Suchergebnisse

In Ukraine from the very beginning people thought, that thewoman is the homemaker, wealth, inheritance, child health and gene pool of thenation, which is the foundation of a healthy family and society. Therefore, from awoman, of her health, the opportunity to realize their aspirations in the implementationof labor and social activities depends on the health of each individual family andsociety as a whole. In recent decades, the role of women has changed: a mother andhomemaker, she has become an active public figure that feels high physical andpsychological pressure.Recent research and publication analysis. According to researches of theSosin I.K., Linsky I.V., Minko A.I., Voloshin P.V., Maruta N.O., Chuev Y.F., MelnikA.V. on the examples of clinical practice proved that the female body is weaker thanmen's and, unlike the latter, not accustomed to long and excessive abuse of alcohol.That is why addiction to substances among women faster than men's behavior whileintoxicated – aggressive and treatment of female alcoholism and drug addiction arelonger and harder.Paper objective. The aim of the paper was to study the statistical data from theWHO and the Department of Healthcare of Kharkiv Regional State Administrationregarding the incidence of alcoholism among young people in the European Union andthe level of alcohol consumption among women in Ukraine, the study of forensic andpharmaceutical facts concerning the murders committed by women in intoxicated stateand on the examples to show the damage that causes irregular drink of alcohol to thehuman and its associates, generalization of legal acts and proposals to reduce alcoholcirculation and increase the women's access to certain types of drugs.Paper main body. Based on examples from forensic and pharmaceuticalpractice found that women in drunk state commit illegal acts that are criminal offensesresulting in suffering her family and children, and the state holds the social andfinancial burden and severe financial losses aimed at its treatment and medical supplyall legal classification groups. According to the results of forensic and psychiatricresearch by the Linsky I.V., Minko A.I. and Shapovalov Val.V. established causalrelationships and positive relationship between the number of alcoholic psychoses,drug-addicts and the number of crimes committed on the territory of Ukraine ingeneral and in the Kharkiv region in particular. That is, women with signs of alcoholdependence, and continued abusing of the psychoactive substance alcohol are often thevictims or perpetrators of various offenses committed by intoxicated.Conclusions of the research. Forensic and pharmaceutical examination of thefacts of murders committed by women in drunk state based on criminalistics principlesshows that in Ukraine acute problem of female alcoholism. In addition, the problem isacute in the EU and the Middle East, both for men and women. Therefore, its solutionis in the plane of the improvement of legislation to limit access to alcohol for thepopulation of Ukraine as an example of Muslim countries. Experience in othercountries shows the need for amendments to certain laws of Ukraine, which wouldimpose a limitation commercial promotion of alcoholic beverages during the day,namely a ban on the sale from 9.00 pm to 9.00 am; prohibition of placing windows,shelves with alcohol on a trading floors, along with other products, they should beplaced in a secluded room, access to which is restricted to certain categories of people.Also needed the further development of interdisciplinary connections between criminallaw, criminology, medical and pharmaceutical law. ; Проведен судебно-фармацевтический анализ фактов убийств, совершенных женщинами в состоянии алкогольного опьянения на основе криминалистики. Установлено, что в странах ЕС, Ближнего Востока и в Украине остро стоит проблема алкоголизма, как среди мужчин, так и среди женщин. Выяснено, что решение данной проблемы в Украине находится в плоскости совершенствования законодательства относительно ограничения доступа к алкоголю всех слоев населения на примере мусульманских стран. Кроме того, необходимо дальнейшее развитие междисциплинарных связей между уголовным правом, криминалистикой, медицинским и фармацевтическим правом ; Проведено судово-фармацевтичний аналіз фактів убивств, скоєних жінками у стані алкогольного сп'яніння на криміналістичних засадах. Встановлено, що вирішення проблеми алкоголізму як серед чоловіків, так і жінок в Україні знаходиться у площині вдосконалення законодавства щодо обмеження доступу до алкоголю всіх верств населення за прикладом мусульманських країн. Крім того, потребують подальшого розвитку міждисциплінарні зв'язків між кримінальним правом, криміналістикою, медичним і фармацевтичним правом

Background In the previously reported ALSYMPCA trial in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer and symptomatic bone metastases, overall survival was significantly longer in patients treated with radium-223 dichloride (radium-223) than in patients treated with placebo. In this study, we investigated safety and overall survival in radium-223 treated patients in an early access programme done after the ALSYMPCA study and before regulatory approval of radium-223. Methods We did an international, prospective, interventional, open-label, single-arm, phase 3b study. Enrolled patients were aged 18 years or older with histologically or cytologically confirmed progressive bone-predominant metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with two or more skeletal metastases on imaging (with no restriction as to whether they were symptomatic or asymptomatic; without visceral disease but lymph node metastases were allowed). Patients received intravenous injections of radium-223, 50 kBq/kg (current recommendation 55 kBq/kg after implementation of National Institute of Standards and Technology update on April 18, 2016) every 4 weeks for up to six injections. Other concomitant anticancer therapies were allowed. Primary endpoints were safety and overall survival. The safety and efficacy analyses were done on all patients who received at least one dose of the study drug. The study has been completed, and we report the final analysis here. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01618370, and the European Union Clinical Trials Register, EudraCT number 2012-000075-16. Findings Between July 22, 2012, and Dec 19, 2013, 839 patients were enrolled from 113 sites in 14 countries. 696 patients received one or more doses of radium-223; 403 (58%) of these patients had all six planned injections. Any-grade treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 523 (75%) of 696 patients; any-grade treatment-emergent adverse events deemed to be related to treatment were reported in 281 (40%) patients. The most common grade 3 or worse treatment-related treatment-emergent adverse events were anaemia in 32 (5%) patients, thrombocytopenia in 15 (2%) patients, neutropenia in ten (1%) patients, and leucopenia in nine (1%) patients. Any grade of serious adverse events were reported in 243 (35%) patients. Median follow-up was 7 . 5 months (IQR 5-11) and 210 deaths were reported; median overall survival was 16 months (95% CI 13-not available [NA]). In an exploratory analysis of overall survival with predefined factors, median overall survival was longer for: patients with baseline alkaline phosphatase concentration less than the upper limit of normal (ULN; median NA, 95% CI 16 months-NA) than for patients with an alkaline phosphatase concentration equal to or greater than the ULN (median 12 months, 11-15); patients with baseline haemoglobin levels 10 g/dL or greater (median 17 months, 14-NA) than for patients with haemoglobin levels less than 10 g/dL (median 10 months, 8-14); patients with a baseline Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) of 0 (median NA, 17 months-NA) than for patients with an ECOG PS of 1 (median 13 months, 11-NA) or an ECOG PS of 2 or more (median 7 months, 5-11); and for patients with no reported baseline pain (median NA, 16 months-NA) than for those with mild pain (median 14 months, 13-NA) or moderate-severe pain (median 11 months, 9-13). Median overall survival was also longer in patients who received radium-223 plus abiraterone, enzalutamide, or both (median NA, 95% CI 16 months-NA) than in those who did not receive these agents (median 13 months, 12-16), and in patients who received radium-223 plus denosumab (median NA, 15 months-NA) than in patients who received radium-223 without denosumab (median 13 months, 12-NA). Interpretation Our findings show that radium-223 can be safely combined with abiraterone or enzalutamide, which are now both part of the standard of care for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Furthermore, our findings extend to patients who were asymptomatic at baseline, unlike those enrolled in the pivotal ALSYMPCA study. The findings of prolonged survival in patients treated with concomitant abiraterone, enzalutamide, or denosumab require confirmation in prospective randomised trials.

