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Money-related stress dates as far back as concepts of money itself. Formerly it may have waxed and waned in tune with the economy, but today more individuals are experiencing financial mental anguish and self-destructive behavior regardless of bull or bear markets, recessions or boom periods. From a fringe area of psychology, financial therapy has emerged to meet increasingly salient concerns.Financial Therapyis the first full-length guide to the field, bridging theory, practical methods, and a growing cross-disciplinary evidence base to create a framework for improving this crucial aspect of clients' lives. Its contributors identify money-based disorders such as compulsive buying, financial hoarding, and workaholism, and analyze typical early experiences and the resulting mental constructs ('money scripts') that drive toxic relationships with money. Clearly relating financial stability to larger therapeutic goals, therapists from varied perspectives offer practical tools for assessment and intervention, advise on cultural and ethical considerations, and provide instructive case studies. A diverse palette of research-based and practice-based models meets monetary mental health issues with well-known treatment approaches, among them:Cognitive-behavioral and solution-focused therapies.Collaborative relationship models.Experiential approaches.Psychodynamic financial therapy.Feminist and humanistic approaches.Stages of change and motivational interviewing in financial therapy.A text that serves to introduce and define the field as well as plan for its future, Financial Therapyis an important investment for professionals in psychotherapy and counseling, family therapy, financial planning, and social policy. Brad T. Klontz, Psy.D., CFP®is an Associate Professor at Kansas State University and a Managing Partner at Occidental Asset Management (OCCAM), LLC. He is a financial psychologist, keynote speaker, researcher, and author. Dr. Klontz is a former President of the Hawaii Psychological Association, a Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA), and was awarded an Innovative Practice Presidential Citation from APA for his application of psychological interventions to help people with money and wealth issues and his innovative practice in financial psychology for practitioners across the country. Dr. Klontz is a frequent contributor to professional journals and magazines and is on the editorial review boards of Psychological Servicesand the Journal of Financial Therapy. With his father, Ted Klontz, Ph.D., Dr. Klontz has co-authored four other books on financial psychology: Mind Over Money: Overcoming the Money Disorders that Threaten Our Financial Health(Crown Business, 2009), Wired for Wealth: Change the Money Mindsets That Keep You Trapped and Unleash Your Wealth Potential(Health Communications, 2008), The Financial Wisdom of Ebenezer Scrooge: 5 Principles to Transform Your Relationship with Money (Health Communications, 2006), and Facilitating Financial Health: Tools for Financial Planners, Coaches, and Therapists(National Underwriters Company, 2008). Dr. Klontz's work has been featured on ABC News' 20/20, Good Morning America, CBS News, and NPR, and is frequently featured in print media including USA Today, The Wall Street Journal, New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Time, Kiplinger's, Money