Vermeidung von Verschwendung ist der Projekterfolg zwangsläufig in Gefahr.Bei dem Blick auf die Kritikpunkte wird deutlich, dass vornehmlich der Six Sigma Anteil des Lean Six Sigma Konzeptes im Fokus steht.Husby nimmt zur Anwendung von Six Sigma mit vereinzeltem Einsatz von Lean Werkzeugen kritisch Stellung: "There is nothing wrong with inclusion of Lean tools in the Six Sigma toolkit. What's wrong is selling the combined solution as Lean or Lean Six Sigma, implying that this captures the real essence and purpose of Lean. Six Sigma has no process or tools for ensuring complete alignment of metrics and projects across the entire organization. This will lead to projects that serve one function well but don't provide the best total-business benefit". Ein wesentlicher Kritikpunkt seitens Lean Management ist die fehlende Nachhaltigkeit. Diese hat einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf den Projekterfolg und die Umsetzung, wird aber durch den integrierten Einsatz von Six Sigma egalisiert. Außerdem sollte es vermieden werden jeden nicht-quantifizierbaren Aspekt als Verschwendung im Sinne des Qualitätsmanagements anzusehen. Innovationen sind nur mit gestalterischem Freiraum möglich, der zum Erhalt der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit notwendig ist. Six Sigma bietet eine datenbasierte Entscheidungsfindung, eine eindeutige Verteilung von Verantwortlichkeiten, sowie ein ausgereiftes Projektmanagement, dass auf Grundlage der Kundenbedürfnisse Qualitätsverbesserungen umgesetzt werden. Lean Management ist ein bewährter Ansatz zur Vermeidung von Verschwendung und kontinuierlichen Verbesserung. Verschiedene Praxisbeispiele unterstreichen, dass durch Anwendung von Lean Six Sigma die Durchlaufzeiten bis zu 80% sowie die Produktionsfix- und Qualitätskosten um 20% optimiert werden können. Die dargestellten Kritikpunkte sind ernst zu nehmen, dennoch zeigt die vorliegende Arbeit deutlich den Vorteil eines integrierten Lean Six Sigma Konzeptes gegenüber dem alleinigen Einsatz von Lean Management und Six Sigma.

The dissertation is part of the service revolution since the end of the 20th century and releases the relations of public action with computer science since the reorganization of the production methods to the new management processes. Indeed, the computer revolution has had impacts on the organization of spaces both in its infrastructural aspects and services. These evolutions have been the subject of studies but remain the prerogative of the specialists of the intelligence of the territories. The geography of computing could not stop at the location of the material production of electronics, telecommunications or the study of ICT users. The explosion of digital uses in the public sphere and households has highlighted a shortage of observations that our research wanted to remedy.Our thesis has three objectives. At first, a structural reading of IT innovations around the idea of the organization of space, made it possible to identify periods of diffusion of computers within the society. This includes measuring the degree of organizational change within local communities in relation to the stages of ownership of IT innovation. The construction of local public action was studied for its transformation to its relationship to the territory. In addition, territorial partnerships have made it necessary to question the relevance of public ICT planning at the local level. Thus, the study of the impact of ICT at the level of local institutions has highlighted the emergence of a new economic space based on the support of the network economy. When innovation is no longer the fruit of a regal actor but a source of differentiation, what are the issues that leaders and technicians in local communities face in order to distinguish and make their territories attractive?This question raises the watermark of the change of frame of reference and the economic trainings of which the territorial authorities wish to see the fallout. While the IT infrastructure allows for the decentralization of service activities, empirical studies show that IT favors a process of reconcentration of activities and a strengthening of higher metropolitan functions. As such, our methodology was based on monographic analyzes whose ambition was to confront the doctrinal aspects facing realities on the ground. Through an administrative, economic and territorial entry, we compared three departments in Paris (Paris, Yvelines and Seine-et-Marne) with a focus on the identification of variables of differentiation or convergence.Finally, our research resulted in a general contribution to the understanding of "post-industrial" spaces. Our overall interpretation of the computer revolution on urban societies ended with a reflection on user management and participatory democracy.The public policy audit is a necessary process to evaluate decisions and to allow adjustment between change management policies and desired performance. While the trend towards outsourcing IT tasks is now commonplace, ownership of new procedures remains topical: the technological solution to the organizational problem is a false answer. It is the reshuffling of the organization chart as a whole that is at the heart of the subject.The main conclusions of the thesis are that while the ICT sector performs very well in terms of the added value it creates, its main shortcoming lies in the quantitative