We study fiscal devaluation in a small-open economy with labor market search frictions. Our analysis shows the key role of both dimensions in shaping the optimal tax scheme. By reducing labor market distortions, the tax reform is welfare-improving. Yet, as it makes imports more expensive, fiscal devaluation lowers the agents' purchasing power, which is welfare-reducing. These contrasting effects give rise to an optimal tax scheme. Besides, transition matters. If the economy is better off in the long run, the required transitional saving effort increases the cost of the reform, thereby calling for a moderate magnitude of fiscal devaluation.
This paper studies the optimal linear tax-transfer policy in an economy where agents differ in productivity and in genetic background, and where longevity depends on health spending and genes. It is shown that, if agents internalize imperfectly the impact of genes and health spending on longevity, the utilitarian social optimum can be decentralized with type-specific redistributive lump sum transfers and Pigouvian taxes correcting for agents' myopia (leading to undersaving and underinvestment in health), and for their incapacity to perceive the effect of health spending on the resource constraint of the economy (causing overinvestment in health). The second-best problem is also examined under linear taxation instruments. Our main result is that it may be optimal to tax health spending, in particular under a complementarity of genes and health spending in the production of longevity. ; Ce papier étudie la politique optimale de taxation linéaire dans une économie où les agents diffèrent selon leur productivité et leur bagage génétique et où la longévité dépend de dépenses privées de santé et des gènes. Il est montré que, si les agents internalisent imparfaitement l'impact des gènes et des dépenses de santé sur la longévité, l'optimum social utilitariste peut être décentralisé avec des transferts forfaitaires redistributifs et des taxes Pigou corrigeant la myopie des agents (menant à une sous-épargne et un sous-investissement dans la santé), et pour leur incapacité à percevoir les effets des dépenses de santé sur la contrainte de ressources de l'économie (causant un sur-investissement en santé). Le problème du second-rang est également examiné sous des instruments de taxation linéaires. Notre résultat principal est qu'il se peut qu'il soit optimal de taxer les dépenses de santé, en particulier sous une complémentarité des gènes et des dépenses de santé dans la production de la longévité.
International audience The study investigate the mathematical dimensions of the shiva and uyerver children plays of the Tiv people of Akor Village in Guma Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria. Six research questions and were formulated to guide the study. The study employed a phenomenological research design to achieve the objectives of the study. The study population consists of the entire population of people living in Akor village of Guma Local Government Area of Benue State. The study used a sample of twelve (12) respondents which comprised male and female indigene of Akor village of Guma Local Government Area of Benue State. The data collected was analyzed using the narrative analysis. The results showed that traditional games influenced language skills development of basic education pupils when they can speak in sentences of five or more words about games, recite poems with increasing construction activity and name favourite games. Traditional game like shiva and uyerver influenced social skills development and mathematics of pupils through their ability to tell stories, report experience, sing and dramatize and logically scale through the conditions of the game to emerge as winners. The study recommended that pupils should be encouraged to play with traditional games like shiva and uyerver in their environment since through their interaction with these games, they achieve all-round development more so academic excellence. Therefore teachers should find the need to conserve resources and not flood the school arena with wanton toys that may not have any cognitive relevance.
Mit der Verfassung vom 1. Mai 1934 wurde in Österreich versucht, der parlamentarischen Demokratie in Gestalt einer berufsständischen Ordnung eine Alternative entgegenzusetzen. Die Versuche ständischen "Aufbaus" gingen indes ins Leere, weil der Stand seinem Wesen nach etwas natürlich Gewachsenes, einer Institutionalisierung nicht Zugängliches ist. In Wirklichkeit war der Berufsstand nur der Rahmen, konservativem Denken in einem viel umfassenderen Sinn, und nicht ohne Reminiszenzen traditionaler Herrschaft, eine Möglichkeit zu schaffen, die Politik zu beeinflussen. ; The Constitution of 1 May 1934 saw an attempt made in Austria to create an alternative to parliamentary democracy in the form of an order based on the professional "Stand" (corporation). The failure of this attempt was due to the nature of the "Stand" itself which, as something organically grown, is not accessible to institutionalisation. In reality, the corporation was just a means of enabling conservative thinking, in a much wider sense, to influence politics, a hangover of traditional forms of rule.
