Suchergebnisse

The Adult education, the strengthening and spread is the democratical public sign. This is a society, which is characterized by tolerance, civic participation, cooperation and the country's perception of their lives. Adult education helps to strengthen the country economically, because education helps to sustain the country among the developed countries. Learning is an everyday life and the essence of conscious experience – a process in which experience is transformed into knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, motivations and beliefs of everyday experience are continuously made meaningful. The Learning reasons are very diffferent, but in all cases, the learning is associated with every human purposes. It is understood that the mere desire is not enough to adults to have the learning motivation. Question of motivation is one of the most important, or the most important one of all – both adult learners and their educators. Most importantly, the adults realize that their learning is useful. The Adult learners need to realize that only education can help overcome the problems they encountered. In other words, motivation is directly related to the appropriateness – if a person has a purpose, then it has a clear motive to act. The object – the adult learning motivation factors in strengthening a comprehensive school. Purpose – to analyze and detect adult learners' motivation factor at urban comprehensive school. The main targets: 1) to analyze the concept of adult education; 2) to examine the motivation of scientists in terms of understanding and enhancing motivation for adults to highlight the factors; 3) to investigate the selected sample of adult learners' views on factors enhancing motivation for learning at urban comprehensive school. Apply techniques – theoretical: literature and document analysis to highlight the concept of adult education and adult learning reveal strengthening motivation factors, synthesis, comparison, generalization and meta – analysis; empirical: a written questionnaire, content analysis, statistical methods (chi – square x2) test Spearman's correlation coefficient and descriptive analysis of statistics: data analysis of SSPS (version 10.0) program, a graphical representation of percentages of computing and the summary. The work consists of an introduction, two parts of the theory, research, conclusions, references, abstracts (in Lithuanian and foreign (English)) and additives. The first part is devoted to study the concept of adult education. Analyzes the importance of lifelong learning, adult education regulations at issue in the European Union and Lithuanian documents, and highlights the principles of adult education and trends are revealed for adult education innovation. It can be argued that continuous learning – is a lifelong learning, promote the individual's internal environment and the need to learn. This result extended between the need of continuous learning and the reasons for the formation of the lifelong learning needs. Therefore, lifelong learning is the main renewable paradigm of education as a mature person and personality as a condition, a permanent foothold in society change. The second part deals with the concept of motivation in adult learning research point of view, reveals the motivation of adult learning characteristics and highlighting their motivation strengthening factors. In summary, the scientific motivation for the interpretation of the definition of the concept can be said that motivation is a positive phenomenon, one of the most important determinants of human behavior. It gives positive energy and direct the work toward the goal. Motivation is the essence of lively performance and direction. Motivation is seen as internal, mental and external excitation and purposeful behavior and promotion process. So, the motivation for the promotion of measures is caused by adult motives and activities should be considered. The third part is devoted empirical research, which aims to explore the adult learners' attitudes to adult learning motivation factors in strengthening the city comprehensive school. The research findings showed that more than half of surveyed women and men agree that regular training helps to keep up with rapidly advancing society and the most respondents' motivations for learning is determined prestige and career achievement, personal development and self–esteem, lack of knowledge and skills.

The Adult education, the strengthening and spread is the democratical public sign. This is a society, which is characterized by tolerance, civic participation, cooperation and the country's perception of their lives. Adult education helps to strengthen the country economically, because education helps to sustain the country among the developed countries. Learning is an everyday life and the essence of conscious experience – a process in which experience is transformed into knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, motivations and beliefs of everyday experience are continuously made meaningful. The Learning reasons are very diffferent, but in all cases, the learning is associated with every human purposes. It is understood that the mere desire is not enough to adults to have the learning motivation. Question of motivation is one of the most important, or the most important one of all – both adult learners and their educators. Most importantly, the adults realize that their learning is useful. The Adult learners need to realize that only education can help overcome the problems they encountered. In other words, motivation is directly related to the appropriateness – if a person has a purpose, then it has a clear motive to act. The object – the adult learning motivation factors in strengthening a comprehensive school. Purpose – to analyze and detect adult learners' motivation factor at urban comprehensive school. The main targets: 1) to analyze the concept of adult education; 2) to examine the motivation of scientists in terms of understanding and enhancing motivation for adults to highlight the factors; 3) to investigate the selected sample of adult learners' views on factors enhancing motivation for learning at urban comprehensive school. Apply techniques – theoretical: literature and document analysis to highlight the concept of adult education and adult learning reveal strengthening motivation factors, synthesis, comparison, generalization and meta – analysis; empirical: a written questionnaire, content analysis, statistical methods (chi – square x2) test Spearman's correlation coefficient and descriptive analysis of statistics: data analysis of SSPS (version 10.0) program, a graphical representation of percentages of computing and the summary. The work consists of an introduction, two parts of the theory, research, conclusions, references, abstracts (in Lithuanian and foreign (English)) and additives. The first part is devoted to study the concept of adult education. Analyzes the importance of lifelong learning, adult education regulations at issue in the European Union and Lithuanian documents, and highlights the principles of adult education and trends are revealed for adult education innovation. It can be argued that continuous learning – is a lifelong learning, promote the individual's internal environment and the need to learn. This result extended between the need of continuous learning and the reasons for the formation of the lifelong learning needs. Therefore, lifelong learning is the main renewable paradigm of education as a mature person and personality as a condition, a permanent foothold in society change. The second part deals with the concept of motivation in adult learning research point of view, reveals the motivation of adult learning characteristics and highlighting their motivation strengthening factors. In summary, the scientific motivation for the interpretation of the definition of the concept can be said that motivation is a positive phenomenon, one of the most important determinants of human behavior. It gives positive energy and direct the work toward the goal. Motivation is the essence of lively performance and direction. Motivation is seen as internal, mental and external excitation and purposeful behavior and promotion process. So, the motivation for the promotion of measures is caused by adult motives and activities should be considered. The third part is devoted empirical research, which aims to explore the adult learners' attitudes to adult learning motivation factors in strengthening the city comprehensive school. The research findings showed that more than half of surveyed women and men agree that regular training helps to keep up with rapidly advancing society and the most respondents' motivations for learning is determined prestige and career achievement, personal development and self–esteem, lack of knowledge and skills.