Magazine, and others.Sonya L. Britt, Ph.D., CFP® is an Associate Professor and Program Director of Personal Financial Planning at Kansas State University. As founding president of the Financial Therapy Association, Dr. Britt enjoys the opportunity to combine her skills in marriage and family therapy (M.S.) with her talents in financial planning (Ph.D.). Dr. Britt is known for her groundbreaking research in physiological assessment of stress in the financial planning and counseling setting. Dr. Britt's other research interests include money issues within marriage, predictors of money arguments and their influence on relationship satisfaction and divorce, effectiveness of financial literacy efforts, and assessment of money beliefs and behaviors in the financial planning and counseling setting. Dr. Britt's research has been featured in Kiplinger's, InvestmentNews, The Wall Street Journal, the New York Times, and many other outlets. Dr. Britt attended the Child and Youth Finance International Financial Literacy Summit held in Amsterdam, Netherlands in April 2012 where she shared her experiences and research in financial literacy of young people. Dr. Britt co- edited a book with Dr. Dottie Durband, Student Financial Literacy: Campus-Based Program Development(published by Springer), which leads readers through the process of developing or enhancing financial literacy programs for college students. Dr. Britt serves on the editorial boards of the Journal of Family and Economic Issues and the Journal of Financial Therapyin addition to serving as a regular journal reviewer for other academic journals.Kristy L. Archuleta, Ph.D., LMFTis an Associate Professor in Personal Financial Planning and the Director of the Institute of Personal Financial Planning Clinic at Kansas State University. Dr. Archuleta is a nationally and internationally recognized researcher and financial therapist with backgrounds in both personal finance and marriage and family therapy. She aims to bridge the gaps between interpersonal and intrapersonal factors and personal finance in research and practice. Dr. Archuleta co-founded the Financial Therapy Association, Journal of Financial Therapy, Institute of Personal Financial Planning Clinic, and Women Managing the Farm. She currently serves as the President-Elect and Treasurer of the Financial Therapy Association and is the editor of the FTA's scholarly journal, Journal of Financial Therapy. Dr. Archuleta, co-edited the Financial Planning and Scales, the first and only book of its kind geared for the academic community. Dr. Archuleta and her team of students were awarded 'Outstanding Paper' at the Financial Therapy Association conference, recognizing their seminal work of developing a conceptual framework of financial therapy. Dr. Archuleta is a recipient of the Myers-Alford Outstanding Teaching Award in the College of Human Ecology at Kansas State University and the Distinguished Alumni Award from the College of Human Sciences at Oklahoma State University. Dr. Archuleta's work has been featured in Glamour, Parade, Korean Journal of Financial Planning, NPR Marketplace, Chicago Tribune, NY Daily News, CBS Money Watch, Kansas City Star, Investment News, frobes.com, onenewsnow.com, usatoday.net, and filife.com, and Mid-America Ag Network among others. In addition to her scholarly work, Dr. Archuleta is a practicing Marriage and Family Therapist in Manhattan, KS.