terms of employment. In this respect, the trend is in line with the superior metropolitan jobs, which represent only 800,000 jobs in the Paris region, equivalent to 16% of regional employment. This reinforces the idea that the most productive sectors are not the ones that use the most. Between political wills of territorial rebalancing and reinforcement of economic polarities, the difficulty is to find the concordance between these opposite logics.Although public institutions are co-operators between social demand and private provision, the main challenge for local authorities lies in their positioning as project owners or project managers. In the segmentation of the telecommunications market, communities are sometimes posing as market promoters and sometimes as promising markets. ; La thèse s'inscrit dans la révolution des services depuis la fin du 20e siècle et dégage les relations de l'action publique avec l'informatique depuis la réorganisation des modes de production jusqu'aux nouveaux processus de management. En effet, la révolution informatique a eu des impacts sur l'organisation des espaces tant dans ses aspects infrastructurels que de services. Ces évolutions ont fait l'objet d'études mais sont restées l'apanage des spécialistes de l'intelligence des territoires. La géographie de l'informatique ne pouvait pas s'arrêter à la localisation de la production matérielle de l'électronique, des télécommunications ou de l'étude des utilisateurs des TIC. L'éclatement des usages numériques à la sphère publique et aux ménages a mis en évidence une pénurie d'observations à laquelle notre recherche a voulu remédier.Notre thèse a trois objectifs. Dans un premier temps, une lecture structurelle des innovations informatiques autour de l'idée de l'organisation de l'espace, a permis d'identifier des périodes de diffusion des ordinateurs au sein de la société. Il s'agit notamment de mesurer les degrés de modifications organisationnelles au sein des collectivités locales en liaison avec les stades d'appropriation de l'innovation informatique. La construction de l'action publique locale a été étudiée pour sa transformation à son rapport au territoire. De plus, les partenariats territoriaux ont nécessité de s'interroger sur la pertinence d'une planification publique relative aux TIC à un échelon local. Ainsi, l'étude de l'impact des TIC au niveau des institutions locales a mis en lumière l'émergence d'un nouvel espace économique fondée sur le support de l'économie des réseaux. Lorsque l'innovation n'est plus le fruit d'un acteur régalien mais une source de différenciation, quelles problématiques se posent les dirigeants et les techniciens des collectivités locales afin de distinguer et de rendre attractif leurs territoires ? Cette interrogation pose en filigrane le changement de référentiel et les entraînements économiques dont les responsables territoriaux souhaitent voir les retombées. Si l'infrastructure informatique autorise une décentralisation des activités de services, le constat des études empiriques atteste que l'informatique favorise plutôt un processus de reconcentration des activités et un renforcement des fonctions métropolitaines supérieures. Á ce titre, notre méthodologie s'est appuyée sur des analyses monographiques dont l'ambition était de confronter les aspects doctrinaires face aux réalités du terrain. Á travers une entrée administrative, économique puis territoriale, nous avons comparé trois départements franciliens (Paris, des Yvelines et de la Seine et Marne) en mettant l'accent sur l'identification de variables de différenciation ou de convergence. Enfin, notre recherche a abouti à une contribution générale sur la compréhension des espaces « postindustriels ». Notre interprétation globale de la révolution informatique sur les sociétés urbaines s'est achevée par une réflexion sur la gestion des usagers et de la démocratie participative.L'audit de politiques publiques est un processus nécessaire pour évaluer les décisions et permettre l'ajustement entre politiques de conduite de changement et performance souhaitée. Si la tendance à l'externalisation des tâches informatiques est une démarche désormais courante, l'appropriation aux nouvelles procédures reste d'actualité : la solution technologique face au problème organisationnel est une fausse réponse. C'est le remaniement de l'organigramme dans son ensemble qui est au cœur du sujet.Les principales conclusions de la thèse sont que si le secteur des TIC est très performant au niveau de la valeur ajoutée qu'il crée, sa principale lacune réside dans les termes quantitatifs de l'emploi. En cela, la tendance est conforme aux emplois métropolitains supérieurs qui ne représentent que 800 000 emplois francilien, soit l'équivalent de 16 % de l'emploi régional. Ceci renforce l'idée que les secteurs les plus productifs ne sont pas ceux qui emploient le plus. Entre volontés politiques de rééquilibrages territoriaux et renforcement des polarités économiques, la difficulté est de trouver la concordance entre ces logiques opposées.Si les institutions publiques sont des coopérateurs entre une demande sociale et une offre privée, le principal défi des collectivités locales réside dans son positionnement en tant que maîtrise d'ouvrage ou maîtrise d'œuvre. Dans la segmentation du marché des télécommunications, les collectivités se posent tantôt en promoteurs de marchés et tantôt en marchés prometteurs.