The Adult education, the strengthening and spread is the democratical public sign. This is a society, which is characterized by tolerance, civic participation, cooperation and the country's perception of their lives. Adult education helps to strengthen the country economically, because education helps to sustain the country among the developed countries. Learning is an everyday life and the essence of conscious experience – a process in which experience is transformed into knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, motivations and beliefs of everyday experience are continuously made meaningful. The Learning reasons are very diffferent, but in all cases, the learning is associated with every human purposes. It is understood that the mere desire is not enough to adults to have the learning motivation. Question of motivation is one of the most important, or the most important one of all – both adult learners and their educators. Most importantly, the adults realize that their learning is useful. The Adult learners need to realize that only education can help overcome the problems they encountered. In other words, motivation is directly related to the appropriateness – if a person has a purpose, then it has a clear motive to act. The object – the adult learning motivation factors in strengthening a comprehensive school. Purpose – to analyze and detect adult learners' motivation factor at urban comprehensive school. The main targets: 1) to analyze the concept of adult education; 2) to examine the motivation of scientists in terms of understanding and enhancing motivation for adults to highlight the factors; 3) to investigate the selected sample of adult learners' views on factors enhancing motivation for learning at urban comprehensive school. Apply techniques – theoretical: literature and document analysis to highlight the concept of adult education and adult learning reveal strengthening motivation factors, synthesis, comparison, generalization and meta – analysis; empirical: a written questionnaire, content analysis, statistical methods (chi – square x2) test Spearman's correlation coefficient and descriptive analysis of statistics: data analysis of SSPS (version 10.0) program, a graphical representation of percentages of computing and the summary. The work consists of an introduction, two parts of the theory, research, conclusions, references, abstracts (in Lithuanian and foreign (English)) and additives. The first part is devoted to study the concept of adult education. Analyzes the importance of lifelong learning, adult education regulations at issue in the European Union and Lithuanian documents, and highlights the principles of adult education and trends are revealed for adult education innovation. It can be argued that continuous learning – is a lifelong learning, promote the individual's internal environment and the need to learn. This result extended between the need of continuous learning and the reasons for the formation of the lifelong learning needs. Therefore, lifelong learning is the main renewable paradigm of education as a mature person and personality as a condition, a permanent foothold in society change. The second part deals with the concept of motivation in adult learning research point of view, reveals the motivation of adult learning characteristics and highlighting their motivation strengthening factors. In summary, the scientific motivation for the interpretation of the definition of the concept can be said that motivation is a positive phenomenon, one of the most important determinants of human behavior. It gives positive energy and direct the work toward the goal. Motivation is the essence of lively performance and direction. Motivation is seen as internal, mental and external excitation and purposeful behavior and promotion process. So, the motivation for the promotion of measures is caused by adult motives and activities should be considered. The third part is devoted empirical research, which aims to explore the adult learners' attitudes to adult learning motivation factors in strengthening the city comprehensive school. The research findings showed that more than half of surveyed women and men agree that regular training helps to keep up with rapidly advancing society and the most respondents' motivations for learning is determined prestige and career achievement, personal development and self–esteem, lack of knowledge and skills.

The Adult education, the strengthening and spread is the democratical public sign. This is a society, which is characterized by tolerance, civic participation, cooperation and the country's perception of their lives. Adult education helps to strengthen the country economically, because education helps to sustain the country among the developed countries. Learning is an everyday life and the essence of conscious experience – a process in which experience is transformed into knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, motivations and beliefs of everyday experience are continuously made meaningful. The Learning reasons are very diffferent, but in all cases, the learning is associated with every human purposes. It is understood that the mere desire is not enough to adults to have the learning motivation. Question of motivation is one of the most important, or the most important one of all – both adult learners and their educators. Most importantly, the adults realize that their learning is useful. The Adult learners need to realize that only education can help overcome the problems they encountered. In other words, motivation is directly related to the appropriateness – if a person has a purpose, then it has a clear motive to act. The object – the adult learning motivation factors in strengthening a comprehensive school. Purpose – to analyze and detect adult learners' motivation factor at urban comprehensive school. The main targets: 1) to analyze the concept of adult education; 2) to examine the motivation of scientists in terms of understanding and enhancing motivation for adults to highlight the factors; 3) to investigate the selected sample of adult learners' views on factors enhancing motivation for learning at urban comprehensive school. Apply techniques – theoretical: literature and document analysis to highlight the concept of adult education and adult learning reveal strengthening motivation factors, synthesis, comparison, generalization and meta – analysis; empirical: a written questionnaire, content analysis, statistical methods (chi – square x2) test Spearman's correlation coefficient and descriptive analysis of statistics: data analysis of SSPS (version 10.0) program, a graphical representation of percentages of computing and the summary. The work consists of an introduction, two parts of the theory, research, conclusions, references, abstracts (in Lithuanian and foreign (English)) and additives. The first part is devoted to study the concept of adult education. Analyzes the importance of lifelong learning, adult education regulations at issue in the European Union and Lithuanian documents, and highlights the principles of adult education and trends are revealed for adult education innovation. It can be argued that continuous learning – is a lifelong learning, promote the individual's internal environment and the need to learn. This result extended between the need of continuous learning and the reasons for the formation of the lifelong learning needs. Therefore, lifelong learning is the main renewable paradigm of education as a mature person and personality as a condition, a permanent foothold in society change. The second part deals with the concept of motivation in adult learning research point of view, reveals the motivation of adult learning characteristics and highlighting their motivation strengthening factors. In summary, the scientific motivation for the interpretation of the definition of the concept can be said that motivation is a positive phenomenon, one of the most important determinants of human behavior. It gives positive energy and direct the work toward the goal. Motivation is the essence of lively performance and direction. Motivation is seen as internal, mental and external excitation and purposeful behavior and promotion process. So, the motivation for the promotion of measures is caused by adult motives and activities should be considered. The third part is devoted empirical research, which aims to explore the adult learners' attitudes to adult learning motivation factors in strengthening the city comprehensive school. The research findings showed that more than half of surveyed women and men agree that regular training helps to keep up with rapidly advancing society and the most respondents' motivations for learning is determined prestige and career achievement, personal development and self–esteem, lack of knowledge and skills.