Twenty-one years ago, the U.S. and its allies invaded Iraq in the erroneous belief that the country possessed weapons of mass destruction and was allied with al-Qaida, the terror group responsible for the 9/11 attacks. The U.S. created an occupation authority, but failed to restore order and helped spawn the insurgency that bedeviled it by dismissing the entire Iraqi military and the most experienced civil servants. Coalition troops fought a losing battle, regained their footing with the 2007 troop surge, and finally departed in 2011. U.S. troops returned in 2014 to fight the Islamic State and they remain there to this day, though ISIS was largely eliminated by 2019.In January 2020, Iraq's parliament voted on a nonbinding measure to remove the U.S. troops from Iraq, but the Americans remain at the request of the Iraqi government. However, in response to the parliament's 2020 vote, Iraq and the International Coalition changed the mission of the troops from a combat mission to one of advisory and training.Iraq's prime minister, Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani, will meet U.S. President Joe Biden on April 15, primarily to discuss the U.S. troop presence. Though the U.S.-Iraq Higher Military Commission is reviewing the troop presence issue, will the U.S. side stall fearing it may have to agree to a smaller presence and constrained operations? Possibly, so Sudani may want a public commitment from Biden to force the march to a constructive, timely decision.Aside from the troops issue, Sudani wants to strengthen Baghdad's ties with Washington, which he considers Iraq's top bilateral relationship, and to add an economic dimension to Iraq's ties with America.When Americans think of Iraq in economic terms it's all about the oil, but in November 2023 ExxonMobil, America's biggest oil company, exited Iraq with nothing to show for a decade-long effort. The departure will lower the expectation of other U.S. companies, but Sudani wants to revitalize economic ties, and he will be accompanied by many of the country's top businessmen.U.S.-Iraq trade has room for growth. In 2022, the U.S. exported $897 million in goods, the top product being automobiles. Iraq, in turn, exported $10.3 billion in goods, most of it crude oil.A key economic objective of Iraq is the $17 billion Development Road, an overland road and rail link from the Persian Gulf to Europe via Turkey, that will host free-trade zones along its length.Biden and Sudani should consider the shape of the future U.S.-Iraq relationship, which has to now been governed by military considerations, and has become the best example of The Meddler's Trap, "a situation of self-entanglement, whereby a leader inadvertently creates a problem through military intervention, feels they can solve it, and values solving the new problem more because of the initial intervention. …A military intervention causes a feeling of ownership of the foreign territory, triggering the endowment effect." Iraq is the only real democracy in the Arab world, and many young Iraqis want a separation of religion and state, something that should resonate with Americans and, Iraqis hope, cause the U.S. to deal with Iraq as Iraq, not a platform for operations against Syria and Iran, or to support Washington's Kurdish clients.Washington damaged itself in Iraq by killing Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) leader Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis in January 2020. Baghdad had moved the PMF, once a militia, into the government in 2016 (no doubt with American encouragement), so the killing of Muhandis, then a government official, increased popular support the PMF.What are some clouds on the horizon for the U.S. and Iraq?Corruption. Pervasive corruption in Iraq has slowed economic development and subjected Iraqi citizens to ineffective governance. The 2023 Corruption Perceptions Index by Transparency International ranked Iraq 154 of 180, a slight improvement from 2022 when it ranked 157 of 180.Iraq was previously described by TI as: "Among the worst countries on corruption and governance indicators, with corruption risks exacerbated by lack of experience in the public administration, weak capacity to absorb the influx of aid money, sectarian issues and lack of political will for anti-corruption efforts."Sudani has not ignored corruption, calling it one of the country's greatest challenges and "no less serious than the threat of terrorism."Elizabeth Tsurkov. Tsurkov is a Russian-Israeli academic who was kidnapped in 2023 by Kata'ib Hezbollah, an Iranian-influenced Iraqi militia. Tsurkov, a doctoral student at Princeton University in the U.S., entered Iraq with her Russian passport and did not disclose that she was an Israeli citizen and Israeli Defense Forces veteran. (A 2022 Iraqi law criminalized any relations with Israel.)Tsurkov's family wants the Biden administration to designate Iraq a state sponsor of terrorism for failing to secure her release. Sudani's office announced an investigation into the matter and the issue may arise when Sudani meets Biden, though the best outcome for Iraq and the U.S. is a Russia-brokered deal between Israel and Iran.If Biden designates Iraq a state sponsor of terrorism that will irreparably damage the relationship and open the door for China.China. The U.S. is Iraq's top relationship, but not its only relationship. China will respond to the ostracism of Baghdad by extending invitations to the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and BRICS, the latter of which can fund infrastructure projects through the New Development Bank. PetroChina replaced ExxonMobil in West Qurna 1, one of Iraq's biggest oil fields, and is ideally positioned for further expansion. And Iraq was the "leading beneficiary" of China's Belt and Road Initiative investment in 2021.Sudani has said Iraq should not be a cockpit of conflict for the U.S, and Iran, but when Iran is concerned it, in Washington, is always 1979. Though Sudani has many challenges to face, Biden has more: he must reorient his government away from its colonial mentality in West Asia, recognize that Baghdad must reach a modus vivendi with Tehran that may not be to Washington's pleasure, and not smooth the way for Beijing's greater penetration of West Asia.