The article enacts a questioning of the aprioris of contemporary "surveillance society", a notion made famous by Michel Foucault, and a reflection on "secrecy". The present image of the politics of surveillance is conceived as a function of the opposition visibility/invisibility : the powerful demand the visibility of the people, so that every gesture on its part can be registered to counter any manifestation of resistance. We seldom notice that the democratic counter-power proposes the very same idea : that power makes itself ever more transparent. Between the power and counter-power of vision, we propose a reflection on hearing, taking as our point of departure the propositions of Jacques Derrida on the secret or secrecy. Derridean undecidables like différance and shibboleth, as well as the figure of the Marrano, are rearticulated to rethink a certain unpower of secrecy, a secret without a code for our time. ; L'article se propose de questionner les aprioris de la « société de surveillance » contemporaine, notion popularisée par Michel Foucault, et de réfléchir sur le « secret ». L'image actuelle de la politique de la surveillance se pense en fonction de l'opposition visibilité/invisibilité : les puissants demandent la visibilité du petit peuple, chacun de ses gestes devant pouvoir être enregistré pour contrer toute manifestation de résistance. On remarque trop peu souvent que le contre-pouvoir démocratique propose exactement la même idée : que le pouvoir se rende toujours plus transparent. Entre le pouvoir et le contrepouvoir de la vision, nous proposons une réflexion sur l'ouïe à partir des quelques propositions de Jacques Derrida sur le secret. Les indécidables derridiens comme différance et schibboleth, ainsi que la figure du marrane, sont réarticulés pour repenser un certain impouvoir du secret, un secret sans code pour notre temps.
The private rental market has, for more than a decade, been subject to a deep crisis (rising rents, impoverishment of tenants, blocked residential mobility, etc.). In this context, the public authorities have recently introduced two measures. One regulating the development of rents in stressed areas and the other influencing supply through a new tax incentive scheme for rental investment. After an inventory of the private rental market, we propose to assess the impact of these government measures on rents, the rates of effort borne by tenants, the returns received by owners, or on construction. It appears from this study that the framework, if sustained, could indeed halt rent inflation in targeted areas and have a positive impact on the effort rate of the smallest households, particularly if several obstacles are overcome (maintenance of supply, transparency of information, etc.). With regard to the Duflot scheme, relying on excessively high resource and rent ceilings, it would benefit the lower middle classes little, even though its tax cost is not negligible. Although the regulation of the rental market appears, in these circumstances, to be an insoluble equation in view of the expectations of stakeholders (State, private landlords and tenants), some solutions exist, such as the development of social rental services or social ownership. These solutions, which are costly but sustainable, would make it possible to relax a congested private rental market on a lasting basis. ; Le marché locatif privé est, depuis maintenant plus d'une décennie, sujet à une crise profonde (hausse des loyers, paupérisation des locataires, mobilité résidentielle bloquée, .). Dans ce contexte, les pouvoirs publics ont récemment mis en place deux mesures. L'une encadrant l'évolution des loyers dans les zones sous tensions, l'autre agissant sur l'offre par le biais d'un nouveau dispositif d'incitation fiscale l'investissement locatif. Après un état des lieux du marché locatif privé, nous nous proposons d'évaluer l'impact de ces mesures ...
24627 24637 19 24 ; S ; This paper was published in OPTICS EXPRESS and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of OSA. The paper can be found at the following URL on the OSA website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.024627. Systematic or multiple reproduction or distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means is prohibited and is subject to penalties under law We theoretically propose and demonstrate experimentally a Coherent Direct Sequence OCDMA en/decoder for multi-channel WDM operation based on a single device. It presents a broadband spectral envelope and a periodic spectral pattern that can be employed for en/decoding multiple sub-bands simultaneously. Multi-channel operation is verified experimentally by means of Multi-Band Super Structured Fiber Bragg Gratings with binary phase encoded chips fabricated with 1mm inter-chip separation that provides 4x100 GHz ITU sub-band separation at 1.25 Gbps. The WDM-OCDMA system verification was carried out employing simultaneous encoding of four adjacent sub-bands and two different OCDMA codes. (C) 2011 Optical Society of America We would like to thank our reviewers for their thoughtful comments and suggestions. This work was supported by the Spanish Government project TEC 2009-12169, and the Valencian Government under the project ACOMP/2010/023. Amaya Ocampo, WA.; Pastor Abellán, D.; Baños López, R.; García Muñoz, V. (2011). WDM-Coherent OCDMA over one single device based on short chip Super structured fiber Bragg gratings. Optics Express. 19(24):24627-24637. doi:10.1364/OE.19.024627 Green, P. E. (2002). Paving the last mile with glass. IEEE Spectrum, 39(12), 13-14. doi:10.1109/mspec.2002.1088446 Kitayama, K., Xu Wang, & Naoya Wada. (2006). OCDMA over WDM PON-solution path to gigabit-symmetric FTTH. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 24(4), 1654-1662. doi:10.1109/jlt.2006.871030 Amaya, W., Pastor, D., & Capmany, J. (2008). Modeling of a Time-Spreading OCDMA System Including Nonperfect Time Gating, Optical Thresholding, and ...