The article analyses the problematical aspects of custodial sentence in Lithuania. The author has chosen in his opinion, the most topical and arguable legal status issues of those convicted with imprisonment, that is, convicts' meetings with relatives or other persons, short-term visits at home, conditional release from correctional institutions. The first part of the article provides a discussion of the conditions of the convicted with custody in imprisonment institutions, since they make direct impact on the implementation of the right of the convicted. The author analyses regulation and implementation problems of the convicted with imprisonment meetings, short-term visits home and conditional release from correctional institutions, conformity of those institutes regulation in Lithuania with international standards for the convicts, makes suggestions about the improvement of the regulation. When analyzing the meeting procedures of those convicted with imprisonment with relatives or other persons, the author states that the number of meetings, provided in the Republic of Lithuania Penal Code Articles 73-74, is small, so the procedure of meetings should be reviewed. It must be emphasized that short-term visits home, provided in the Republic of Lithuania Penal Code article 104, are a positive and necessary thing, with the view of proper convict re-socialization, however, the implementation of this right in practice is stuck. United Nations Organization and Council of Europe Committee of Ministers in their recommendations emphasize re-socialisation of the convicts with imprisonment as one of the most important aims of imprisonment. Successful re-socialization and proper integration of the convicts into society reduce the repetition of criminal offences. In the last part of the article the author analyzes the conditional release from correctional institutions. It should be noted that control of the prohibition to visit certain places for the people conditionally released from correctional institutions, causes problems in practice. Another aspect, due to which Lithuania is distinguished from other European Union countries, is the fact that for those, sentenced to life imprisonment, conditional release is not applied in Lithuania. It is possible to claim that this is not human, the punishment becomes absolute, there is no motivation system for the sentenced to life imprisonment; convicts re-socialization and integration into society does not exist. ; Straipsnyje analizuojami laisvės atėmimo bausmės Lietuvoje probleminiai aspektai. Autorius pasirinko, jo nuomone, aktualiausius ir diskutuotinus nuteistųjų laisvės atėmimu teisinės padėties klausimus, tai yra nuteistųjų pasimatymus su giminaičiais ir kitais asmenimis, trumpalaikes išvykas į namus, lygtinį paleidimą iš pataisos įstaigų. Pirmoje straipsnio dalyje aptariamos nuteistųjų laisvės atėmimu laikymo sąlygos įkalinimo įstaigose, kadangi jos daro tiesioginį poveikį nuteistųjų teisių įgyvendinimui. Autorius analizuoja nuteistųjų laisvės atėmimu pasimatymų, trumpalaikių išvykų ir lygtinio paleidimo iš pataisos įstaigų reglamentacijos ir įgyvendinimo problemas, šių institutų reglamentavimo Lietuvoje atitiktį tarptautiniams standartams su įkalintais asmenimis, teikia pasiūlymus dėl reglamentacijos tobulinimo. Analizuodamas nuteistųjų laisvės atėmimu pasimatymų tvarką su giminaičiais ir kitais asmenimis, autorius konstatuoja, kad pasimatymų skaičius, numatytas Lietuvos Respublikos bausmių vykdymo kodekso 73–74 straipsniuose, yra mažas, tad pasimatymų tvarką reikėtų keisti. Pabrėžtina, kad Lietuvos Respublikos bausmių vykdymo kodekso 104 straipsnyje numatytos trumpalaikės išvykos į namus yra teigiamas ir būtinas dalykas, siekiant tinkamos nuteistųjų resocializacijos, tačiau šios teisės įgyvendinimas praktikoje stringa. Jungtinių Tautų Organizacijos ir Europos Tarybos Ministrų komiteto rekomendacijose kaip vienas iš svarbiausių įkalinimo tikslų akcentuojama nuteistųjų laisvės atėmimu resocializacija. Sėkminga resocializacija, tinkamas kalinių integravimas į visuomenę mažina nusikalstamų veikų pakartotinumą. Paskutinėje straipsnio dalyje autorius nagrinėja lygtinį paleidimą iš pataisos įstaigų. Pažymėtina, kad lygtinai paleistų iš pataisos įstaigos asmenų draudimo lankytis tam tikrose vietose kontroliavimas praktikoje sukelia problemų. Kitas aspektas, dėl kurio Lietuva išsiskiria iš kitų Europos Sąjungos valstybių, yra tai, kad Lietuvoje nuteistiesiems laisvės atėmimu iki gyvos galvos nėra taikomas lygtinis paleidimas. Galima teigti, kad tai nėra humaniška, bausmė tampa absoliuti, nėra motyvacijos sistemos nuteistiesiems laisvės atėmimu iki gyvos galvos, nuteistųjų resocializacijos ir integracijos į visuomenę tikslai tarsi ir neegzistuoja.

Political advertising becomes a simultaneous part of electoral process for all political parties, as common independent elections are approaching and the citizens of a country are going to vote for their representatives to the government. This process becomes especially important to political parties, as recent evidence proves that every political force in Lithuania can potentially apply for the same electors in Lithuania, as they are not devoted to one exact party. The number of such voters, who make up their decision on who to vote during the elections, is increasing. The expression and influence on the electors of political advertising in the media has widely been analysed, however, the process of creating political advertising has not been thoroughly researched in Lithuania. Therefore, the concept of political advertising is comparatively new in our country. The objectives of this work – is to analyse and explain the procedure of creating political advertising – in the process of planning, organizing and realizing it. Besides, the purpose is to research the legal regulations of political advertising on the basis of Lithuanian legitimate system. The object for the research is political advertising itself as well as the process, structure and peculiarities of creating it. The study relies on the analysis, filing and classification of Lithuanian and foreign scientific literature. In addition, the qualitative investigation, i.e. partly structural interview, is carried out. The latter method has been chosen, in order to discover the organizational characteristics of the process of creating political advertising in political communication in Lithuania, as well as to ground and illustrate the analysed theoretical studies. Lithuanian politicians or people, working in electoral headquarters during the elections, have been chosen as research objects (see appendix no.), as well as the representatives of advertising companies and specialists of public relations (see appendix no.), working in the field of creation of political advertising. In order to achieve the clear evidence, Lithuanian and foreign advertising experts have been interviewed. Political advertising in Lithuania is not supported by stable background of legal regulation. In European Union and other foreign countries every single move of political advertising is governed by statutes. In Lithuania the problem is connected with having a general system of legal regulation of political advertising. For some time political advertising was not legally governed at all. Even though the Statute of Advertising 2001 was adopted, it is not applicable for political advertising. For the first time the concept of political advertising, it's propagation means and restraints were defined in 2004 when the Parliament of Lithuania in urgent order and special session adopted the Statute of Financing and Financing Control of Political Parties and Political Campaigns. The study has proved that the model chosen by the political parties in Lithuania this year will be common to post-modern electoral campaigns. The characteristic features were reflected in the interviews with the respondents. This is a long period of campaign, the major part of work being accomplished by professional advisers and not by the party authorities; moreover, a wide range of media is employed. Electoral campaigns are concentrated on the needs of electors, whereas, the comprehensive analysis of electors or their groups provides the possibility to form effective political offer. The hypotheses raised in the study proved out only partly. The research confirmed that the common concept of political advertising in Lithuania does not exist. The data of the qualitative research allows to state that the representatives of Lithuanian political parties and the specialists of public relations are aware of the fact, political advertising performing the function of persuading. Moreover, political advertising is the process of communication, during which a political party or a candidate gets the possibility to send political news via the media channels and to influence political views of the recipients of that information. The second hypothesis appeared to be untrue, as the process of creating political advertising does take place during the electoral campaign. Representatives of bigger parties claimed that it is necessary to start the preparatory work as soon as the elections are over.