In Ukraine from the very beginning people thought, that thewoman is the homemaker, wealth, inheritance, child health and gene pool of thenation, which is the foundation of a healthy family and society. Therefore, from awoman, of her health, the opportunity to realize their aspirations in the implementationof labor and social activities depends on the health of each individual family andsociety as a whole. In recent decades, the role of women has changed: a mother andhomemaker, she has become an active public figure that feels high physical andpsychological pressure.Recent research and publication analysis. According to researches of theSosin I.K., Linsky I.V., Minko A.I., Voloshin P.V., Maruta N.O., Chuev Y.F., MelnikA.V. on the examples of clinical practice proved that the female body is weaker thanmen's and, unlike the latter, not accustomed to long and excessive abuse of alcohol.That is why addiction to substances among women faster than men's behavior whileintoxicated – aggressive and treatment of female alcoholism and drug addiction arelonger and harder.Paper objective. The aim of the paper was to study the statistical data from theWHO and the Department of Healthcare of Kharkiv Regional State Administrationregarding the incidence of alcoholism among young people in the European Union andthe level of alcohol consumption among women in Ukraine, the study of forensic andpharmaceutical facts concerning the murders committed by women in intoxicated stateand on the examples to show the damage that causes irregular drink of alcohol to thehuman and its associates, generalization of legal acts and proposals to reduce alcoholcirculation and increase the women's access to certain types of drugs.Paper main body. Based on examples from forensic and pharmaceuticalpractice found that women in drunk state commit illegal acts that are criminal offensesresulting in suffering her family and children, and the state holds the social andfinancial burden and severe financial losses aimed at its treatment and medical supplyall legal classification groups. According to the results of forensic and psychiatricresearch by the Linsky I.V., Minko A.I. and Shapovalov Val.V. established causalrelationships and positive relationship between the number of alcoholic psychoses,drug-addicts and the number of crimes committed on the territory of Ukraine ingeneral and in the Kharkiv region in particular. That is, women with signs of alcoholdependence, and continued abusing of the psychoactive substance alcohol are often thevictims or perpetrators of various offenses committed by intoxicated.Conclusions of the research. Forensic and pharmaceutical examination of thefacts of murders committed by women in drunk state based on criminalistics principlesshows that in Ukraine acute problem of female alcoholism. In addition, the problem isacute in the EU and the Middle East, both for men and women. Therefore, its solutionis in the plane of the improvement of legislation to limit access to alcohol for thepopulation of Ukraine as an example of Muslim countries. Experience in othercountries shows the need for amendments to certain laws of Ukraine, which wouldimpose a limitation commercial promotion of alcoholic beverages during the day,namely a ban on the sale from 9.00 pm to 9.00 am; prohibition of placing windows,shelves with alcohol on a trading floors, along with other products, they should beplaced in a secluded room, access to which is restricted to certain categories of people.Also needed the further development of interdisciplinary connections between criminallaw, criminology, medical and pharmaceutical law. ; Проведен судебно-фармацевтический анализ фактов убийств, совершенных женщинами в состоянии алкогольного опьянения на основе криминалистики. Установлено, что в странах ЕС, Ближнего Востока и в Украине остро стоит проблема алкоголизма, как среди мужчин, так и среди женщин. Выяснено, что решение данной проблемы в Украине находится в плоскости совершенствования законодательства относительно ограничения доступа к алкоголю всех слоев населения на примере мусульманских стран. Кроме того, необходимо дальнейшее развитие междисциплинарных связей между уголовным правом, криминалистикой, медицинским и фармацевтическим правом ; Проведено судово-фармацевтичний аналіз фактів убивств, скоєних жінками у стані алкогольного сп'яніння на криміналістичних засадах. Встановлено, що вирішення проблеми алкоголізму як серед чоловіків, так і жінок в Україні знаходиться у площині вдосконалення законодавства щодо обмеження доступу до алкоголю всіх верств населення за прикладом мусульманських країн. Крім того, потребують подальшого розвитку міждисциплінарні зв'язків між кримінальним правом, криміналістикою, медичним і фармацевтичним правом