The sources of our future electricity are really quite simple but Whitehall, with the best of intentions, is doing their best to mess things up. Renewables, largely wind and solar, will provide the lion's share at best value – or something close to that. But what about the rest?In 2022, a record 41.5 per cent of electricity came from renewables. "Around 72 per cent of renewable fuels are used for electricity generation, a third of which is lost in the conversion process." This illustrates the care that must be taken in distinguishing renewables' capacity from contribution to demand. The former is the nameplate output from an energy source like wind, if the wind blew at an optimal level all year long and it could all be used for electricity generation with no wastage. Politicians, when discussing renewables, like to talk about capacity, which they can control by commissioning more windfarms, rather than share of demand which depends on weather and which they therefore cannot control.Even estimating 2020 needs care: UK electricity demand fell 4.7% in 2020 to 281 TWh due to Covid and "UK total electricity generation in 2020 was 312 TWh" but the former figure is demand and the latter is generation. In 2019 "primary electricity" was 11.6 per cent of UK energy consumption so if total energy consumption in 2050 remains about the same but has become 100 per cent electricity, the electricity market will need to have grown by eight times. To maintain its 40 per cent share, renewables would need to match that growth.An eightfold increase in the size of the 2050 electricity market may be too high. The Government estimates that the total electricity demand in 2050 could range from 370 TWh to 570 TWh, depending on the level of electrification and energy efficiency. This is clearly too low. McKinsey's predicts that the electricity demand could reach 800 TWh. Nearer the mark.National Grid ESO, in one of their future energy scenarios for 2050, think that the range of capacity required for electricity will be between 285 and 387 GW to deal with annual demand up to between 570 TWh and 726 TWh. They estimate that the wind and solar capacity will be between 149GW and 239GW which leaves between 135GW and 148GW to supplied by nuclear and fossil fuels with carbon capture.That compares with government expectation that the 2050 electricity capacity will total 96GW with nuclear supplying 25 per cent of that. About 6.4GW of that will be provided by Hinkley Point C, approved 2016, and its twin Sizewell C, frequently announced but still not approved.  24GW is too small a target for nuclear and would leave over 100GW to be supplied by fossil fuels, deeply unpopular even with carbon capture. Industry sources, that cannot be quoted, reckon that 48GW would be a far more realistic target. Hinkley was supposed to be built by 2020 at a cost of £12 billion; the latest estimates are completion in 2031 and a £44.3 billion bill.  Apparently "there were 7,000 substantial design changes required by British regulations that needed to be made to the site, with 35% more steel and 25% more concrete needed than originally planned." Of course we fully understand that, seven years after approval, the designers could have had little idea how much steel or concrete was required or what the regulations would be.Sizewell C was touted as costing a mere £20 billion because of the savings from being the Hinkley Point C twin.  Professor Thomas of Greenwich University thinks £40 billion is more likely with a 10 – 12 year construction time, i.e. 2036 if a decision is made this year.It is astonishing that the government is hell bent on continuing with these monsters. They are planning another six large reactors (albeit smaller at around 1 GW) after Hinkley and Sizewell. Assuming this plan for the larger reactors is implemented, then we would need about 120 SMRs @ £300 million each to be up and running by 2050.  No sign of that in government plans.Large reactors take at least 10 years to build and will be providing electricity to the Grid at a price which is estimated to be at least 50% more expensive than the forecast price for electricity from Small Modular Reactors (SMRs).  SMRs should take about 6 months to build in a factory or shipyards and about 2 years to install for the first unit of a multi-SMR facility with installation times falling to 12-18 months per subsequent unit. The reason Sizewell C took so long to gain approval was that no one but HM Treasury was stupid enough to invest in it. Even the French who own the EDF company responsible for Hinkley and Sizewell are trying to back out of paying for them.SMRs will typically cost in the range £2.1 million to £3 million per MW to build compared with the current estimate of £14.4 million per MW for Hinkley point C. Thorcon quotes £800 million per GW, i.e.£240 million for a 300 MW SMR. Rolls Royce leads the UK race for reasons good and bad and is offering SMRs here for rather more than Thorcon's offer. Poland has already ordered 30 SMRs. Yet this government plans not to make any decision on the first SMR until 2029, presumably to avoid having to undertake the required value for money comparison between SMRs and Sizewell C. It claims to be a world leader but actually it will be last in the queue. "To recover the UK's global leadership in civil nuclear" could be irony or could be evidence that some distant corner of HMT has a sense of humour after all.                                                                 