Political advertising becomes a simultaneous part of electoral process for all political parties, as common independent elections are approaching and the citizens of a country are going to vote for their representatives to the government. This process becomes especially important to political parties, as recent evidence proves that every political force in Lithuania can potentially apply for the same electors in Lithuania, as they are not devoted to one exact party. The number of such voters, who make up their decision on who to vote during the elections, is increasing. The expression and influence on the electors of political advertising in the media has widely been analysed, however, the process of creating political advertising has not been thoroughly researched in Lithuania. Therefore, the concept of political advertising is comparatively new in our country. The objectives of this work – is to analyse and explain the procedure of creating political advertising – in the process of planning, organizing and realizing it. Besides, the purpose is to research the legal regulations of political advertising on the basis of Lithuanian legitimate system. The object for the research is political advertising itself as well as the process, structure and peculiarities of creating it. The study relies on the analysis, filing and classification of Lithuanian and foreign scientific literature. In addition, the qualitative investigation, i.e. partly structural interview, is carried out. The latter method has been chosen, in order to discover the organizational characteristics of the process of creating political advertising in political communication in Lithuania, as well as to ground and illustrate the analysed theoretical studies. Lithuanian politicians or people, working in electoral headquarters during the elections, have been chosen as research objects (see appendix no.), as well as the representatives of advertising companies and specialists of public relations (see appendix no.), working in the field of creation of political advertising. In order to achieve the clear evidence, Lithuanian and foreign advertising experts have been interviewed. Political advertising in Lithuania is not supported by stable background of legal regulation. In European Union and other foreign countries every single move of political advertising is governed by statutes. In Lithuania the problem is connected with having a general system of legal regulation of political advertising. For some time political advertising was not legally governed at all. Even though the Statute of Advertising 2001 was adopted, it is not applicable for political advertising. For the first time the concept of political advertising, it's propagation means and restraints were defined in 2004 when the Parliament of Lithuania in urgent order and special session adopted the Statute of Financing and Financing Control of Political Parties and Political Campaigns. The study has proved that the model chosen by the political parties in Lithuania this year will be common to post-modern electoral campaigns. The characteristic features were reflected in the interviews with the respondents. This is a long period of campaign, the major part of work being accomplished by professional advisers and not by the party authorities; moreover, a wide range of media is employed. Electoral campaigns are concentrated on the needs of electors, whereas, the comprehensive analysis of electors or their groups provides the possibility to form effective political offer. The hypotheses raised in the study proved out only partly. The research confirmed that the common concept of political advertising in Lithuania does not exist. The data of the qualitative research allows to state that the representatives of Lithuanian political parties and the specialists of public relations are aware of the fact, political advertising performing the function of persuading. Moreover, political advertising is the process of communication, during which a political party or a candidate gets the possibility to send political news via the media channels and to influence political views of the recipients of that information. The second hypothesis appeared to be untrue, as the process of creating political advertising does take place during the electoral campaign. Representatives of bigger parties claimed that it is necessary to start the preparatory work as soon as the elections are over.

Political advertising becomes a simultaneous part of electoral process for all political parties, as common independent elections are approaching and the citizens of a country are going to vote for their representatives to the government. This process becomes especially important to political parties, as recent evidence proves that every political force in Lithuania can potentially apply for the same electors in Lithuania, as they are not devoted to one exact party. The number of such voters, who make up their decision on who to vote during the elections, is increasing. The expression and influence on the electors of political advertising in the media has widely been analysed, however, the process of creating political advertising has not been thoroughly researched in Lithuania. Therefore, the concept of political advertising is comparatively new in our country. The objectives of this work – is to analyse and explain the procedure of creating political advertising – in the process of planning, organizing and realizing it. Besides, the purpose is to research the legal regulations of political advertising on the basis of Lithuanian legitimate system. The object for the research is political advertising itself as well as the process, structure and peculiarities of creating it. The study relies on the analysis, filing and classification of Lithuanian and foreign scientific literature. In addition, the qualitative investigation, i.e. partly structural interview, is carried out. The latter method has been chosen, in order to discover the organizational characteristics of the process of creating political advertising in political communication in Lithuania, as well as to ground and illustrate the analysed theoretical studies. Lithuanian politicians or people, working in electoral headquarters during the elections, have been chosen as research objects (see appendix no.), as well as the representatives of advertising companies and specialists of public relations (see appendix no.), working in the field of creation of political advertising. In order to achieve the clear evidence, Lithuanian and foreign advertising experts have been interviewed. Political advertising in Lithuania is not supported by stable background of legal regulation. In European Union and other foreign countries every single move of political advertising is governed by statutes. In Lithuania the problem is connected with having a general system of legal regulation of political advertising. For some time political advertising was not legally governed at all. Even though the Statute of Advertising 2001 was adopted, it is not applicable for political advertising. For the first time the concept of political advertising, it's propagation means and restraints were defined in 2004 when the Parliament of Lithuania in urgent order and special session adopted the Statute of Financing and Financing Control of Political Parties and Political Campaigns. The study has proved that the model chosen by the political parties in Lithuania this year will be common to post-modern electoral campaigns. The characteristic features were reflected in the interviews with the respondents. This is a long period of campaign, the major part of work being accomplished by professional advisers and not by the party authorities; moreover, a wide range of media is employed. Electoral campaigns are concentrated on the needs of electors, whereas, the comprehensive analysis of electors or their groups provides the possibility to form effective political offer. The hypotheses raised in the study proved out only partly. The research confirmed that the common concept of political advertising in Lithuania does not exist. The data of the qualitative research allows to state that the representatives of Lithuanian political parties and the specialists of public relations are aware of the fact, political advertising performing the function of persuading. Moreover, political advertising is the process of communication, during which a political party or a candidate gets the possibility to send political news via the media channels and to influence political views of the recipients of that information. The second hypothesis appeared to be untrue, as the process of creating political advertising does take place during the electoral campaign. Representatives of bigger parties claimed that it is necessary to start the preparatory work as soon as the elections are over.