Due to the current activization of immigration movements towards Europe the problem of border control and possibility of free migration has become especially topical and critical in political and social discussion in the countries of the European Union and Great Britain in particular. The arguments of free border supporters in modern Great Britain are reviewed in terms of the research of works by Teresa Hayter. Teresa Hayter – scientist, publicist, active participant of the antiracist movement and one of the most radical supporters of «free migration» in Great Britain Her views were fully presented in the monograph «Open borders: case against immigration controls» (first edition 2000, second – 2004, third – 2015). The key arguments of the supporters of active migration movements include the very idea of such movements being objectively and historically predetermined, while their control or preventing is a form of discrimination. Teresa Hayter debunks a range of myths and stereotypes concerning this problem, in particular the effectiveness of repressive methods of control and absolutely negative consequences for the population and country caused by these movements. The researcher states that the only way to ensure that the refuges are truly protected is to eliminate immigration control. Such sphere of government policy as immigration regulation and control is a form of racism. The majority of her arguments have moral and political context. On the other hand, they can be a special source of studying social discussion of the issue of free borders and migration processes in Great Britain. ; У зв'язку з активізацією імміграційних рухів до Європи на сучасному етапі проблема контролю кордонів та можливості вільного переселення набула особливої актуальності та гостроти в політичному й суспільному обговоренні країн Європейського Союзу, зокрема Великої Британії. У статті автором на основі дослідження праць Терези Хейтер розглядаються аргументи прибічників відкритих кордонів у сучасній Великій Британії. Тереза Хейтер – науковець, публіцист та активний учасник антирасистського руху, одна з найрадикальніших представниць прибічників «вільної міграції» у Великій Британії. Її погляди найповніше представлені у монографії «Відкриті кордони: справа проти імміграційного контролю » (перша редакція 2000 р., друга – 2004 р., третя – 2015 р.). До основних аргументів послідовників активних міграційних рухів належить сама ідея таких рухів як об'єктивно та історично обумовлених. Тереза Хейтер розвінчує ряд міфів та стереотипів щодо цієї проблеми, зокрема ефективність репресивних методів контролю та суцільний негатив для населення і країни через ці рухи. Дослідниця вважає, що єдиний спосіб гарантувати, що біженці дійсно захищені – відсутність будь-якого імміграційного контролю. Наявність же такої сфери державної політики, як переселення та його регуляція контролю є формою расизму. Незважаючи на певну заангажованість праць та наукових доробків Терези Хейтер, вони можуть слугувати особливим джерелом для вивчення суспільного обговорення проблеми вільних кордонів та міграційних процесів у Великій Британії. ; У зв'язку з активізацією імміграційних рухів до Європи на сучасному етапі проблема контролю кордонів та можливості вільного переселення набула особливої актуальності та гостроти в політичному й суспільному обговоренні країн Європейського Союзу, зокрема Великої Британії. У статті автором на основі дослідження праць Терези Хейтер розглядаються аргументи прибічників відкритих кордонів у сучасній Великій Британії. Тереза Хейтер – науковець, публіцист та активний учасник антирасистського руху, одна з найрадикальніших представниць прибічників «вільної міграції» у Великій Британії. Її погляди найповніше представлені у монографії «Відкриті кордони: справа проти імміграційного контролю » (перша редакція 2000 р., друга – 2004 р., третя – 2015 р.). До основних аргументів послідовників активних міграційних рухів належить сама ідея таких рухів як об'єктивно та історично обумовлених. Тереза Хейтер розвінчує ряд міфів та стереотипів щодо цієї проблеми, зокрема ефективність репресивних методів контролю та суцільний негатив для населення і країни через ці рухи. Дослідниця вважає, що єдиний спосіб гарантувати, що біженці дійсно захищені – відсутність будь-якого імміграційного контролю. Наявність же такої сфери державної політики, як переселення та його регуляція контролю є формою расизму. Незважаючи на певну заангажованість праць та наукових доробків Терези Хейтер, вони можуть слугувати особливим джерелом для вивчення суспільного обговорення проблеми вільних кордонів та міграційних процесів у Великій Британії.

In Ukraine from the very beginning people thought, that thewoman is the homemaker, wealth, inheritance, child health and gene pool of thenation, which is the foundation of a healthy family and society. Therefore, from awoman, of her health, the opportunity to realize their aspirations in the implementationof labor and social activities depends on the health of each individual family andsociety as a whole. In recent decades, the role of women has changed: a mother andhomemaker, she has become an active public figure that feels high physical andpsychological pressure.Recent research and publication analysis. According to researches of theSosin I.K., Linsky I.V., Minko A.I., Voloshin P.V., Maruta N.O., Chuev Y.F., MelnikA.V. on the examples of clinical practice proved that the female body is weaker thanmen's and, unlike the latter, not accustomed to long and excessive abuse of alcohol.That is why addiction to substances among women faster than men's behavior whileintoxicated – aggressive and treatment of female alcoholism and drug addiction arelonger and harder.Paper objective. The aim of the paper was to study the statistical data from theWHO and the Department of Healthcare of Kharkiv Regional State Administrationregarding the incidence of alcoholism among young people in the European Union andthe level of alcohol consumption among women in Ukraine, the study of forensic andpharmaceutical facts concerning the murders committed by women in intoxicated stateand on the examples to show the damage that causes irregular drink of alcohol to thehuman and its associates, generalization of legal acts and proposals to reduce alcoholcirculation and increase the women's access to certain types of drugs.Paper main body. Based on examples from forensic and pharmaceuticalpractice found that women in drunk state commit illegal acts that are criminal offensesresulting in suffering her family and children, and the state holds the social andfinancial burden and severe financial losses aimed at its treatment and medical supplyall legal classification groups. According to the results of forensic and psychiatricresearch by the Linsky I.V., Minko A.I. and Shapovalov Val.V. established causalrelationships and positive relationship between the number of alcoholic psychoses,drug-addicts and the number of crimes committed on the territory of Ukraine ingeneral and in the Kharkiv region in particular. That is, women with signs of alcoholdependence, and continued abusing of the psychoactive substance alcohol are often thevictims or perpetrators of various offenses committed by intoxicated.Conclusions of the research. Forensic and pharmaceutical examination of thefacts of murders committed by women in drunk state based on criminalistics principlesshows that in Ukraine acute problem of female alcoholism. In addition, the problem isacute in the EU and the Middle East, both for men and women. Therefore, its solutionis in the plane of the improvement of legislation to limit access to alcohol for thepopulation of Ukraine as an example of Muslim countries. Experience in othercountries shows the need for amendments to certain laws of Ukraine, which wouldimpose a limitation commercial promotion of alcoholic beverages during the day,namely a ban on the sale from 9.00 pm to 9.00 am; prohibition of placing windows,shelves with alcohol on a trading floors, along with other products, they should beplaced in a secluded room, access to which is restricted to certain categories of people.Also needed the further development of interdisciplinary connections between criminallaw, criminology, medical and pharmaceutical law. ; Проведен судебно-фармацевтический анализ фактов убийств, совершенных женщинами в состоянии алкогольного опьянения на основе криминалистики. Установлено, что в странах ЕС, Ближнего Востока и в Украине остро стоит проблема алкоголизма, как среди мужчин, так и среди женщин. Выяснено, что решение данной проблемы в Украине находится в плоскости совершенствования законодательства относительно ограничения доступа к алкоголю всех слоев населения на примере мусульманских стран. Кроме того, необходимо дальнейшее развитие междисциплинарных связей между уголовным правом, криминалистикой, медицинским и фармацевтическим правом ; Проведено судово-фармацевтичний аналіз фактів убивств, скоєних жінками у стані алкогольного сп'яніння на криміналістичних засадах. Встановлено, що вирішення проблеми алкоголізму як серед чоловіків, так і жінок в Україні знаходиться у площині вдосконалення законодавства щодо обмеження доступу до алкоголю всіх верств населення за прикладом мусульманських країн. Крім того, потребують подальшого розвитку міждисциплінарні зв'язків між кримінальним правом, криміналістикою, медичним і фармацевтичним правом