On September 25, Mali's military government announced it will delay elections that were slated for February 2024. The authorities cited technical reasons for the postponement and did not name a replacement date.

Viewed against the backdrop of the junta's actions since taking power in 2020, the delay appears the latest in a series of maneuvers by the junta to extend its rule, even as the junta has failed egregiously in its promises to restore security. The United States has little influence over what happens in Bamako, but by taking a clear and public stand against open-ended military rule in Mali and other countries in the region, Washington can enhance its credibility in the long term.

A recent wave of coups in the Sahel and elsewhere in Africa has involved officers who show no serious willingness to hand power back to civilians. Military officers have now seized power in Mali (2020), Chad (2021), Burkina Faso (2022), and Niger (2023). Add to this the coups in Guinea (2021) and Sudan (2021) and one has a "coup belt" that evokes the dark days of the Cold War. Amid much talk of "coup contagion," each putsch has had its own, primarily domestic causes — but what has been contagious is coup-makers' playbooks.

Mali's Colonel Assimi Goita and associates have been key movers in elaborating this playbook, extending their "transition" time and again. Goita and company came to power in August 2020, appointed a civilian-led transition, overthrew their own civilian appointees in May 2021's "coup within a coup," defied sanctions from the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), compromised on a transition for 2024, and have now begun to tamper with that timetable.

Mali's colonels have repeatedly exposed the weak hand of regional and Western diplomats. ECOWAS first sought to impose an 18-month timetable in August 2020 — meaning the February 2024 elections should have already occurred in February 2022. What happens in Mali has serious ramifications for how officers in the other countries — some of whom are in close contact with Mali's junta — will approach their own transition timetables.

The U.S. has few good options in Mali or elsewhere in the region. In Washington, there are concerns that criticizing and antagonizing juntas would diminish whatever influence the U.S. may command in the Sahel. Washington also prefers to take the region's countries and their coups case by case, frowning on those in Mali and Burkina Faso while showing a significantly more ambivalent and even lenient attitude towards those in Chad and Niger.

And certainly there are diplomatic costs to criticism, as France has learned in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger, where its soldiers and diplomats are effectively unwelcome.

Yet U.S. "influence" in the region is overstated — what is there to preserve? After 20 years of military training programs, the U.S. has no significant and enduring counterterrorism accomplishments to report. On the political side, if the U.S. has avoided the backlash that has greeted France, it has also not been able to convince soldiers to return to barracks, or even to temper the overreach of some of its favored civilian leaders (the decision by Senegalese President Macky Sall not to seek a third term in 2024 is one bright spot in the region, and may reflect behind-the-scenes international pressure, but Sall continues to crack down severely on the opposition).

Given that U.S. influence has not appreciably bent the curve of the region when it comes either to endemic insecurity or the militarization of politics, it would be better for the U.S. to be consistent, vocal, and clear when it comes to denouncing coups and distorted transition timetables. As of September 30, for example, there was no statement by the U.S. on the Malian junta's delay of the elections. Nor has the U.S. clarified, more than two months after the coup in Niger, whether it considers that takeover to be a coup in legal terms — a decision that would trigger a suspension of much assistance to Niger.

As one analyst recently commented, allowing ambiguity to fester when it comes to the U.S. stance on Niger is a recipe for exacerbating conspiracy theorizing about whether the U.S. and other Western powers actually support the coups in the region.

Speaking out at key moments would elicit rebukes from Bamako and Niamey, but it would also send vital signals to the actual people of the Sahel. The region's populations are Washington's most important audience at this point, because it is more important to shape positive perceptions of the U.S. over the long term than it is to tiptoe around generals and colonels who rule capitals by force.

Over the long term, moreover, it is in the U.S. interest to give moral support to genuine grassroots democratic culture in the region, which has been a serious force in Sahelian history time and again. At the moment, the U.S. should not materially support civilian organizations that seek to challenge the juntas politically, because doing so could pose profound risks to such civilians (of being arrested and/or tarred with the charge of being Western puppets) and could create unnecessary credibility risks for the U.S. itself.

But by being blunt and forthright that military rule is unacceptable, the U.S. can help set the expectation that norms, and not crass and misguided efforts at realpolitik, will guide Washington's and others' policies towards the Sahel.
Publicly criticizing and privately pressuring the region's military rulers does not mean that Washington will be loathed as much as Paris is. Washington does not have Paris's colonial baggage, and French officials, from President Emmanuel Macron down to individual ambassadors, have been particularly imperious and insensitive to Sahelian concerns, squandering numerous easy opportunities to appear flexible and humble.The U.S. can be a more friendly critic, clarifying that it disapproves of juntas' choices but leaving the door open to conversation