Book reviewed in this article:REALIGNMENT OF WORLD POWER: The Russo‐Chinese Schism Under the Impact of Mao‐Tse‐tung's Last Revolution. By Oton Ambroz.SAMUEL TERRY: The Botany Bay Rothschild. By Gwyneth M. Dow.RURAL INDUSTRY IN THE PORT PHILLIP REGION 1835–1880. By Lynnette J. Peel.NOT A WHITE WOMAN SAFE: Sexual Anxiety and Politics in Port Moresby 1920–1934. By Amirah Inglis.SOCIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT. Edited by E. de Kadt and Gavin Williams.POLITICAL CHANGE: Collected Essays. By David E. Apter.RICH NATIONS AND POOR IN PEACE AND WAR: Continuity and Change in the Development Hierarchy of Seventy Nations from 1913 through 1952. By Henry Barbera.ECONOMIC REALITIES IN POOR COUNTRIES. By Leslie Stein.G.D.H. COLE: An Intellectual Biography. By L.P. Carpenter.HISTORY AND WILL: Philosophical Perspectives of Mao‐Tse‐Tung's Thought. By F. Wakeman Jr.TO PHOENIX SEAT: An Introductory Study of Maoism and the Chinese Communist Quest for a Paradise on Earth. By L.R. Marchant.THE COUNTER REFORMATION. By G.W. Searle.ON THE MEDIEVAL ORIGINS OF THE MODERN STATE. By Joseph R. Strayer.IMPERIAL ECONOMIC POLICY, 1917–1939: Studies in Expansion and Protection. By Ian M. Drum‐mond.TAMATE — A KING: James Chalmers in New Guinea. 1877–1901. By Diane Langmore.THE BASES OF INTERNATIONAL ORDER. Essays in Honour of C.A.W. Manning. Edited by Alan James.SMALL STATES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: Nobel Symposium 17. Edited by August Schou and Arne Olav Brundtland.THE MAJOR INTERNATIONAL TREATIES 1914–1973. A History and Guide With Texts. By J.A.S. Grenville.INTERNATIONAL LAW AND NATIONAL BEHAVIOUR: A Behavioral Interpretation of Contemporary International Law and Politics. By A. Sheikh.FULL CIRCLE. By S.F. Rowell.THE NUREMBERG FALLACY: Wars and War Crimes Since World War II. By Eugene Davidson.THE AUSTRALIAN COLONISTS: An Exploration of Social History 1788–1870. By K.S. Inglis.JEREMY BENTHAM: Ten Critical Essays. Edited by Bhikhu Parekh.THE DAMNED INHERITANCE: The Soviet Union and the Manchurian Crises, 1924–35. By G.A. Lensen.GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS AND THE RISE OF SWEDEN. By Michael Roberts.SOCIALISM AND THE CHALLENGE OF WAR: Ideas and Politics in Britain 1912–18. By J.M. Winter.ACCUMULATION ON A WORLD SCALE: A critique of the Theory of Underdevelopment. Vols. 1 and 2. By Samir Amin. Translated by Brian Pearce.GERMANY CONFRONTS MODERNISATION: German Culture and Society, 1790–1890. By Robert Anchor.WORKERS AND PROTEST: The European Labor Movement, The Working Classes and the Origins of Social Democracy, 1890–1914. By Harvey Mitchell and Peter N. Steams.MAJOR IDEOLOGIES: An Interpretative Survey of Democracy. Socialism, and Nationalism. By Alexander Groth.CONTEMPORARY THOUGHT AND POLITICS. By Ernest Gellner. Edited with a preface by I.C. Jarvie and Joseph Agassi.MODERN DEMOCRACIES: Economic Power versus Political Power. By Maurice Duverger.DICK DETERRED: A Play in Two Acts. By David Edgar.THE IMAGE OF AUSTRALIA. British Perception of the Australian Economy from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century, By Craufurd D.W. Goodwin.CONFIDENTIAL DISPATCHES: Analyses of America by the British Ambassador, 1939–1945. Edited by Thomas E. Hachey.THE STATE'S SERVANTS: The Civil Service of the English Republic 1649–1660. By G.E. Aylmer.NORMAN LINDSAY, The Embattled Olympian. By John Hetherington.MARKETING BOARDS AND MINISTERS: A Study of Agricultural Marketing Boards as Political and Administrative Instruments. By P.J. Giddings.ELITES IN THE POLICY PROCESS. By Robert Presthus.LAW, LEGISLATION AND LIBERTY: A New Statement of the Liberal Principles of Justice and Political Economy. Vol. I Rules and Order. By F.A. Hayek.DEPRESSION AND RECOVERY IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA 1928'29–1938'39: A Study in Cyctical and Structural Change. By G.D. Snooks.INDIA'S SECOND LIBERATION. By Pran Chopra.NORMALIZATION OF JAPANESE‐SOVIET RELATIONS 1945–1970. By S. Vishwanathan.MAOISM IN ACTION: The Cultural Revolution. By C.L. Chiou.THE PLANS OF WAR: The General Staff and British Military Strategy c. 1900–1916. By John Gooch.REVUE INTERNATIONALE d'HISTOIRE MILITAIRE.A NEW HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA. Edited by F.K. Crowley.AUSTRALIAN CULTURAL ELITES: Intellectual Traditions in Sydney and Melbourne. By John Docker.SUEZ 1956. By Robert R. Bowie.LABOR IN POLITICS: The State Labor Parties in Australia 1880–1920. Edited by D.J. Murphy.J.H. SCULLIN: A Political Biography. By John Robertson.

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky chided NATO states this week for their unwillingness to directly join the fight against Russia."What's the issue with involving NATO countries in the war? There is no such issue," Zelensky told the New York Times in a fiery interview. Western planes could simply "shoot down what's in the sky over Ukraine" without leaving NATO territory, he argued, thus mitigating escalation risks.Zelensky added that he would welcome any plans to send NATO soldiers to support Ukraine's war effort on the ground. The Ukrainian leader also asked Western states to allow Ukraine to use their weapons to target military sites within Russian territory.Zelensky's increasingly desperate pleas come at a difficult time for Ukraine. It has now been over a year and a half since Kyiv made any substantial gains on the battlefield. As political scientist Graham Allison recently pointed out, Russia took more territory in the past two months than Ukraine liberated in its entire 2023 counteroffensive.Ukraine has attempted to regain an advantage through a campaign of attacks on Russian infrastructure, including fuel depots and power plants. The tactical shift is in part a response to Moscow's long-standing campaign of strikes on Ukrainian energy infrastructure, which forced Kyiv to impose rolling blackouts this week for the first time since Russia's 2022 invasion.In this moment of crisis, the U.S. has chosen a Goldilocks approach. American officials have long opposed Ukrainian strikes on Russian territory, in part due to fears of escalation and in part due to the potential impact on global oil prices. But Secretary of State Antony Blinken appeared to soften that stance in comments last week."We have not encouraged or enabled strikes outside of Ukraine, but ultimately Ukraine needs to make decisions for itself on how it conducts this war," Blinken said. "We will continue to back Ukraine with the equipment it needs to win."From Ukraine's perspective, such comments are far too ambiguous. But American actions have been somewhat more direct. Just a few weeks ago, Washington revealed that it had secretly given long-range missiles to Kyiv that are capable of striking deep within Russian territory.The U.S. has been firmer in its opposition to sending troops to Ukraine or directly helping to shoot down Russian missiles. While some NATO states have warmed to the idea of deploying soldiers to the country, Gen. C.Q. Brown, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said Monday that "right now, there are no plans to bring U.S. trainers into Ukraine.""Once this conflict is over and we're in a better place, then I would suspect we would be able to bring trainers back in," Brown said.As Zelensky plays down fears of nuclear escalation, the Kremlin is taking a different tack. Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered drills this week in which his troops practiced using tactical nukes. While these battlefield weapons are smaller than strategic warheads, certain variants can pack a bigger punch than the bombs that flattened Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.Russia said the drills, which took place near the border with Ukraine, were a response to "provocative statements and threats of certain Western officials regarding the Russian Federation."The escalatory move highlights a diplomatic tension that the Biden administration has yet to address. While Ukraine and the U.S. have a strong shared interest in making Russia pay for its invasion, Washington's superseding goal is to prevent nuclear escalation by avoiding a direct conflict with Moscow. Ukraine, for its part, has every reason to drag the U.S. into a war that Kyiv views as existential.European states are stuck in the squishy middle. Europe has stronger incentives to back Ukraine to the hilt, hence why countries like France and Britain have floated plans for more direct involvement in the war. But any sudden move would naturally implicate their most powerful ally, the United States, which has strongly discouraged any efforts to drag NATO into the conflict.The West has largely papered over these divisions by insisting that it will continue to back Ukraine "as long as it takes." But, as Kyiv's battlefield position worsens, that approach could have an expiration date.In other diplomatic news related to the war in Ukraine:— Ukraine could enter formal talks to join the European Union by the end of June, according to Politico. The main obstacle to this step is Hungary, which has long been skeptical of bringing Ukraine into the bloc, in part due to controversies surrounding Hungarian minorities in the country. But, with Budapest taking over the rotating presidency of the European Council in July, some diplomats speculate that Hungarian officials would rather get the issue out of the way as soon as possible, especially given that there will be plenty of future opportunities to derail Kyiv's accession in the coming years.Ukraine's larger and longer-term impediment will be bringing its political system in line with the standards for EU membership, which will require efforts to root out corruption and strengthen democratic systems in the country.