Corporate Social Responsibility, whilst defined in a variety of ways, depending upon the context and stakeholder perspective from which it is approached, may be best described in the following terms: ""a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis." Emanating from this definition are answers to a number of questions, found in this paper. They are listed below. Ql. To what extent does the current legal framework encourages a voluntary assumption of regard for stakeholder interests? A: Whilst there is scope for argument that the legal formulation of directors' duties allows for the voluntary regard of stakeholder interests, the normative framework within which the law operates precludes it. This is because the normative framework governing corporate behaviour in Australia today is characterised by shareholder primacy with a bias towards short-term profit maximisation. As a result, the normative inclinations to maximise profits takes precedence over a permissive interpretation of directors' duties. Q2: Are any international perspectives on corporate social responsibility useful as points of reference for the Australian experience? If so, how do they assist? A: Yes, the United States of America, United Kingdom and European Union each reflect a different approach to dealing with CSR. The USA is an example of an interventionist approach, as 29 of the 50 states have enacted ' constituency statutes' which either permit or mandate (1 of the 29) regard to stakeholder interests in exercising a director's duty of care. It is a useful point of reference as it demonstrates the uncertainty and problems with a legislative approach. The EU represents a facilitative approach, having put out a Green paper consulting with the business organisations, NGOs, EU institutions and Member States on how to proceed to eventually arrive at a uniform set of (voluntary) standards governing CSR. It provides a useful reference point on good practice in establishing links between government, business and community. However, direct lessons must be restricted because of the different normative frameworks governing corporate behaviour in the EU and Australia. The UK represents a mid-point between the previous two approaches, with government building a guided partnership with business and community to achieve CSR. A number of initiatives from the UK experience are extremely useful for Australia, particularly given the common origins of the legal system in the two countries. Q3: Should Australia amend the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) to specifically mandate or permit regard to stakeholder interests? A:No. Q4: What is the most appropriate policy framework for Australia to follow in encouraging CSR practice amongst Australian business? A: The policy initiative most suited involves the Government's involvement in changing Australian business' world view on the role of CSR in business. The government's task is to convince business that it is in their fundamental interest to incorporate CSR into their core business strategy. The specifics of the initiative is four-pronged: 1. The establishment of a unit within a Government Department with links to Industry which is focused on: research; consultancy services; advocacy and information services; and co-ordination and facilitation of inter-business communication. Examples of research undertaken by such a unit include: a comprehensive survey of current Australian business attitudes to CSR, analysis on the effect of CSR on core business strategies, the importance of CSR policies in firm performance etc. The objective of this prong of the initiative is to convince business of the fundamental necessity of incorporating CSR into their business strategy, and thereby bring about a change in the normative structure governing corporate law in Australia. 2. The creation of a CSR reporting system which allows for efficient monitoring of entities on a holistic basis. The incorporation of non-financial information into the market reduces the number of externalities created by the market enterprise 3. The implementation of corporate law reform to reflect the changed normative structure of business and entrench it. 4. The adoption of best practice CSR policies by Government in its own business to add credibility to its own initiative.

25 lat działalności samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce to okres w historii Polski szczególny – czas dynamicznych zmian politycznych, społecznych i gospodarczych, których samorządy w znaczącym stopniu były kreatorami. I trzeba przyznać, że to właśnie te pierwsze, najtrudniejsze przecież lata nie miały sobie równych, bo tak ogromnego entuzjazmu i zaangażowania społecznego nie udało się osiągnąć już nigdy później. Miałem szczęście uczestniczyć w budowaniu samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce niemal od początku, na wszystkich jego szczeblach.Na obejmujących swe funkcje samorządowcach spoczęła ogromna odpowiedzialność, bo kredyt zaufania, jakim ich obdarzono, związany był z ogromnymi oczekiwaniami społecznymi: 25 lat temu nie chodziło przecież tylko o możliwość przeprowadzenia wyborów samorządowych, ale o fundamentalne zmiany we wszystkich dziedzinach życia. Decentralizacja i demokratyzacja polskiego państwa nie byłyby możliwe bez samorządów. To one włączały w przemiany całe społeczeństwo, uczyły odpowiedzialności i transparentności działania.Budowa samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce była też ogromną operacją logistyczną, na niespotykana dotąd skalę ‒ 25 lat temu ponad 100 tysięcy osób z urzędników państwowych zmieniło się w samorządowych, zdobywając nowe umiejętności i kompetencje, m.in. korzystając z wcześniejszych doświadczeń innych krajów. W wyniku komunalizacji mienia gminy przejęły wtedy kilka milionów nieruchomości i ponad 1500 przedsiębiorstw.Doświadczenia legislacyjne i organizacyjne pierwszego etapu reformy pozwoliły już jednak w 1991 r. rozpocząć prace nad jej drugim etapem – tworzeniem samorządów powiatowych i wojewódzkich, co nastąpiło po ośmiu latach. Samorząd regionalny powstawał już w momencie, gdy Polska przygotowywała się na przyjęcie unijnych środków przedakcesyjnych, w których podziale samorządy regionalne miały odgrywać znaczącą rolę. To na samorządach regionalnych spoczęła odpowiedzialność za tworzenie warunków do rozwoju województwa i wzrostu jego konkurencyjności.A przed nami kolejne ogromne wyzwanie – optymalne wykorzystanie środków unijnych z okresu budżetowego 2014-2020. Nie mam żadnych wątpliwości, że zrobimy to dobrze. ; The 25 years of activity of self-government in Poland occupy a special place in Polish history. It has been a period of dynamic political, social and economic changes and self-government units have been to a large extent creators of that change. Undoubtedly, the first years, which were also the most difficult ones, played a crucial role, and never again has it been possible to achieve the same level of enthusiasm and social involvement in the process. I was lucky to participate in the building of self-governing structures in Poland from the very beginning and at all levels.There was huge responsibility placed on the shoulders of those who were appointed to the function of a local self-government officer. The credit of trust given to them was charged with enormous social expectations. The stake 25 years ago was not only the possibility of free elections; it was the fundamental changes in all aspect of life. Decentralisation and democtratisation of the Polish state would not have been possible without active engagement of self-government, which involved the entire society in the process of change, they taught responsibility and transparency.The building of self-government in Poland was a huge logistic project, on a scale not previously encountered. Over 100 thousand state clerks transformed into independent officials, learning new skills and competences, also drawing on experiences of other countries. In result of the processof passing state property to local governments, communes and municipalities (gmina) received several millions of plots of land and over acquired over 1,500 enterprises. The experiences gained in the legislative and organisational work of the first stage of the self-governance reform, enabled Poland to enter the second stage of the reform in 1989 and to commence work of the building of district (powiat) and regional (voivodship) self-government structures. That process was completed 8 years later. Self-governance at the regional level was being developed when Poland was about to receive pre-accession funds from the European Union, a lucky moment since it was self-government that was to play a vital role in their distribution. Regional self-government is also responsible for facilitating suitable and supporting conditions for regional development and competitiveness of regions.Today, we are facing another challenge which is an optimal use of the EU funds allocated to Poland from the 2014-2020 budget. I have no doubts that we shall do it well.

