Suchergebnisse

This volume analyzes US policy toward communist-ruled Poland in the fields of diplomacy, economy, culture, and public diplomacy. It highlights the limitations in developing cooperation between democratic and nondemocratic countries resulting from the Cold War conflict. No comprehensive account of US policy toward Poland from 1956 to 1968 has emerged in historiography. This book aims to answer why, since the political changes of the Polish October 1956, Washington ceased to see Polish affairs as "Soviet-related matters." Instead, it recognized communist-ruled Poland as a separate political entity among other Kremlin-dependent states in Eastern Europe. This policy, introduced by the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration, was continued by his successors John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. Recently declassified US and Polish archival sources allow the presentation of more considerations around the decision-making mechanisms by presidential administrations regarding communist Poland after 1956. They also reveal the dependence of the implementation of US actions on the climate of international relations. Moreover, they can now explain how Poland became an "open window" toward the Soviet bloc and a model example of the changes in the US policy of diversifying its approach to Eastern European countries under Soviet control in the next decades.

"This volume analyzes US policy towards communist-ruled Poland in the fields of diplomacy, economy, culture, and public diplomacy. It highlights the limitations in developing cooperation between democratic and non-democratic countries resulting from the Cold War conflict. No comprehensive account of US policy towards Poland from 1956-1968 has emerged in historiography. This book aims to answer why, since the political changes of the Polish October 1956, Washington ceased to see Polish affairs as "Soviet-related matters." Instead, it recognized communist-ruled Poland as a separate political entity among other Kremlin-dependent states in Eastern Europe. This policy, introduced by the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration, was continued by his successors John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. Recently declassified US and Polish archival sources allow the presentation of more considerations around the decision-making mechanisms by presidential administrations regarding communist Poland after 1956. They also reveal the dependence of the implementation of US actions on the climate of international relations. Moreover, they can now explain how Poland became an "open window" towards the Soviet bloc and a model example of the changes in the US policy of diversifying its approach to Eastern European countries under Soviet control in the next decades"--

Prospects for adoption of Soviet reforms. East European aversion to Gorbachev-style reforms; danger of ensuing political turbulence; Gorbachev's intentions regarding Eastern Europe.

This book offers a critical analysis of recent developments in the automotive industry of East-Central Europe (ECE). Economists, industry specialists and national governments have considered the rapid development of the automotive industry in ECE in the past twenty years an unqualified success. This rapid growth has been based on large inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) from Western Europe, North America, Japan and South Korea, and it significantly contributed to GDP growth, created thousands of new jobs, and completely transformed the previously existing automotive industry in the region. This volume offers an analysis that goes beyond uncritical celebratory accounts of this rapid growth. It is based on original, detailed firm-level research conducted by the author in Czechia and Slovakia between 2009 and 2015 that covered assembly firms and the networks of component suppliers. Theoretically and conceptually, the analysis will draw on the global production networks and global value chains perspectives. Drawing on the original empirical data and on additional available information, this volume concentrates on several important questions related to the development of the automotive industry in ECE in the 2000s: " The role of FDI in the rapid development of the automotive industry after 1990 and particularly in the 2000s." The upgrading of the automotive industry in East-Central Europe through FDI " The position of ECE in the automotive industry research and development (R & D) " The effects of the 2008-2009 economic crisis in the automotive industry of ECE." The role of state in the rapid development of the automotive industry in ECE in the 1990s and 2000s." The effects of FDI on domestic firms in the form of linkages between foreign-owned and domestic firms and spillovers from foreign-owned to domestic firms

A large proportion of European biodiversity today depends on habitat provided by low‐intensity farming practices, yet this resource is declining as European agriculture intensifies. Within the European Union, particularly the central and eastern new member states have retained relatively large areas of species‐rich farmland, but despite increased investment in nature conservation here in recent years, farmland biodiversity trends appear to be worsening. Although the high biodiversity value of Central and Eastern European farmland has long been reported, the amount of research in the international literature focused on farmland biodiversity in this region remains comparatively tiny, and measures within the EU Common Agricultural Policy are relatively poorly adapted to support it. In this opinion study, we argue that, 10 years after the accession of the first eastern EU new member states, the continued under‐representation of the low‐intensity farmland in Central and Eastern Europe in the international literature and EU policy is impeding the development of sound, evidence‐based conservation interventions. The biodiversity benefits for Europe of existing low‐intensity farmland, particularly in the central and eastern states, should be harnessed before they are lost. Instead of waiting for species‐rich farmland to further decline, targeted research and monitoring to create locally appropriate conservation strategies for these habitats is needed now. ; Volkswagen Foundation

Frontmatter -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Dates, Place Names, Currencies, Translations -- Map of Bulgaria in 1886 -- Introduction -- 1 The Ottoman Imperial Context -- 2 Untangling from Empire -- 3 Doing Away With Empire -- 4 A Quiet Upheaval -- 5 Negotiating Modernity -- 6 Navigating Politics -- 7 Homeland, Nation, and Community -- Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index

The aim of the article is to present the spatial diversity of the sectoral transformation of the employment structure in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) in the period 2010–2018. The current level of development of the service sector in the EU is primarily a consequence of the political and economic conditions that have existed in these countries in recent decades. With today's changes in the global economy, related to the transition from industrial to post-industrial to informational phase of civilization, the adaptation processes of various economic structures are an important research issue. The result is a redevelopment of a sectoral economic structure in which industrial activity, a fundamental economic base in the industrial phase, gives way to service activities, especially related to the digital economy. Understanding the rules governing the evolution of the three-sectoral structure of employment in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe is an important problem both theoretically and practically. The author presents the mechanisms for changing the three-sector employment structure over time in the different countries of Central and Eastern Europe, finding not only the intensity of change but also their consistency. This approach shows one of the most crucial elements of the competitiveness of regional and national spatial systems.