— Last Friday, the EU moved to ban four Russian media outlets that the bloc described as "essential and instrumental in bringing forward and supporting Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine," according to Reuters. The decision to block the Russian-language outlets followed a previous move to ban Russia Today and Sputnik, both of which have broadcasts in English. The Kremlin pledged to "respond with lightning speed and extremely painfully for the Westerners" without revealing exactly what that means.— In this week's edition of "who's mad at France," American and European officials fumed over French President Emmanuel Macron's decision to invite a Russian representative to D-Day commemorations next month, according to Politico. "Perhaps this will remind the Russians that they actually fought real Nazis once, not imaginary ones in Ukraine," an anonymous U.S. official told Politico. The event will provide a rare scene: Biden, Macron, and even Zelensky will stand side-by-side with a Russian official for one of the first times since Russia's 2022 invasion.— In part deux of "who's mad at France," Zelensky chided Macron for suggesting a worldwide truce during the Paris Olympics this summer, according to Agence France Presse. "Let's be honest... Emmanuel, I don't believe it," the Ukrainian leader said. "We are against any truce that plays into the hands of the enemy." Chinese leader Xi Jinping threw his support behind the idea, but Putin has yet to say if he would endorse a truce.— Ukraine is now offering parole to prisoners who sign up to fight Russia, with the exception of those convicted for particularly serious offenses, according to Reuters. Ukrainian officials say the decision could allow as many as 20,000 prisoners to join the war effort, providing a much-needed boost in manpower as the war drags on. Russia has faced harsh international criticism for its own policy of granting clemency to inmates who join the war on Moscow's side, a policy that has given the Kremlin more than 50,000 extra soldiers.U.S. State Department news:In a Monday press conference, State Department spokesperson denied that the U.S. is using a double standard for International Criminal Court cases against Russian and Israeli officials. "There is a fundamental difference here and it's that Israel said they were going to cooperate with the investigation. Russia did not," Miller said. "Israel said they were going to cooperate with the investigation, talk to them about the charges that they were preparing to bring. And the ICC short-circuited that cooperation by bringing these charges."

In a speech to the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland this week, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky called for a "just and stable" peace, but maintained that a ceasefire to freeze the conflict with Russia at current lines remained unacceptable."I remind you that after 2014, there were attempts to freeze the war in Donbas. There were very influential guarantors of that process," Zelensky said. "But Putin is a predator who is not satisfied with frozen products." Despite a recent report from the New York Times suggesting that Russian President Vladimir Putin has been quietly signaling an openness to a ceasefire, Zelensky argued that he "embodies war.""We all know that he is the sole reason why various wars and conflicts persist, and why all attempts to restore peace have failed," the Ukrainian president said. "And he will not change."Instead, Zelensky remains committed to his vision of a 10-point peace formula, which calls for, among other stipulations, the withdrawal of Russian troops from all Ukrainian territory and the prosecution of Russian officials for war crimes. "[T]hose demands are considered, by analysts and even politicians backing the proposal, to be unreachable given the current balance of forces on the battlefield," reported the New York Times on Tuesday. Kyiv continues to try to persuade the international community to sign onto its peace plan. According to Zelensky, representatives from over 80 countries and international institutions have met in a series of meetings since last summer to discuss the Ukrainian peace formula. This week, Switzerland agreed to host the next round of talks, which Zelensky said will include world leaders for the first time. Zelensky also said on Monday that it was important to him that representatives from China and the Global South be present at the summit. "We would very much like China to be involved in our [peace] formula, as well as in the summit," he said, according to Reuters. "But not everything depends on our wishes."Indeed, on Wednesday Politico reported that officials from Beijing had given Ukraine the cold shoulder at Davos."China's decision not to meet with Ukrainians appeared intentional and not the result of a scheduling problem," reads the report. "One senior U.S. official said Beijing rejected Kyiv's request for a meeting at some point during their mutual Swiss visits. Another senior U.S. official said China has refused any gatherings after Russia urged it to cease diplomatic encounters with Ukraine."A Ukrainian official told Politico that the characterization was not accurate and that the Ukrainian delegation had never requested a meeting with their Chinese counterparts. In other diplomatic news related to the war in Ukraine:— For the first time since Congress returned earlier this month, there appears to be some movement on President Joe Biden's national security supplemental package, which includes roughly $60 billion in aid for Ukraine. Biden met with four congressional leaders — Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-N.Y.), Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.), Speaker of the House Mike Johnson (R-La.) and House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries (D-N.Y) — to discuss the supplemental at the White House on Wednesday.Following the meeting, McConnell said he expected to hold a vote on the legislation next week, and Schumer added, "For the first time, I believe the odds are a little better than 50% that we can get something done. But certainly it's not a done deal yet." Following the meeting, Sen. Ron Johnson (R-Wis.) led 17 GOP Senators in calling for a meeting next week to discuss the Republican conference's position on Ukraine aid. The trickier situation will likely be in the House, where Johnson said that he supports aid to Kyiv but members of his caucus "need the questions answered about the strategy, about the endgame and about the accountability for the precious treasure of the American people," before agreeing to another tranche of funding. — Ukraine and the United Kingdom announced both a new bilateral security agreement and that London would provide Kyiv with another $3 billion in military aid. "It's important that Russia sees that we are not moving away, that we will be with Ukraine, not just today, not just tomorrow, but for the long term," British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak said."Support for Ukraine has emerged as a central thrust of London's foreign policy since Britain left the European Union — and it has provided a means for successive Conservative prime ministers to divert attention from internal political strife," according to The Washington Post. "It has also provided a way for London to distinguish itself from European governments, some of whom have wavered in their military assistance to Ukraine, or, as in the cases of Hungary and Slovakia, rejected it outright."— During a meeting in Brussels this week, top NATO leadership is expected to make plans for the biggest military exercises in Europe since the Cold War, according to the Associated Press. In the face of Russian aggression, "the wargames are meant as a fresh show of strength from NATO and its commitment to defend all allied nations from attack," reports the AP.U.S. State Department News:During a press briefing on Wednesday, State Department spokesman Matthew Miller did not receive any questions about the war in Ukraine.