Злоупотребление алкоголем и алкоголизм относятся к ведущим причинам ухудшения здоровья и повышения смертности населения. Чрезмерное употребление алкоголя служит третьей ведущей причиной глобального бремени болезней и относится к ведущим факторам уменьшения продолжительности жизни и повышения смертности населения. Злоупотребление алкоголем снижает трудоспособность и производительность труда, требует повышенных расходов на лечение расстройств, вызванных алкоголем, что влечет за собой серьезные экономические потери. Неблагоприятные медицинские и социальные последствия неумеренного употребления алкоголя определяют значимость эффективного лечения алкоголизма. Рациональная фармакотерапия алкогольной зависимости включает такие направления, как усиление нейротрансмиссии ГАМК, подавление нейротрансмиссии глутамата, воздействие на нейротрансмиссию серотонина, коррекция водно-электролитного баланса и восполнение дефицита тиамина. Лечение алкоголизма состоит из двух этапов: 1) предупреждение и лечение синдрома отмены алкоголя и его осложнений абстинентных судорог и алкогольного делирия; 2) противорецидивная (поддерживающая) терапия. Средствами выбора в смягчении состояния отмены алкоголя и предупреждении похмельных судорожных припадков и алкогольного делирия служат бензодиазепины. Наиболее часто с этой целью применяются диазепам и хлордиазепоксид, а пожилым и пациентам с тяжелыми формами поражения печени назначаются более безопасные оксазепам и лоразепам. Определенную альтернативу бензодиазепинам представляют противосудорожные средства, обладающие нормотимическими свойствами, карбамазепин, препараты вальпроевой кислоты, топирамат и ламотриджин. Традиционная для российской клинической практики клиренсовая детоксикация не имеет научного обоснования и не оказывает существенного влияния на состояния, связанные с отменой алкоголя у зависимоых лиц. Предупреждение рецидивов алкоголизма и поддерживающая терапия алкогольной зависимости осуществляются с помощью дисульфирама, акампросата и налтрексона; кроме этих препаратов, в странах Европейского союза с 2013 г. применяется налмефен, в настоящее время проходящий регистрацию в России. Способностью уменьшать потребность в алкоголе и смягчать проявления алкогольной зависимости обладают мемантин и ряд других лекарственных средств, в том числе баклофен, габапентин, прегабалин, ондансетрон, модафинил и арипипразол. Принятое в российской наркологии применение антипсихотиков с целью подавления влечения к алкоголю (равно как и к другим психоактивным веществам) противоречит принципам доказательной медицины и не имеет научного обоснования. ; Alcohol abuse and alcoholism are the leading causes of worse health and increased mortality rates. Excessive alcohol consumption is the third leading cause of the global burden of diseases and a leading factor for lower lifespan and higher mortality. Alcohol abuse decreases working capacity and efficiency and requires the increased cost of the treatment of alcohol-induced disorders, which entails serious economic losses. The unfavorable medical and social consequences of excessive alcohol use determine the importance of effective treatment for alcoholism. The goals of rational pharmacotherapy of alcohol dependence are to enhance GABA neurotransmission, to suppress glutamate neurotransmission, to act on serotonin neurotransmission, to correct water-electrolyte balance, and to compensate for thiamine deficiency. Alcoholism treatment consists of two steps: 1) the prevention and treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome and its complications (withdrawal convulsions and delirium alcoholicum); 2) antirecurrent (maintenance) therapy. Benzodiazepines are the drugs of choice in alleviating alcohol withdrawal and preventing its convulsive attacks and delirium alcoholicum. Diazepam and chlordiazepoxide are most commonly used for this purpose; the safer drugs oxazepam and lorazepam are given to the elderly and patients with severe liver lesions. Anticonvulsants having normothymic properties, such as carbamazepine, valproic acid, topiramate, and lamotrigine, are a definite alternative to benzodiazepines. The traditional Russian clinical practice (clearance detoxification) has not a scientific base or significant impact on alcohol withdrawal-related states in addicts. Relapse prevention and maintenance therapy for alcohol dependence are performed using disulfiram, acamprosate, and naltrexone; since 2013 the European Union member countries have been using, besides these agents, nalmefene that is being registered in Russia. Memantine and a number of other medications, including baclofen, gabapentin, pregabalin, ondansetron, modafinil, and aripiprazole, are able to decrease alcoholic needs and to alleviate the manifestations of alcohol dependence. The Russian narcological practice in using antipsychotics to suppress a craving for alcohol (as well as other psychoactive substances) contradicts the principles of evidence-based medicine and has no scientific base.

В статье подчеркивается, что в настоящее время на Россию воздействует множество внешних факторов, обусловливающих возникновение экономических кризисов. Это существенная зависимость экономического положения от мировых цен на топливно-энергетические товары, непрерывное снижение значимости российских топливно-энергетических товаров на мировой арене, исключительно оборонительная позиция нашей страны в мировой информационной войне, ведущейся всеми крупными мировыми державами. В результате общемировое мнение о России формируется в основном иностранными государствами. К этому следует добавить недоверие потенциальных иностранных инвесторов к российским партнерам, которое связано с непрозрачностью отечественной политики, высоким уровнем коррупции в нашей стране и нежеланием мирового сообщества передавать РФ инновационные и наукоемкие технологии. Наблюдается также активное противодействие попыткам продажи на мировых рынках образцов отечественной высокотехнологичной продукции и т.п. Автором выделены две группы первопричин, влияющих на состояние как мировой, так и российской экономики, социальные и политические. Выявлена и основная движущая сила экономических кризисов неоколониальная политика США, направленная на усиление своего влияния в мире. Рассмотрены проблемы, обусловившие сильную зависимость российской экономики от действий мировых держав (США, Евросоюз и Китай) и международных организаций (ВТО, МВФ, ТНК и др.). Названы новые виды кризисов «преднамеренно созданный мировой экономический кризис» и «преднамеренно созданный макроэкономический кризис». Поставлен под сомнение базовый тезис общепринятой теории кризисов циклический характер кризиса. Отмечено, что более вероятно наличие циклов только у явных экономических кризисов, образовавшихся естественным путем, и постоянное присутствие скрытого кризиса на мировом и макроэкономическом уровнях. Приведены примеры ведения США информационных войн против разных стран (в том числе на фоне военного конфликта на Украине). Предлагается использовать китайский путь внешнеэкономического развития, создать инструменты для активного ведения информационных войн и научиться побеждать в них. ; The article emphasizes that at the present time, Russia is influenced by multitude of the external factors, which cause emergence of economic crises: the considerable dependence of an economic situation on the global fuel and energy goods prices; continuous decrease in the importance of the Russian fuel and energy goods on the global scene; exclusively defensive positions of our country in the global information war, which is conducted by all large world powers. As a result, the universal opinion on Russia is formed generally by the foreign states. This situation is complicated by the mistrust of potential foreign investors to the Russian partners associated with opacity of domestic policy and high level of corruption in our country, and unwillingness of the world community to transfer innovative and high technologies to the Russian Federation. The author also emphasizes an active counteraction to the attempts to sale hi-tech production samples in the global markets, which are undertaken by the domestic manufacturers, etc. The author identifies two groups of the primary causes, which impact the status of the global and Russian economy the social and political ones. The paper considers the main driving force of economic crises: the USA neocolonial policy directed at the strengthening of its global influence. The article discusses the problems which have caused strong dependence of the Russian economy on the world powers activities (the USA, the European Union and China) and the international organizations (WTO, IMF, multinational corporations, etc.). The author identifies the new types of crises: "deliberately created global economic crisis" and "intentionally created macroeconomic crisis". The paper calls into question the basic thesis of the standard theory of crises cyclic nature of crisis. The article points out that the existence of cycles is probably intrinsic to the naturally formed economic crises, and also generated by continuous presence of hidden crisis at the global and macroeconomic levels. The article provides the examples of the waged information wars against the different countries (including the war, which the USA wages against a background of the military conflict in Ukraine). The author proposes to use the Chinese external economic development path, and to create tools to conduct active information wars and to learn how to win in them.