Discussions of competition and regulatory reform typically focus on price and quantity effects. But improving certain infrastructure services can also stimulate entry, and competition in user industries downstream, allowing new firms to enter, incumbent users to offer new products, and rivalry to intensify. The authors present a case study of how innovations in road freight services affect selected downstream users of those services after regulatory reform. After a period of rigid regulation, and heavy government interference, Mexico in 1989 developed a new policy framework for road transport, with free entry, and market-based price setting. The result: faster, more reliable trucking has allowed user companies to offer new, previously unavailable products, and to reach new areas with existing products. Cheaper, more customer-responsive trucking services have allowed logistical innovations in user firms, and some user firms have decided not to keep their own fleets of trucks, but to outsource trucking services on the open market, thereby converting fixed costs to variable costs. For one fertilizer company, the benefits of reform included a ten percent improvement in operating margin. Successful reform requires careful planning and execution, and political support at high levels. Regulatory reform also profoundly changes the sectoral institution formerly responsible for the regulation. Enough resources should be provided to help organizations in the reformed industry make the transition to the post-reform environment - helping with such tasks as defining the organizations new role, and facilitating the redeployment of staff. The national competition agency can help greatly in laying the groundwork for reform by making a compelling case for the reforms expected benefits. After reform, the competition agency should also help with enforcement, to ensure that the cozy, cartel-like behavior stimulated by tight entry restrictions does not persist. In Mexico, three strong interventions were required to discipline attempted anti-competitive practices in the trucking industry in the years following reform.

This international comparison based on an in-depth field survey - with monographs of thirty companies and twelve training institutions - will give a new dimension and concrete understanding of the relationship between training and employment, work organization and education. Indeed, it clearly highlights major social characteristics in each country, with significantly different roles of Central Government and Local Authorities, big business and small businesses as well as trade-unions. Therefore the issue of centralization and decentralization in relation to labor flexibility can be approached in an original manner. It shows in particular the interest to pay attention to the size of firms and the characteristics of the organization of production. The Construction Industry is particularly interesting for its structural productive flexibility, a constituent and constitutive dimension due to ever changing localization of production sites. This study investigates its transformations, divergent or convergent, in a period of continuous crisis and brutal opening to international competition, during the Thatcher decade that provoked unprecedented restructurings. The search for greater flexibility has proved to be the center of these changes with the downgrading of existing wage protections and struggles around the training of skilled workers and weakening of their status. ; Cette comparaison internationale fondée sur les monographies de trente entreprises et douze établissements, offre une dimension nouvelle et concrète à la compréhension des relations formation et emploi, organisation du travail et éducation. Elle met clairement en évidence les grandes caractéristiques sociétales de chaque pays, les rôles sensiblement différents de l'Etat central et des Autorités locales, du grand patronat et des petites entreprises ainsi que des syndicats. Les dynamiques de centralisation et de décentralisation liées à la flexibilisation du travail se posent donc différemment en France et au R.-U. Ce livre démontre tout l'intérêt de prendre en compte la taille des entreprises et les caractéristiques de l'organisation productive, le BTP étant particulièrement intéressant par sa flexibilité structurelle due à la mobilité de ses lieux de production. Cette étude a permis d'en étudier les transformations, convergentes ou divergentes, sous l'impact d'une profonde crise et d'une mise en concurrence internationale particulièrement brutale au RU au cours de la décennie Thatcher et qui a entraîné un mouvement de restructuration sans précédent. La recherche d'une flexibilité accrue s'est révélée être au centre de ces changements avec le contournement des protections salariales existantes et des transformations profondes de la formation et des qualifications.