Problem setting. In the direction of balanced regional development, the state has the opportunity to use such a direct lever of influence on the process as strategic planning. At present stage of reforming of the system of public administration of regional development, its role and importance are especially growing, because strategic planning makes it possible to predict the further development of territories. General purpose of strategic planning is to move to indicative forecasting, information support for objective management decisions at the regional, local and national levels, including concerning increase and effective realization of resource potential of the region, overcoming of depression of territories, realization of structural transformations. Recent research and publications analysis. Issues related to regional development are covered in works of such scholars as E. Alaev, G. Balabanov, P.Bubenko, Z. Varnalii, S. Haluza, Z. Herasymchuk, А. Holikov, H. Huberna, M.Dolishnii, L. Zaitseva, U. Ipatov, B. Kliianenko, V. Kravtsiv, O. Krainyk, N.Kuznetsov, L. Kuzmenko, A. Mazur, T. Maksymova, A. Marshalova, S.Melnyk, І. Mykhasiuk, N. Mikula, Y. Navruzov, O. Novoselov, V. Symonenko, D. Stechenko, H. Stolbov, L. Taranhul, S. Tiahlov, V. Khodachek, L. Chervona, М. Chumachenko, B. Shtulberh, M. Yankiv and others. Taking into account the significant achievements of the scholars in the field of regional studies, insufficiently complete and in-depth study of the issues of strategic planning of regional development is still worth emphasizing. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The main purpose of the article was to present a wide range of results of the study on the analysis of the problem and to justify the prospects of strategic planning of regional development. Paper main body. Public administration of regional development in Ukraine should take into account basic trends of reforming processes in the European Union. Like in European countries, in Ukraine there are normative documents, which frame the strategic planning, i.e. there is every reason to talk about the functioning of the regional development planning system. The main components of this system include: strategic plans for socio-economic development; spatial plans of territorial development (schemes of planning of the territory of the region, general plans and town-planning documentation of settlements); medium-term plans for socio-economic development of the region and targeted development programs for certain areas of activity; short-term programs of socio-economic development. Strategic, medium-term and short-term program documents of socio-economic development of the region are related to creating a favorable environment for the development of the regional economy and citizens' life, meeting basic needs of business sector and people in various services, forming competitive advantages to enter outer markets, stimulation of entrepreneurial activity, active attraction of investments, development of various sectors of economy, etc. Spatial plans of different levels relate to the development of the territory as an object of implementation of urban policy of local authorities, they are tied to a specific space. Therefore, we can talk about two types of program documents. Both types are closely interrelated, contribute to improving the efficiency of the territory, but differ from each other. Today, in the field of strategic planning of regional development in Ukraine there are many problems resulting from the lack of a comprehensive system of strategic planning of regional development in the country. In particular, these are the following: inconsistencies between different strategic and planning documents; lack of clear links between planning documents and the budget; lack of a unified approach to planning, uncertainty of the status of sertain strategic documents, political and legal consequences of their non-implementation; inefficient system of public policy evaluation; lack of responsibility for making ineffective management decisions. The main directions of strategic planning were identified: intellectual growth of territories, which involves economic development based on the growing development of production infrastructure, knowledge, research, inventions, patents and innovations, i.e. reorientation of regional economies to an innovative model of development; sustainable and continuous growth of territories for creation of an economy based on the efficient use of resources, in particular, environmental resources, and increasing the efficiency of use of natural resources, economic potential of the region; comprehensive growth of living standards through the development of social infrastructure, increasing employment, human resources development and achievement of social well-being; increasing the investment attractiveness of regions and intensifying innovation activity therein, as well as increasing the competitiveness of regions. Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Strategic planning of regional development is a powerful tool to unite the interests of the public, local business and local authorities, which has a positive impact on the business climate, community welfare, and competitive position of the territory. It is a creative process of defining strategic directions and agreeing on realistic goals and objectives, implementation of which will help to achieve a better future. ; Розглянуто проблеми стратегічного планування регіонального розвитку. З'ясовано складові системи планування регіонального розвитку. Зроблено акцент на проблемах стратегічного планування регіонального розвитку в Україні. Обґрунтовано чинники, які зумовлюють необхідність покращення стратегічного планування регіонального розвитку в Україні. Представлено перспективи розвитку стратегічного планування регіонального розвитку в Україні.

Buildings account for 40% of all energy use in European countries. The European Union (EU) therefore encourages member states to adopt Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) and implement energy-efficient practices during building design to minimize the energy use of buildings. However, recent studies have shown that energy-efficient buildings may not always outperform conventional buildings in terms of Life Cycle Energy (LCE) use. This is mainly due to the trade-off between embodied and operational energy, and a reliance on EEMs that reduce operational energy while sometimes increasing embodied energy and LCE use. To improve buildings' environmental performance, the impact of different EEMs on buildings' energy use needs to be assessed from a lifecycle perspective, and methods for identifying optimal combinations of EEMs that minimize LCE use should be developed. Ideally, these methods should be integrated with building information modelling (BIM) to enable seamless data exchange and to help Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) practitioners make optimal design decisions relating to EEMs. The work presented in this thesis had two overall objectives: (1) to explore the scope for developing BIM-supported method(s) for assessing and optimizing the impact of EEMs on buildings' LCE use during the design process, and (2) use the BIM-supported method(s) for exploring the impact of various EEMs that are implemented and modified during the building design process on the buildings' LCE use. The work presented in this thesis is based on an exploratory research design involving iterative cycles of (1) problem identification, (2) method development, (3) method examination, and (4) theory suggestion. In step 1, problems were identified by conducting literature studies and workshops with AEC practitioners, and analyzing archival data. In step 2, prototyping was used to develop methods to overcome the identified problems. In step 3, the applicability of these methods (or prototypes) was tested in case studies on actual and hypothetical building projects. Three case studies were conducted – one dealing with a low energy dwelling located in Kiruna, Sweden; another dealing with a multifamily residential building in Uppsala, Sweden; and a third dealing with a hypothetical multifamily residential building in Stockholm, Sweden. In step 4, the results were compared to existing theories to strengthen existing knowledge and identify previously unrecognized findings. In relation to the first objective, the results obtained show that the factors and activities required to develop BIM-supported method(s) for assessing and optimizing the impact of EEMs on a building's LCE use during the design phase are: • A database that stores external and building project data (e.g. BIM data) and links it to be used for assessment and optimization, providing access to the data whenever needed. • The development of interfaces using middleware applications to ensure interoperability and seamless automated exchange of information between BIM and other systems. • Predefined objects (i.e. building part and component recipes) that are stored in a database and linked to inventories and Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) for the relevant materials, enabling assessment of the buildings' embodied energy and LCE use. • The application of multi-objective optimization techniques (e.g. Pareto-based genetic algorithms) to identify optimal solution(s) for EEMs that minimize (optimize) the building's LCE use. In relation to the second objective of the thesis, the results obtained indicate that: • EEMs that are implemented and modified during the detailed design phase have much less influence on the building's LCE use than those implemented in the early design phase. Highly influential EEMs related to the early design phase which were tested herein were the building's shape, orientation, Window to Wall Ratio (WWR), and the selection of materials used in the building envelope. • Generally, thickening roof insulation has a strong beneficial effect on LCE use for buildings in Sweden. • For buildings using energy sources with high primary energy factors, the most effective way to reduce LCE use may be to implement many EEMs that reduce operational energy use. However, this approach may be less helpful for buildings using greener energy sources because in such cases the embodied energy may have a greater effect on the final LCE use. • The embodied energies of materials in the same class can vary significantly between suppliers. Such differences in embodied energy can be identified by considering the suppliers' EPDs, the energetic contributions due to their mode of transportation from the site of production, and the distance between the site of production and the construction site. • If the developed optimization approach is used to identify optimal combinations of EEMs in the early design phase, designers can freely choose from a wide range of building shapes without greatly affecting LCE use. However, without early phase optimization, designs that use different building shapes may exhibit significantly different LCE use values. The results provide both theoretical and practical contributions that may be useful to researchers and AEC practitioners seeking to develop BIM-supported design processes and to reduce buildings' LCE use by adopting appropriate EEMs. The results also show that embodied energy can be a major component of a building's LCE use if the building's design relies heavily on EEMs designed solely to reduce operational energy use. Policy makers and governmental bodies are thus advised to update regulations and building codes to reflect the importance of embodied energy so as to minimize the LCE use of new and retrofitting building projects.