The second All-Belarusian Congress (after the First Congress in 1917, which laid the foundations of the Belarusian national statehood) was held in Minsk on June 27, 1944 on the eve of Soviet Army invasion in the capital of Belarus ('liberation' of Minsk from Nazi occupation). In Soviet historiography, this Congress was treated unambiguously negative as a criminal 'gathering' of Hitler's henchmen. Official historiography of Soviet Belarus ignored this event. Several generations of citizens grew up in the post-war decades who had no idea about the Second Congress, its decisions and speeches that were voiced from the tribune. The task of overcoming this ignorance is still relevant which, of course, does not exclude the development of modern critical thinking about political and ideological positions of the national movement leaders of that dramatic era. This problem is connected with concurrent need to revise the view at the Second All-Belarusian Congress, which was dominant in science and political journalism of Eastern European countries, particularly in Polish historical literature – until 1989 in Polish emigre circles and in the last decades in Polen itself. Here this Congress was well know (down to the smallest detail in the memory of eyewitnesses of what happened in June 1944) and discussed openly. Irreconcilable contradictions between Poland and Belarus and anti-Polish sentiment of the Congress were often emphasized. Allegedly, Congrees participants were more concerned about the imaginary 'Polish threat' rather than salvation of their country from the Nazi and Soviet occupation in those tragic days (the last days of their stay in the native land). Based on the sources found in archives and examined by the author, primarily the full transcript of the Congress, we can imagine that the content and emotional speeches of Congress delegates (chairman Yauhim Kipel, head of the Belarusian Central Rada Radoslav Austroysky / Ostrovsky, Archbishop of Mogilev and Minsk – Filafey, General Constance Ezavitov, Master M. Shkelionk and culture referent – Nadzeiya Mizkevich) were aimed at protecting the Belarusian national statehood and culture against the threat of degeneration in the USSR. Great moral value in the perspective of revival of the Belarusian state and political activities in the strategy of the Belarusian emigration in the postwar world had Declaration 'On breakup with the Bolshevik Moscow' passed by the Congress. The myth engrafted by communist propaganda that the Second All-Belarusian Congress was initiated by the Nazi occupants of Belarus should be dispelled in today's public consciousness. In fact, the leaders of the Belarusian national movement managed to convene Congress in spite of resistance, prohibitions and unwillingness of the occupation authorities (which is why it only became possible in the last days before the entrance of the Soviet Army in Minsk). Belarussians were the only peoples of the former Soviet Union (who found themselves 'between a rock and a hard place' of rivaling forces during the Second World War – Nazi Germany and the Kremlin), who managed to articulate their national objectives and claims primarily related to public integrity and independence of Belarus at the level of the national congress. The very date of the Second All-Belarusian Congress (June 27th) signifies an important additional perspective, which should be considered in the history of the peoples of Eastern Europe of 1944. It turns out that you can do a lot in the last minute. The trail of All-Belarusian Congress, conducted in emergency circumstances, should not be erased from the memory of the Belarusian people and the international community. Comparative analysis of the Congress delegates' speeches and those of leaders of Belarusian Popular Front 'Adrazhenne / Renaissance' that were made in Minsk at the turn of 1980–1990s (for example, at a rally in memory of victims of Stalin's repression in Minsk on November 1, 1987) shows that there is a political relay race passing from the First to the Second All-Belarusian Congress, to the Belarusian emigration of 1940–1950s (especially to international 'Promethean League of Atlantic Charta', speaking also on behalf of the Belarusian people), to democratic forces of the country, entered the historical arena in the era of perestroika.

This Report is an update of the Cape Verde Diagnostic Trade Integration Study, titled Cape Verde's Insertion into the Global Economy, produced and validated by the Government of Cape Verde in December 2008. Like the previous 2008 study, this Cape Verde Diagnostic Trade Integration Study Update provides a critical examination of the major institutional and production constraints that hinder Cape Verde's ability to capitalize fully on the growth and welfare gains from its integration into the world economy. As a policy report, this study offers a set of priority policies and measures that can be implemented by both the public and private sectors to mitigate and surmount these supply side and institutional constraints. These recommendations are summarized in an Action Matrix. The Report is fruit of the generous support of the multi-donor program the Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF). In every crisis there is an opportunity. Four years after the validation of the country's first Diagnostic Trade Integration Study in 2008, Cape Verde finds itself in a drastically altered external environment. Cape Verde faces a worsened external environment than four years ago, when it was also traversing years of crisis as global food and energy prices escalated. Just as the country was validating its first trade study in late 2008, and celebrating its graduation from the list of Least Developed Countries, the onset of the deepest global recession in recent memory triggered an even worse external situation as the country's principal source of markets, investments, remittances and aid, the Eurozone, unraveled economically and politically. As the Eurozone crisis spread, it was Cape Verde's misfortune that the crisis contaminated precisely its biggest Eurozone partners and donors, such as Portugal, Spain and Italy. For such a highly dependent and exposed economy like that of Cape Verde, the deteriorating external sector has had a substantial negative impact on its macroeconomic performance. At the time of the validation workshop and graduation in 2008, no one could have foreseen or predicted the severity of the global crisis that followed. Despite traversing these years of adversity and external shocks, and suffering palpable setbacks, Cape Verde's economy had proven surprisingly resilient, especially its principal sector, tourism. To its great credit, the country's economic fundamentals are solid, and have been carefully and prudently managed over the years. For this reason alone, the country has thus far weathered the global and Eurozone crisis. Yet the near and medium term future remains uncertain. The country's margin for maneuver has narrowed, its options far more limited, and hard choices lie ahead. Thus, there is no better time than now to analyze Cape Verde's position in the global economy, and to examine the many challenges and opportunities it faces. The first diagnostic trade study outlined an ambitious agenda and set of policy strategies to enhance Cape Verde's participation in the global economy. Written prior to the global crisis, the study did not, and could not, anticipate the scope and depth of the subsequent global and Eurozone crises. A few short months before the validation of the first DTIS Cape Verde joined the World Trade Organization (WTO). It has spent these four years adjusting to this status and implementing its commitments. At the same time, the country seeks greater economic integration with the European Union. Since 2008 the government has been investing heavily in the country's economic infrastructure, focusing especially on fostering transformation in key sectors like agriculture, fisheries, tourism and creative industries. For these and many other reasons, it is both timely and urgent to review the road traveled since 2008. It is an opportune moment to reassess the country's options, to rethink strategies, and to chart a new way forward that it is practical, implementable, and that builds on the country's competitive advantages and current successes.