Summary The phenomenon of metropolisation in Mexico dates from the 1940s, but it was up to the 1970s when the first instruments to regulate the phenomenon emerged, such as declarations of conurbation. or the granting of powers to municipalities to join. Since then, the phenomenon of metropolisation has spread in most of the country's large and medium-sized cities and has forced municipalities to negotiate, find agreements and resolve conflicts. In this context, the notion of urban governance, as understood by scientists, takes on unusual dimensions depending on the interests and projects of each municipality. In the state of Veracruz we have identified the Metropolitan Area of Xalapa, where several municipalities coexist in the same urban area. Inter-municipal dynamics reflect the limits of the governance theory and the difficulty of formulating a public government agenda applicable on a metropolitan scale. In this context, we will first briefly address the main assumptions raised by the theory of urban governance; we will then present a chronic overview of the main problems identified in the Metropolitan Area of Xalapa, which illustrate the difficulties that arise in governing a fragmented territory. Third, we will cross-check the approaches presented by urban governance and conclude by explaining the difficulties that conurbated areas in Mexico face as part of the public policy process in formulating a government agenda on a metropolitan scale. ; Resumen El fenómeno de metropolización en México data de la década de los cuarenta, sin embargo fue hasta los setenta cuando surgieron los primeros instrumentos para regular el fenómeno, tales como las "declaratorias de conurbación" o el otorgamiento de facultades a los municipios para asociarse. Desde entonces el fenómeno de metropolización se ha extendido en la mayor parte de las ciudades grandes y medias del país y ha obligado a los municipios a negociar, encontrar acuerdos y dirimir conflictos. En este contexto la noción de "gobernabilidad urbana", tal como es ...
International audience ; Médée, la négation incarnée, n'existe, semble-t-il, en littérature que "par opposition à ". Lorsqu'elle-même devient modèle ou référence, elle se fait le modèle du paradoxe révoltant. Chez Sénèque, elle semble être plus que cela: la contradiction, l'envers des choses. Or certains des thèmes concernés par ce travail de négation appartiennent aux Troyennes, comme le partus, l'enfantement, ou le pignus, le gage d'amour. Quelques scènes de Médée peuvent même apparaître comme l'inverse de certains passages des Troyennes. Confrontées à des données étrangement semblables (la barbarie, l'exil, la mer, le feu), les mères en deuil des Troyennes définissent un monde tragique et des valeurs de référence pour Médée. Mis, malgré l'opposition radicale, le masque de Médée ne dissimule pas entièrement certains traits d'Hécube ou d'Andromaque, toujours prêts à réapparaître et ce sont les moments les plus pathétiques…Médée incarne-t-elle, chez Sénèque, l'altérité radicale? N'est-elle pas plutôt une image inversée des mères en deuil, Troyennes éplorées dont elle est parfois, comme d'un précipice, dangereusement proche?