Мета. Метою роботи є дослідження проблем та перспектив розвитку високошвидкісного пасажирського залізничного транспорту на основі аналізу закордонного досвіду випробувань, будівництва та експлуатації високошвидкісних залізничних магістралей. Методика. Дослідження виконано на основі аналізу літературних джерел, нормативних документів та звітних даних, що стосуються питань організації високошвидкісного руху поїздів. Результати. За результатами дослідження встановлено, що в умовах конкуренції з іншими видами транспорту залізничний транспорт має шанс виграти боротьбу за пасажира у повітряного та автомобільного транспорту на середній дальності перевезень порядку 650-750 км за умов впровадження високошвидкісного руху поїздів за рахунок зручності розташування вокзалів у центрах міст, високого рівня безпеки та комфорту. Європейський Союз розглядає швидкісну залізницю як ключовий компонент своєї стратегії щодо скорочення викидів вуглецю та зменшення негативного впливу транспорту на довкілля і активно заохочує перерозподіл перевезень з автомобільного та повітряного транспорту на залізничний. Високошвидкісне сполучення являє собою єдину систему, яка поєднує в собі інфраструктуру, рухомий склад та умови експлуатації. Верхня межа швидкості встановлюється відповідно до технічних можливостей, вимог безпеки, екологічних вимог і допустимою величиною капітальних вкладень і експлуатаційних витрат. Під час розвинення поїздами великих швидкостей виникають різні технічні проблеми, над усуненням яких зараз працюють вчені всього світу, удосконалюючи як технічну базу рухомого складу, так і технічну оснащеність супроводу його у дорозі. Практична значимість. Реалізація європейської програми розширення високошвидкісної мережі на країни Східної Європи і СНД дозволить залізницям України інтегруватися в швидкісну мережу Європи та у світову транспортну систему, що дасть змогу збільшити потоки пасажирів у міждержавному сполученні. Однак, питання запровадження високошвидкісного залізничного руху в Україні залишається відкритим. ; Цель. Целью работы является исследование проблем и перспектив развития высокоскоростного пассажирского железнодорожного транспорта на основе анализа заграничного опыта испытаний, строительства и эксплуатации высокоскоростных железнодорожных магистралей. Методика. Исследование выполнено на основе анализа литературных источников, нормативных документов и отчетных данных, которые касаются вопросов организации высокоскоростного движения поездов. Результаты. По результатам исследования установлено, что в условиях конкуренции с другими видами транспорта железнодорожный транспорт имеет шанс выиграть борьбу за пассажира у воздушного и автомобильного транспорта на средней дальности перевозок порядка 650-750 км при условиях внедрения высокоскоростного движения поездов за счет удобства расположения вокзалов в центрах городов, высокого уровня безопасности и комфорта. Европейский Союз рассматривает скоростную железную дорогу как ключевой компонент своей стратегии относительно сокращения выбросов углерода и уменьшения негативного воздействия транспорта на окружающую среду и активно поощряет перераспределение перевозок с автомобильного и воздушного транспорта на железнодорожный. Высокоскоростное сообщение представляет собой единую систему, которая объединяет в себе инфраструктуру, подвижной состав и условия эксплуатации. Верхний предел скорости устанавливается согласно техническим возможностям, требованиям безопасности, экологическим требованиям и допустимой величиной капитальных вложений и эксплуатационных затрат. Во время развития поездами больших скоростей возникают разные технические проблемы, над устранением которых сейчас работают ученые всего мира, совершенствуя как техническую базу подвижного состава, так и техническую оснащенность сопровождения его в пути. Практическая значимость. Реализация европейской программы расширения высокоскоростной сети на страны Восточной Европы и СНГ позволит железным дорогам Украины интегрироваться в скоростную сеть Европы и в мировую транспортную систему, которая даст возможность увеличить потоки пассажиров в межгосударственном сообщении. Однако, вопрос внедрения высокоскоростного железнодорожного движения в Украине остается открытым. ; Purpose. The aim of the work is to study the problems and prospects of development of high-speed passenger rail transport based on the analysis of foreign experience in testing, construction and operation of high-speed rail lines. Methodology. The research was made on the basis of an analysis of literary sources, regulatory documents and reporting data that relate to the organization of high-speed train traffic. Results. According to the research results, it was established that in the conditions of competition between other types of transport, railway transport has the opportunity to win the fight for passenger traffic in air and road transport at an average distance of 650-750 km from the station, provided that the high speed of trains moves to the account, high level of safety and comfort. The European Union considers the high-speed railway as a key component of its strategy to reduce carbon emissions and reduce the negative impact of transport on the environment, and actively encourages the redistribution of traffic from road and air transport to rail. High-speed communication is a unified system that combines infrastructure, rolling stock and operating conditions. The upper speed limit is set according to the technical capabilities, safety requirements, environmental requirements and the permissible value of capital investments and operating costs. When trains amplify high speed, various technical problems arise, which scientists from all over the world are now working to eliminate, improving both the technical base of the rolling stock and the technical equipment to accompany it on the road. Practical significance. The implementation of the European program for expanding the high-speed network to the countries of Eastern Europe and the CIS will allow the railways of Ukraine to integrate into the high-speed network of Europe and into the global transport system, which will provide an opportunity to increase passenger traffic in interstate communication. However, the issue of introducing high-speed rail traffic in Ukraine remains open.