Systems of systems are coalitions of autonomous and heterogeneous systems that collaborate to achieve a common goal. The component systems of a system of systems often belong to different security domains, which are governed by different authorities (hereafter called parties). Furthermore, systems of systems are mostly dynamic, with systems joining and leaving a coalition at runtime. An example of system of systems is the anti-piracy operation headed by the European Union (EU) that is currently taking place in the Horn of Africa, which involves ships from different EU countries. The security challenges in systems of systems are different from those affecting centralized systems. In a dynamic, inter-organizational coalition of systems, parties might not "know" each other beforehand, might employ different data and organizational models and speak different languages. Nevertheless, they must be able to collaborate for the success of the coalition. We identify four main requirements that an access control framework for systems of systems should satisfy: (1) regulate the access to sensitive information exchanged within a coalition and protect the confidentiality of the collaborating parties' security policies, (2) preserve the autonomy of parties in the choice of organizational models and vocabulary, and (3) guarantee interoperability among parties. In addition, (4) the framework must be easy to use and to deploy into existing systems of systems. Several security frameworks for systems of systems have been proposed in the literature. These frameworks can be divided into two categories: semantic frameworks and trust management (TM) frameworks. Semantic frameworks rely on ontologies for the specification of access control policies and the definition of domain knowledge and context information. This enables interoperability among parties at the cost of limiting the expressive power of the policy language, which does not allow the specification of several types of security constraints (e.g., separation of duty). On the other hand, TM frameworks rely on an attribute-based approach to access control where access decisions are based on digital certificates, called credentials. TM frameworks employ expressive policy languages to regulate the access to sensitive information. However, they either assume all parties in a system of systems to use the same vocabulary, or do not provide a mechanism to align different vocabularies. Furthermore, most TM frameworks compromise the confidentiality of the parties' security policies in the process of deriving the credentials required for an access decision. Thus, none of the existing frameworks satisfies all the security requirements of systems of systems. In this thesis we present an access control framework for systems of systems satisfying all the aforementioned requirements. The framework regulates the access to sensitive information by combining context-aware access control models with TM. Autonomy and interoperability are enabled by the use of ontology-based services. More precisely, parties may refer to different ontologies in the specification of their policies and to describe domain knowledge and context information; this allows each party to employ the organizational model and terminology that they consider more appropriate within their system. A semantic alignment technique is then employed to align their vocabularies, allowing for mutual understanding. A novel distributed algorithm enables parties to derive the credentials required for an access decision without compromising the confidentiality of their policies. The applicability of the proposed framework is demonstrated by a prototype implementation for a scenario in the maritime safety and security domain. In the prototype, all components and services have been implemented following the serviceoriented architecture paradigm to facilitate their integration and deployment into existing systems of systems. The modularity of the framework allows for the integration of additional services to support the evaluation of policies and provide additional functionalities (e.g., a key performance indicator service). Even though our solution has been mainly tested in the maritime safety and security domain, its characteristics make it suitable for many other domains. For example, we have deployed a prototype implementation of the framework also in systems of systems in the e-health and the employability domains. Furthermore, the integration of the framework with ontology-based services makes it a valid candidate for the protection of information on the semantic web.

The Adult education, the strengthening and spread is the democratical public sign. This is a society, which is characterized by tolerance, civic participation, cooperation and the country's perception of their lives. Adult education helps to strengthen the country economically, because education helps to sustain the country among the developed countries. Learning is an everyday life and the essence of conscious experience – a process in which experience is transformed into knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, motivations and beliefs of everyday experience are continuously made meaningful. The Learning reasons are very diffferent, but in all cases, the learning is associated with every human purposes. It is understood that the mere desire is not enough to adults to have the learning motivation. Question of motivation is one of the most important, or the most important one of all – both adult learners and their educators. Most importantly, the adults realize that their learning is useful. The Adult learners need to realize that only education can help overcome the problems they encountered. In other words, motivation is directly related to the appropriateness – if a person has a purpose, then it has a clear motive to act. The object – the adult learning motivation factors in strengthening a comprehensive school. Purpose – to analyze and detect adult learners' motivation factor at urban comprehensive school. The main targets: 1) to analyze the concept of adult education; 2) to examine the motivation of scientists in terms of understanding and enhancing motivation for adults to highlight the factors; 3) to investigate the selected sample of adult learners' views on factors enhancing motivation for learning at urban comprehensive school. Apply techniques – theoretical: literature and document analysis to highlight the concept of adult education and adult learning reveal strengthening motivation factors, synthesis, comparison, generalization and meta – analysis; empirical: a written questionnaire, content analysis, statistical methods (chi – square x2) test Spearman's correlation coefficient and descriptive analysis of statistics: data analysis of SSPS (version 10.0) program, a graphical representation of percentages of computing and the summary. The work consists of an introduction, two parts of the theory, research, conclusions, references, abstracts (in Lithuanian and foreign (English)) and additives. The first part is devoted to study the concept of adult education. Analyzes the importance of lifelong learning, adult education regulations at issue in the European Union and Lithuanian documents, and highlights the principles of adult education and trends are revealed for adult education innovation. It can be argued that continuous learning – is a lifelong learning, promote the individual's internal environment and the need to learn. This result extended between the need of continuous learning and the reasons for the formation of the lifelong learning needs. Therefore, lifelong learning is the main renewable paradigm of education as a mature person and personality as a condition, a permanent foothold in society change. The second part deals with the concept of motivation in adult learning research point of view, reveals the motivation of adult learning characteristics and highlighting their motivation strengthening factors. In summary, the scientific motivation for the interpretation of the definition of the concept can be said that motivation is a positive phenomenon, one of the most important determinants of human behavior. It gives positive energy and direct the work toward the goal. Motivation is the essence of lively performance and direction. Motivation is seen as internal, mental and external excitation and purposeful behavior and promotion process. So, the motivation for the promotion of measures is caused by adult motives and activities should be considered. The third part is devoted empirical research, which aims to explore the adult learners' attitudes to adult learning motivation factors in strengthening the city comprehensive school. The research findings showed that more than half of surveyed women and men agree that regular training helps to keep up with rapidly advancing society and the most respondents' motivations for learning is determined prestige and career achievement, personal development and self–esteem, lack of knowledge and skills.