This international comparison based on an in-depth field survey - with monographs of thirty companies and twelve training institutions - will give a new dimension and concrete understanding of the relationship between training and employment, work organization and education. Indeed, it clearly highlights major social characteristics in each country, with significantly different roles of Central Government and Local Authorities, big business and small businesses as well as trade-unions. Therefore the issue of centralization and decentralization in relation to labor flexibility can be approached in an original manner. It shows in particular the interest to pay attention to the size of firms and the characteristics of the organization of production. The Construction Industry is particularly interesting for its structural productive flexibility, a constituent and constitutive dimension due to ever changing localization of production sites. This study investigates its transformations, divergent or convergent, in a period of continuous crisis and brutal opening to international competition, during the Thatcher decade that provoked unprecedented restructurings. The search for greater flexibility has proved to be the center of these changes with the downgrading of existing wage protections and struggles around the training of skilled workers and weakening of their status. ; Cette comparaison internationale fondée sur les monographies de trente entreprises et douze établissements, offre une dimension nouvelle et concrète à la compréhension des relations formation et emploi, organisation du travail et éducation. Elle met clairement en évidence les grandes caractéristiques sociétales de chaque pays, les rôles sensiblement différents de l'Etat central et des Autorités locales, du grand patronat et des petites entreprises ainsi que des syndicats. Les dynamiques de centralisation et de décentralisation liées à la flexibilisation du travail se posent donc différemment en France et au R.-U. Ce livre démontre tout l'intérêt de prendre en compte la taille des entreprises et les caractéristiques de l'organisation productive, le BTP étant particulièrement intéressant par sa flexibilité structurelle due à la mobilité de ses lieux de production. Cette étude a permis d'en étudier les transformations, convergentes ou divergentes, sous l'impact d'une profonde crise et d'une mise en concurrence internationale particulièrement brutale au RU au cours de la décennie Thatcher et qui a entraîné un mouvement de restructuration sans précédent. La recherche d'une flexibilité accrue s'est révélée être au centre de ces changements avec le contournement des protections salariales existantes et des transformations profondes de la formation et des qualifications.

Ties between big finance and the weapons industry are not new. The first venture capital firm in the U.S. was founded to profit from new technologies developed for use in WWII, and the role of military spending in turning Silicon Valley into a tech hub is well documented.But today's biggest VC titans are making transformative investments in military technology that pose serious consequences far beyond another hype-driven tech bubble. Weaponizing their financial assets to expand the production of war material will not only divert technological resources away from other critical domestic priorities, but also forge novel devices of warfare that will generate demand for battlefield testing grounds both at home and abroad. But before the defense tech evangelists can resurrect the age of American global supremacy, they must transform the way the Pentagon does business. This involves seducing Pentagon planners with exotic promises ranging from "attritable autonomous systems" (or swarm) technology to subscription models for weapons systems — not because these fit some strategic framework but because they align with the VC business model. Venture capital and private equity is about making limited investments in mobile assets (technologies, engineers) to get a startup to the IPO stage (or trim the fat from an existing operator) and cash out. This is at odds with a military industrial complex that boasts millions of employees and a handful of oligopolistic firms with billions of dollars of permanent infrastructure, huge up-front costs, long time horizons, and extremely complex procurement processes. The fingerprints of VC priorities are everywhere: from the Pentagon's Office of Strategic Capital and the Small Business Investment Company/SBIC initiative to the Defense Innovation Board, a collection of Silicon Valley scions elevated to a permanent department under the Secretary of Defense in October 2023. Typically, the Pentagon acquires technologies or equipment through private contracts with a company or by supplying grants to provide funds for research and development. The new Office of Strategic Capital, established in December 2022, lets the Pentagon behave less like a public agency and more like a VC investor. It was in this new spirit that Silicon Valley investors in March 2023 lobbied the Pentagon to bail out Silicon Valley Bank (where many of them had hundreds of millions deposited) by claiming that they would be damaged (thereby losing the Pentagon critical capabilities) if they weren't rescued. Deploying the argument that a run on SVB would be a "national security risk," the Pentagon and its supporters advocated for federal government intervention, according to The Intercept, and the Treasury Department ultimately interceded to bail out SVB on March 12, protecting investors.