The general articulation of the issue and its connection with the important research and practice tasks. Nowadays themassive flow of information and vast amount of scientific journals has led to the situation when scientists do not havetime to keep up with all the latest developments in the areas of their scientific interests. Clarivate, a company whichprovides access to the Web of Science Core Collection, has estimated that a scientist manages to read just up to 200articles a year on the subject of his/her research. Thus, there is a problem, both for scientific journals and for individualscientists – to ensure the «visibility» of their achievements to the professional community. Limited access to scientificpapers for various reasons – language environment, the availability of a printed version solely, difficult site navigation, orcompulsory prepayment for the access to a resourse – all these facts significantly limit the «visibility» of a scientist, thatinfluences his/her recognition in the professional field and amount of citations. Although the problem is sensitive for allinternational scientific community, our research is principally focused on the Ukrainian academic environment.The analysis of the recent publications regarding the issues this article deals with, identification of parts of thegeneral problem that have not been previously addressed. The issues considering what tools and how methodologiesfor evaluating results in the Ukrainian academic society are used, have been scrutinized in numerous publications ofUkrainian scholars, including A. Mazaraki, N. Prytulska, S. Melnychenko, V. Kirvas, I. Sazonets, L. Kostenko, O. Halchevskaand others. The works of M. Sokolov, Yu. Hranivskiy, Yu. Sharabchiyev, D. Hicks, P.Wouters, L.Waltman and other foreignresearchers on application of the existing scientometric databases used by scientists in the world are also of greatinterest. Whereas being vitaly topical for Ukrainian academic community, the issue is considered not sufficiently studied.The purpose (the objective) of this article. The main purpose of the study is to find out how the evaluation ofscientific results, which is based on the publishing activity of a scientist, is made in Ukraine, and to formulate certainrecommendations regarding the development of the system of public evaluation for scientific achievements.The key results and the background. The analysis of the Ukrainian research materials presented on internationalplatforms such as Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar has revealed the fact that the largest number of Ukrainianscientists' cited works can be observed in Physics, Mathematics, Life Sciences and Chemistry. Whereas the level ofcitation of Ukrainian scholars that are engaged in Pedagogy, Social Sciences, Economics, Agricultural Sciences andHumanities is dramatically low. The most probable reason for that is the lack of interest among international scientificcommunity in Ukrainian scientific research in these areas, perhaps, due to the fact that the majority of the researchesin the corresponding social sciences are basically aimed at Ukrainian realities.The most probable reason for this situation is the fact that the majority of the researches in the corresponding socialsciences are basically focused on Ukrainian realities which is not the issue of a great interest among internationalscientific community. It was also pointed out that the Ukrainian scientific community was concerned rather with the drastic and suddenchanges in the requirenments, than with the very fact to publish the results of its own researches on the Web ofScience and Scopus platforms. Accordingly, it was proposed to launch national scientometric platforms, following theexperience of China, India, Russia, Japan and Korea in this issue, and the results of a national scientometric platformshould be included in the licensing, accreditation and certification requirements. It should also be beard in mindthat if the assessment of scientific performance is based solely on the number of citations of a scientist, it can leadto the «artificial winding» by using self-citation. To avoid such negative consequences the assessment of a scientists'performance should combine their citation rate, training and certification, expert work, etc.Conclusions and the prospects of the further research. When evaluating scientists' activity results the priorityshould be given to promoting the development of those scientific researches, which are in significant demand inUkrainian society, and the support for our scientists should be in particular focuse of the government. The increase ofUkrainian science «visibility» on international level, may be achieved by stimulation at the state level the initiative of aheightening in the number of registered domestic scientific publications on the Web of Science and Scopus platforms. The evaluation of scientific work results, which is based only on the number of citations, or indicators of the numberof articles posted on the platforms of Web of Science and Scopus, may cause false understanding of the significance ofscientific developments and loss of innovation authenticity of the national science. To motivate scientists and scholarsand increase their efficiency, it is necessary to develop an adequate model for evaluating the results of their researchwork, which should be based on a reasonable combination of different types of scientific activities: publication andcitation of scientific papers, training, expert work, etc. This may be a prospective issue for the further research.Keywords: evaluation of scientific result; public science policy; metrics of Ukrainian science. ; Питання ефективної оцінки результатів наукової роботи українських учених викликає тривалі дискусії. Упровадження на законодавчому рівні застосування наукометричних показників для оцінки наукової роботи українських учених привело до поляризації цього дискурсу. За мету статті було поставлено дослідження обґрунтованості використання публікаційної активності вченого у виданнях, які індексуються в міжнародних наукометричних базах як оцінки результатів наукової роботи. Науковим базисом представленого дослідження стали роботи вітчизнянихта зарубіжних учених, а також дані платформ Scopus та Google Scholar. Аналіз наукових профілів українських учених у різних галузях науки показав, що через національну або регіональну спрямованість соціальних і гуманітарних наук спостерігається їх низька, порівняно з природничими науками, цитованість. Автори вважають, що не правильно оцінювати результати наукової роботи вчених лише на основі публікацій у виданнях, які індексуються в міжнародних наукометричних базах. Стаття показує, що державна наукова політика, яка оцінює кваліфікацію вчених лише шляхом публікації в наукометричних виданнях, ризикує втратити національний напрям досліджень. Подальші дослідження мають бути спрямовані на розробку адекватної оцінки наукової роботи українських учених, яка буде органічно враховувати галузь знань та значущість наукових розробок для міжнародної та вітчизняної наукової спільноти. Ключові слова: оцінка наукового результату; державна наукова політика; метрики української науки.