In the entire Inspector Devlin series, the borderland is central to the plot of Brian McGilloway's novels, but in The Nameless Dead, written in 2012, not only is the borderland a dividing line, a defining element in the plot and in the narrative, but the actual soil of the borderland is equally fundamental to the meaning of the novel. The attention of the reader is brought from the borderland and its post-1998 Agreement and post-Celtic Tiger crash issues, whether social, political or economic, to the soil that makes up the ground. As a material element the fulfils the role of a potentiality that disturbs what appears as a hopelessly already written future, and points towards the possibility of renewal. But above all, the shift of focus from the land to the soil also questions the notions of authority and responsibility in building that future. Because, as opposed to the land, the soil appears a-political, its power it to address issues that go beyond everyday politics on either part of the border and reach out to what actually be done to build a better future. The land and the borderland are represented as stasis and part of a long never-ending chain of crimes, but it is also interesting to examine how beyond the scraping and digging, the soil appears to have a life of its own, in turmoil. Finally, I will argue that beyond metaphors, the materiality of the soil is a means to question the idea of authority and responsibility in building the future. ; Dans tous les romans de Brian McGilloway dont Devlin est le héros, la frontière est un élément central de l'intrigue. Mais dans The Nameless Dead, écrit en 2012, la frontière est non seulement un élément essentiel de l'intrigue et du récit, mais la terre elle-même qui constitue le sol de la frontière devient tout autant essentielle. L'attention du lecteur se déplace de la frontière et des conséquences de l'Accord de Paix de 1998 et de la fin du Tigre Celtique-conséquences sociales, politiques ou économiques-vers le sol et la terre qui le constitue. En tant qu'élément matériel, la terre ouvre la possibilité d'un renouveau. Mais surtout, le déplacement du regard qui s'opère de la frontière à la terre, de la ligne qui divise à la matière qui la constitue, pose la question de la responsabilité dans la construction de l'avenir. Car contrairement à la terre "land", la terre "soil" apparaît a-politique. Mais elle a néanmoins le pouvoir de poser des questions qui vont au-delà des arrangements politiciens de part et d'autre de la frontière. La frontière est représentée comme immuable, symbole d'une logique de crimes sans fin. Mais au-delà des séances de fouille et de ratissage, la terre 'soil' est tout le contraire de l'immuable. Au-delà des métaphores, considérer la terre dans toute sa matérialité consiste à poser la question non pas seulement du passé et du présent mais aussi de la à construire le futur. Mots-clés : frontière, Irlande du Nord, paysage, terre, thriller 2 Abstract In the entire Inspector Devlin series, the borderland is central to the plot of Brian
The aim of this work is to reflect on peace and allegiance in the field of international relations (RR. II.). This attempt is built around the link between peace-critical studies and post-colonial, decolonial and feminist perspectives. Based on a literature review, a reflection on the colonial, belicist and patriarchal nature of academic productions and political practices is proposed. Specifically, this study analyses the realistic and liberal theories of RR. II. and how these disqualify the other/other as an active and diversified subject, treating States with formal equality and as potential enemies. In this perspective, the aim is to outline how the notion of alterility contributes to a more liberal conception of peace. ; El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo reflexionar sobre la paz y la alteridad en el terreno de las Relaciones Internacionales (RR. II.). Esta tentativa se construye alrededor del avínculo existente entre los estudios críticos para la paz y las perspectivas poscoloniales, descoloniales y feministas. Partiendo de una revisión bibliográfica, se propone una reflexión sobre el carácter colonial, belicista y patriarcal de las producciones académicas y las prácticas políticas. Específicamente, en este estudio se analizan las teorías realistas y liberales de las RR. II. y cómo estas descalifican al/a la Otro/Otra en cuanto sujeto activo y diversificado, al tratar a los Estados con igualdad formal y como enemigos en potencia. En esta perspectiva, se intenta esbozar cómo la noción de alteridad contribuye para lograr una concepción más libertaria de la paz.
The novels by North African novelists Waciny Laredj, Majid Toubia and Abdelrahim Lahbibi that refashioned the traditional Arabic genre of the taghrība inspired by the medieval epic of Taghrība of Banū Hilāl, still a living oral tradition in the region, offer an interesting case-study of location in world literature. They circulate both within national (Algerian, Egyptian and Moroccan) literary systems and the pan-Arab literary field while maintaining a distinct aesthetic and political locality. In these novels, the literary life of the North African taghrība takes forms and meanings that are geographically and historically located and that are shaped by the positionality of the authors. This paper intervenes in the discussion on location in world literature from the perspective of Arabic novelistic traditions by showing that the pan-Arabic literary field itself is far from homogenous but is marked by a diversity of narrative styles and techniques that can be both local/localised and transregional at the same time. Therefore, we need to shift our understanding of world literature beyond macro-models of "world-system" that assume a universally shared set of literary values and tastes.