*The financial services sector is likewise providing innovative products to facilitate the expansion of VC-backed defense tech in Pentagon contracting. One example is Leonid Bank, which is an invoice factoring company that basically lends to defense tech startups based on the DOD invoices that those startups have for future projects, to provide them with more money (over and above the contract value) which is not something that has ever existed for Pentagon contracts. Much of the VC discourse emphasizes the benefits of reforming the procurement system to acquire more "commercial" off-the-shelf items not custom built just for the Pentagon. This transformation is marketed as a way of matching the production methods of global adversaries, because development is faster and cheaper; if there are venture investors and other funds involved then the government is footing less of the upfront bill. However, if the success of the product and the firm that develops it is dependent on the widespread adoption of that technology commercially this will introduce a new range of militarized technologies into a global system that is already awash with lethal tech, dystopian surveillance products, and an ideology that depicts weapons production as the primary avenue to innovation, economic growth, decent industrial jobs, and infrastructure spending. The stated desire of venture capital (and the increasing number of private equity funds focused on military tech) is to disrupt an industry they see as monopolistic, inefficient, and too close to government bureaucracy. This rationale is easy to understand, as the path to innovation for the prime contractors has for decades been external: find small firms developing marginally improved technologies or hardware parts, acquire them and integrate their products into existing large weapons platforms. The financial industry – VC firms, asset managers, PE fund managers – have observed (correctly) that if they can find the small tech firms first (or fund them into existence) then the potential profits are enormous. VCs also identify startups working on civilian technologies and steer them toward developing military applications. Startups working on technologies to improve navigation in driverless vehicles may find that after a new round of investment their objective is to apply those technologies to weapons targeting systems. Individual engineers working on civilian tech are also being lured away by the promise of better funding and broader impact from defense investors. If startups want to see their technologies advance they're much more likely to find the necessary funding if they pivot to military applications. Venture capitalists are eagerly supplying geostrategic justifications and policy blueprints to the Pentagon on how to reshape its contracting ecosystem to facilitate this shift. An example from one of the most well-known VC funds, Andreesen Horowitz, focuses on the promise of "attritable" warfare – specifically a model of warfare that uses technology to develop cheaper, simpler weapons in large quantities. One example of this style of warfare is the Pentagon's "Replicator" initiative to develop drone swarm capabilities — basically the capacity to field literally thousands (maybe tens of thousands) of drones simultaneously. And this is "attritable" because each individual drone unit is cheap and simple to deploy, so that the moment it's knocked out of the sky it's already been replaced by two more. But this requires an enormous amount of coding, and constant re-coding and re-writing which is not necessarily a capability that exists in the big primes. Predictably, the response from major think tanks (whose primary funders are the primes) is that these kinds of initiatives are "crowding out" the focus on "long-range precision fire programs" — which is code for the huge range of super expensive fighter jets and missile systems that are the bread and butter of firms like Lockheed and Northrop Grumman. So VC firms like Andreesen Horowitz kindly offer guidance for this transition: "As general computing platforms become applicable to a host of defense applications, from programming autonomous behavior to conducting live targeting analysis, sweeping advances in software and other technologies not originally designed for defense have unintentionally compounded computing's impact on war…..Responding to the paradigm shift requires reengineering the Pentagon's DNA for a new era." [author's italics] The AH authors emphasize that this reengineering will allow for a "reduction in operational complexity, driving lower costs through commoditization" with "smaller" "modular modern production" that uses "'just-in-time' manufacturing techniques like 3D printing to cut latency" allowing for "decentralizing a military's industrial footprint."This reads a lot like outsourcing the military industrial supply chain, which may sound revolutionary. But the huge weapons platforms in use by the U.S. military already incorporate parts and materials from all over the world, including a lot of stuff from China. So this modification is more about transforming production so VC-backed firms have an entry point into production chains currently dominated by the primes.To achieve this, Andreesen Horowitz advocates what they call "Broad and open API standards" that would presumably enable startups to propose the use of cheaper/more widely-available materials and technology for incorporation into the expensive platforms built by the primes. This would mean that some material the primes consider proprietary would have to be opened up to tinkering. Not to be outdone, the primes are putting their own pressure on the Pentagon to counter the challenge from VC-backed startups. Their latest efforts focus on speeding up and expanding the scope for foreign military sales by allowing overseas customers to purchase research and development services to design new weapons. And they're pushing for other modifications that would turbocharge technology transfer and joint ventures to help lock-in future exports.In the battle between the primes and the VC-backed tech firms to expand the U.S. arsenal, the Pentagon is ill-equipped to responsibly navigate the competing interests, least of all since its senior members are routinely bought off with (entirely legal) sinecures. It's a battle with a sadly predictable outcome, because no matter which side wins, we all will pay the cost. Editor's Note: The story has been edited to accurately reflect the timeline of when and how defense tech investors lobbied the Pentagon for SVB bailout in March 2023.