The Adult education, the strengthening and spread is the democratical public sign. This is a society, which is characterized by tolerance, civic participation, cooperation and the country's perception of their lives. Adult education helps to strengthen the country economically, because education helps to sustain the country among the developed countries. Learning is an everyday life and the essence of conscious experience – a process in which experience is transformed into knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, motivations and beliefs of everyday experience are continuously made meaningful. The Learning reasons are very diffferent, but in all cases, the learning is associated with every human purposes. It is understood that the mere desire is not enough to adults to have the learning motivation. Question of motivation is one of the most important, or the most important one of all – both adult learners and their educators. Most importantly, the adults realize that their learning is useful. The Adult learners need to realize that only education can help overcome the problems they encountered. In other words, motivation is directly related to the appropriateness – if a person has a purpose, then it has a clear motive to act. The object – the adult learning motivation factors in strengthening a comprehensive school. Purpose – to analyze and detect adult learners' motivation factor at urban comprehensive school. The main targets: 1) to analyze the concept of adult education; 2) to examine the motivation of scientists in terms of understanding and enhancing motivation for adults to highlight the factors; 3) to investigate the selected sample of adult learners' views on factors enhancing motivation for learning at urban comprehensive school. Apply techniques – theoretical: literature and document analysis to highlight the concept of adult education and adult learning reveal strengthening motivation factors, synthesis, comparison, generalization and meta – analysis; empirical: a written questionnaire, content analysis, statistical methods (chi – square x2) test Spearman's correlation coefficient and descriptive analysis of statistics: data analysis of SSPS (version 10.0) program, a graphical representation of percentages of computing and the summary. The work consists of an introduction, two parts of the theory, research, conclusions, references, abstracts (in Lithuanian and foreign (English)) and additives. The first part is devoted to study the concept of adult education. Analyzes the importance of lifelong learning, adult education regulations at issue in the European Union and Lithuanian documents, and highlights the principles of adult education and trends are revealed for adult education innovation. It can be argued that continuous learning – is a lifelong learning, promote the individual's internal environment and the need to learn. This result extended between the need of continuous learning and the reasons for the formation of the lifelong learning needs. Therefore, lifelong learning is the main renewable paradigm of education as a mature person and personality as a condition, a permanent foothold in society change. The second part deals with the concept of motivation in adult learning research point of view, reveals the motivation of adult learning characteristics and highlighting their motivation strengthening factors. In summary, the scientific motivation for the interpretation of the definition of the concept can be said that motivation is a positive phenomenon, one of the most important determinants of human behavior. It gives positive energy and direct the work toward the goal. Motivation is the essence of lively performance and direction. Motivation is seen as internal, mental and external excitation and purposeful behavior and promotion process. So, the motivation for the promotion of measures is caused by adult motives and activities should be considered. The third part is devoted empirical research, which aims to explore the adult learners' attitudes to adult learning motivation factors in strengthening the city comprehensive school. The research findings showed that more than half of surveyed women and men agree that regular training helps to keep up with rapidly advancing society and the most respondents' motivations for learning is determined prestige and career achievement, personal development and self–esteem, lack of knowledge and skills.

The Adult education, the strengthening and spread is the democratical public sign. This is a society, which is characterized by tolerance, civic participation, cooperation and the country's perception of their lives. Adult education helps to strengthen the country economically, because education helps to sustain the country among the developed countries. Learning is an everyday life and the essence of conscious experience – a process in which experience is transformed into knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, motivations and beliefs of everyday experience are continuously made meaningful. The Learning reasons are very diffferent, but in all cases, the learning is associated with every human purposes. It is understood that the mere desire is not enough to adults to have the learning motivation. Question of motivation is one of the most important, or the most important one of all – both adult learners and their educators. Most importantly, the adults realize that their learning is useful. The Adult learners need to realize that only education can help overcome the problems they encountered. In other words, motivation is directly related to the appropriateness – if a person has a purpose, then it has a clear motive to act. The object – the adult learning motivation factors in strengthening a comprehensive school. Purpose – to analyze and detect adult learners' motivation factor at urban comprehensive school. The main targets: 1) to analyze the concept of adult education; 2) to examine the motivation of scientists in terms of understanding and enhancing motivation for adults to highlight the factors; 3) to investigate the selected sample of adult learners' views on factors enhancing motivation for learning at urban comprehensive school. Apply techniques – theoretical: literature and document analysis to highlight the concept of adult education and adult learning reveal strengthening motivation factors, synthesis, comparison, generalization and meta – analysis; empirical: a written questionnaire, content analysis, statistical methods (chi – square x2) test Spearman's correlation coefficient and descriptive analysis of statistics: data analysis of SSPS (version 10.0) program, a graphical representation of percentages of computing and the summary. The work consists of an introduction, two parts of the theory, research, conclusions, references, abstracts (in Lithuanian and foreign (English)) and additives. The first part is devoted to study the concept of adult education. Analyzes the importance of lifelong learning, adult education regulations at issue in the European Union and Lithuanian documents, and highlights the principles of adult education and trends are revealed for adult education innovation. It can be argued that continuous learning – is a lifelong learning, promote the individual's internal environment and the need to learn. This result extended between the need of continuous learning and the reasons for the formation of the lifelong learning needs. Therefore, lifelong learning is the main renewable paradigm of education as a mature person and personality as a condition, a permanent foothold in society change. The second part deals with the concept of motivation in adult learning research point of view, reveals the motivation of adult learning characteristics and highlighting their motivation strengthening factors. In summary, the scientific motivation for the interpretation of the definition of the concept can be said that motivation is a positive phenomenon, one of the most important determinants of human behavior. It gives positive energy and direct the work toward the goal. Motivation is the essence of lively performance and direction. Motivation is seen as internal, mental and external excitation and purposeful behavior and promotion process. So, the motivation for the promotion of measures is caused by adult motives and activities should be considered. The third part is devoted empirical research, which aims to explore the adult learners' attitudes to adult learning motivation factors in strengthening the city comprehensive school. The research findings showed that more than half of surveyed women and men agree that regular training helps to keep up with rapidly advancing society and the most respondents' motivations for learning is determined prestige and career achievement, personal development and self–esteem, lack of knowledge and skills.