ABSTRAK Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Pengaruh Penggunaan Teknologi (X1) dan Budaya Kerja (X2) terhadap Kinerja (Y). Penelitian ini dilakukan di PT. Arindhita Mega Kencana Pontianak, perusahaan ini terletak di Jl. Dharma Putera, Siantan, Pontianak Utara. Jenis Penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian deskriptif pada hubungan kausal dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Sampel yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah 38 orang karyawan PT. Arindhita Mega Kencana Pontianak. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah, uji validitas, reliabilitas, uji asumsi klasik, uji regresi linier berganda. Hasil dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa variable independen berpengaruh signifikan secara simultan terhadap variable dependen akan tetapi variable X1 tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Y secara parsial dan hanya X2 yang berpengaruh secara parsial terhadap variable Y. 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Recording occupational accidents and occupational diseases is one of the central demands for good occupational health and safety. Western industrial countries have already for a long time recorded their occupational accidents and occupational diseases, but the established practices of recording differ from country to country. In many developing countries the recording of occupational accidents and diseases has only recently been established or is still absent. Variation in recording due to, e.g. differences in definitions and branch of compensation system is challenging in terms of understanding recorded cases. In addition, work-related diseases are typically excluded from the recording system. Work-related diseases are diseases caused by work, at least partly, but not classified as occupational diseases. For example, musculoskeletal disorders, mental diseases and occupational cancers have received increasing interest. Occupational accidents and work-related diseases are a worldwide problem. They cause a lot of suffering and losses for the individual, organisation, community and society. Statistics of occupational accidents and work-related diseases are needed for prevention work at the enterprise and nation level. Statistics help to focus on specific areas and affect political decision-making. Especially increasing awareness in developing countries and directing limited resources to the right places is easier. The objective of this doctoral thesis was to develop models to estimate the global number of occupational accidents and fatal work-related diseases. The study was done in three parts: the initial study and two update studies. The first one was carried out in 2001-2002. It concentrated on creating a model to estimate the number of occupational accidents for the year 1998 and fatal work-related diseases for the year 2000. The second (2003-2004) and the third (2005-2006) studies were more like update studies. The methods used in these update studies were the same as in the first study to keep the estimated numbers comparable. The number of occupational accidents was calculated for the years 2001 and 2003 as well as the number of fatal work-related diseases for the year 2002. In the second update study fatal work-related diseases figures were given for the first time by country level. In the world approximately 2.3 million deaths occur every year because of occupational accidents and work-related diseases. It means that over 6,000 workers die every day because of their work. There were 330 million non-fatal accidents causing at least four days absence from work during one year. Deaths have remained quite the same during a five year period, but non-fatal accidents increased by 20% in the same time period. Even though the total number of occupational accidents has increased, the fatality rate (number of fatal occupational accidents per 100 000 workers) has decreased in the same period. However, in many developing countries the amount of total employment was missing and instead the number of economically active people was used to calculate the fatality rate, which has the effect of decreasing it. In the case of the work-related diseases it seems that work causes a lot of cancer, circulatory diseases, communicable diseases and occupational accidents. Communicable diseases are mainly a problem in developing countries, while work-related cancers are a quite big part of all cancers discovered in developed countries. Communicable diseases are expected to decrease and work-related cancers and circulatory diseases to increase in developing countries during the process of their industrialization. Although the main objective was the creation of estimation models, several other study questions came up during the study, which affect the main objective. Two special questions were taken into more detailed review: (1) the effect of globalization on occupational accidents, and (2 ) the effect of competitiveness on occupational safety. The former was based on a literature review and the latter was studied by means of a simple statistical test. From the global perspective, changes in social structure such as corporation mergers outsourcing and production flow to developing countries have impacted both in developed and developing regions on the number of occupational accidents and work-related diseases, even if this is difficult to demonstrate. Though extensive industrialization causes work-related accidents and diseases, it also increases consciousness of occupational safety and health issues. Another motivation aspect for developing countries is that better safety and health increases competitiveness. Competitiveness requires political and economic stability, as well as a well-trained labour force. Workers' awareness has increased and this usually leads to an improvement in occupational safety and health. Both at national and company level investment in safety and health decreases the number of occupational accidents and work-related diseases, but increases, e.g. the employees' job satisfaction, commitment to the company and productivity. ; Sattuneiden työtapaturmien ja todettujen ammattitautien tilastointi on yksi keskeinen vaatimus hyvälle työturvallisuustyölle. Läntiset teollisuusmaat ovat jo pitkään tilastoineet sattuneet työtapaturmat ja ammattitaudit, mutta tilastointikäytännöt vaihtelevat. Kehittyvien maiden työtapaturmien ja ammattitautien tilastointi on vasta alkamassa tai puuttuu vielä kokonaan. Haastetta työtapaturmien ja ammattitautien tilastoinnille aiheutuu raportointijärjestelmän lisäksi myös määritelmien ja hyväksymiskriteerien kautta. Eri mailla on usein erilaiset määritelmät työtapaturmalle ja ammattitaudille. Tilastoinnin ulkopuolelle jää myös työhön liittyvien sairauksien tilastointi. Ne ovat sairauksia, jotka ovat aiheutuneet töistä ainakin osittain, mutta niitä ei ole luokiteltu ammattitaudeiksi. Erityisesti tuki- ja liikuntaelimistön sairaudet, verenkiertoelimistön sairaudet ja mielenterveyden ongelmat ovat viime vuosina kasvaneet ja näkyvät työelämässä ja ennenaikaisena eläköitymisenä. Työtapaturmat ja työhön liittyvät sairaudet ovat maailmanlaajuinen ongelma. Ne aiheuttavat paljon kärsimyksiä ja menetyksiä yksilölle, yhteisölle ja yhteiskunnalle. Tietoa työtapaturmien ja työhön liittyvien sairauksien lukumääristä tarvitaan, jotta yritykset ja yhteiskunta pystyvät suuntaamaan toimintaansa ja valitsemaan erilaisia työturvallisuuden painopistealueita toiminnan kehittämiseksi ja parantamiseksi. Valtakunnallisella tasolla työtapaturmien ja työhön liittyvien sairauksien tilastointi vaikuttaa myös poliittiseen päätöksentekoon. Väitöskirjan tavoitteena oli luoda laskentamallit, joiden avulla pystytään maailmanlaajuisesti määrittämään työtapaturmien ja työhön liittyvien sairauksien lukumäärät. Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin erikseen työtapaturmia ja kuolemaan johtaneita työhön liittyviä sairauksia. Väitöskirjatutkimus jakautuu kolmeen erilliseen osatutkimukseen, joista ensimmäinen toteutettiin vuosien 2001–2002 aikana. Tutkimus keskittyi laskentamallien luomiseen ja edelleen lukumäärien laskemiseen vuodelle 1998 työtapaturmien osalta ja vuodelle 2000 työhön liittyvien sairauksien osalta. Toinen (2003–2004) ja kolmas (2005–2006) osatutkimus olivat luonteeltaan päivitystutkimuksia. Päivitystutkimuksien menetelmät olivat samat, lukuun ottamatta pieniä korjauksia laskentamalleihin, kuin ensimmäisessä tutkimuksessa, jotta luvut pysyisivät vertailukelpoisina. Työtapaturmien lukumäärät laskettiin vuosille 2001 ja 2003 sekä työhön liittyvät sairaudet vuodelle 2002. Toisen tutkimuksen aikana myös työhön liittyvien sairauksien osalta tutkimusta laajennettiin siten, että laskettiin maakohtaiset luvut. Tulokset osoittavat, että työtapaturmista ja työhön liittyvistä sairauksista aiheutuu vuosittain noin 2,3 miljoonaa kuolemantapausta, mikä tarkoittaa sitä, että yli 6 000 työntekijää kuolee päivittäin töiden vuoksi. Vähintään neljän päivän työkyvyttömyyden aiheuttavia työtapaturmia sattuu noin 330 miljoonaa vuosittain. Työtapaturmien ja työhön liittyvien sairauksien aiheuttamat kuolemantapausten määrät ovat pysyneet suunnilleen samana viiden vuoden aikana, mutta vähintään neljän päivän työkyvyttömyyden aiheuttaneet työtapaturmat ovat kasvaneet merkittävästi eli noin 20 % viiden vuoden aikana. Vaikka tapaturmat määrällisesti ovat kasvaneet, tapaturmasuhde on laskenut. Tapaturmasuhdetta ei kuitenkaan voi tässä tutkimuksessa pelkästään tarkastella, koska useilta lähinnä kehittyviltä mailta puuttui tieto työllisistä ja laskelmissa on käytetty sen asemasta työvoimatietoa. Tämä laskee tapaturmasuhdetta. Työhön liittyvien sairauksien osalta eniten kuolemantapauksia aiheuttavat syövät, sydän- ja verisuonitaudit sekä tartuntataudit. Tartuntataudit ovat lähinnä ongelmana kehittyvissä maissa, kun taas työperäinen syöpä on merkittävä syövän aiheuttaja teollistuneissa maissa. Odotettavissa on, että tartuntataudit tulevat laskemaan työolojen parantuessa myös kehittyvissä maissa, mutta toisaalta työperäiset syövät ja sydän- ja verisuonitaudit lisääntyvät maiden teollistuessa. Saadut tulokset kasvattavat toivottavasti kehittyvien maiden tietoisuutta työturvallisuudesta ja –terveellisyydestä sekä ohjaavan vähäisiä resursseja oikeisiin kohteisiin. Vaikka tutkimuksen päätavoitteena oli tuottaa laskentamallit, nousi tutkimusten aikana esille useita erillisiä kysymyksiä, joista kaksi tutkimuskysymystä otettiin tarkempaan tarkasteluun: (1) globalisaation vaikutus työtapaturmiin sekä (2) kilpailukyvyn vaikutus työtapaturmiin ja edelleen työturvallisuuteen. Ensimmäistä tarkasteltiin kirjallisuuden valossa ja jälkimmäistä yksinkertaisilla tilastollisilla testeillä. Kansainvälisestä näkökulmasta tarkasteltuna muutokset yhteiskunnallisessa rakenteessa kuten yhtiöiden fuusioituminen, alihankinnan lisääntyminen ja tuotannon siirtäminen kehittyviin maihin on vaikuttanut työtapaturmien ja työhön liittyvien sairauksien määriin, vaikka sitä on vaikea osoittaa puutteellisen tilastoinnin vuoksi. Varsinkin kehittyville maille työterveyteen ja turvallisuuteen panostaminen on kannattavaa kilpailukyvyn paranemisen takia. Niissä maissa, jossa kilpailukyky on hyvä, myös kuolemaan johtaneet työtapaturmat ovat matalammalla tasolla. Hyvä kilpailukyky vaatii kuitenkin poliittista ja taloudellista vakautta sekä koulutettua työvoimaa. Työntekijöiden tietoisuuden lisääntyminen parantaa myös työterveyttä ja -turvallisuutta. Sekä yhteiskunnallisella tasolla että yritystasolla panostus työterveyteen ja -turvallisuuteen vähentää työtapaturmien ja työhön liittyvien sairauksien määrää, mutta toisaalta lisää työtyytyväisyyttä ja tuottavuutta sekä sitoutumista yritykseen tai organisaatioon.

Today's news media displays an intense fascination with the global economy--and for good reason. The degree of worldwide economic integration is unprecedented, and rising globalization has lifted living standards and reduced poverty. Foreign markets and new technologies continue to present opportunities for entrepreneurs and corporations. Still, economic shocks can spread across the world in minutes, impacting billions of lives. Citizens are understandably anxious in this age of macroeconomic turbulence and overextended governments. Modern economics offers a powerful framework for understanding globalization, international trade, and economic growth. Many managers possess years of hands-on experience dealing with business cycles and foreign competitive pressures, yet these leaders may not have a solid grounding in economic concepts that shed light on the forces of globalization. This book explains economics in everyday language, using little or no math, giving businesspersons better tools to interpret current events as well as long-term economic and political developments.

This document presents findings from a study conducted to identify and document ongoing public-private partnerships (PPPs) for improving access to quality laboratory services, especially for the poor, in the East Africa region. The East, Central, and Southern Africa Health Community (ECSA-HC) coordinated the study along with the partner states in the East African Community participating in the World Bank funded East Africa Public Health Laboratory Networking Project (EAPHLNP). The authors implemented key informant interviews in Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda, and analyzed the information gathered from the interviews which is presented in this report. The study finds that while there are numerous examples of public-private collaboration across all four countries, the number of formals PPPs remains scarce. The most common form of PPP is placement, whereby privately owned laboratory equipment in leased by public facilities. Most other instances of collaboration between public and private partners, did not meet the formal definition of a PPP. Key stakeholders from both public and private institutions showed a keen interest in learning about and setting up more, diverse kinds of PPPs. The numerous informal and semi-formal arrangements that currently exist all represent opportunities for establishing formal PPPs in accordance with global best practices.

This paper examines the issue of measuring logistics costs from an applied trade policy research perspective, as well as identifying logistics-intensive sectors. It focuses on currently available data at the macro-and firm-levels. This paper has two main aims. First, it provides a first overview of currently available data relevant to logistics, and suggests some preliminary applications. The second objective of this paper is to frame the issue of logistics cost measurement and data collection in terms of the types of inputs needed for applied trade policy research. The paper is organized as follows. The next section presents an overview of possible directions in applied trade policy research using logistics data. Section three examines existing data sources that can be used to measure domestic logistics costs, focusing on the national accounts, input-output tables, price comparisons, and firm-level data. Section four presents a new methodology for measuring international trade costs, and identifies the proportion of those costs due to logistics. Section five uses input-output data to identify logistics-intensive sectors in a range of countries. Section six concludes. This paper has explored a number of different data sources and methodologies in an effort to move forward on the analysis of logistics costs from a trade policy research perspective. In the future, it will be important to distinguish between data collection efforts that are industry-driven-such as estimates of total logistics costs in Gross Domestic Product (GDP)-and those that are research-driven. Moving further in this direction will help fuel research that identifies sectors in particular countries that are most sensitive to improvements in logistics performance, and which therefore will tend to expand relative to other sectors in the face of logistics sector reforms. From a policy and political economy point of view, it will be important to identify such sectors and make them aware of the potential role logistics can play in facilitating their growth.

While economic theory considers technological progress to be a key factor for sustained long-term economic growth and job creation, technology absorption is particularly an important driver for 'catch-up growth.' This study seeks to identify channels of technology transfer and absorption for Southern African enterprises, constraints to greater technology absorption, and discuss policy options open to governments and the private sector in light of relevant international experience. It has been done based on sector and enterprise case studies carried in four countries: South Africa, Mauritius, L