The general articulation of the issue and its connection with the important research and practice tasks. Nowadays themassive flow of information and vast amount of scientific journals has led to the situation when scientists do not havetime to keep up with all the latest developments in the areas of their scientific interests. Clarivate, a company whichprovides access to the Web of Science Core Collection, has estimated that a scientist manages to read just up to 200articles a year on the subject of his/her research. Thus, there is a problem, both for scientific journals and for individualscientists – to ensure the «visibility» of their achievements to the professional community. Limited access to scientificpapers for various reasons – language environment, the availability of a printed version solely, difficult site navigation, orcompulsory prepayment for the access to a resourse – all these facts significantly limit the «visibility» of a scientist, thatinfluences his/her recognition in the professional field and amount of citations. Although the problem is sensitive for allinternational scientific community, our research is principally focused on the Ukrainian academic environment.The analysis of the recent publications regarding the issues this article deals with, identification of parts of thegeneral problem that have not been previously addressed. The issues considering what tools and how methodologiesfor evaluating results in the Ukrainian academic society are used, have been scrutinized in numerous publications ofUkrainian scholars, including A. Mazaraki, N. Prytulska, S. Melnychenko, V. Kirvas, I. Sazonets, L. Kostenko, O. Halchevskaand others. The works of M. Sokolov, Yu. Hranivskiy, Yu. Sharabchiyev, D. Hicks, P.Wouters, L.Waltman and other foreignresearchers on application of the existing scientometric databases used by scientists in the world are also of greatinterest. Whereas being vitaly topical for Ukrainian academic community, the issue is considered not sufficiently studied.The purpose (the objective) of this article. The main purpose of the study is to find out how the evaluation ofscientific results, which is based on the publishing activity of a scientist, is made in Ukraine, and to formulate certainrecommendations regarding the development of the system of public evaluation for scientific achievements.The key results and the background. The analysis of the Ukrainian research materials presented on internationalplatforms such as Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar has revealed the fact that the largest number of Ukrainianscientists' cited works can be observed in Physics, Mathematics, Life Sciences and Chemistry. Whereas the level ofcitation of Ukrainian scholars that are engaged in Pedagogy, Social Sciences, Economics, Agricultural Sciences andHumanities is dramatically low. The most probable reason for that is the lack of interest among international scientificcommunity in Ukrainian scientific research in these areas, perhaps, due to the fact that the majority of the researchesin the corresponding social sciences are basically aimed at Ukrainian realities.The most probable reason for this situation is the fact that the majority of the researches in the corresponding socialsciences are basically focused on Ukrainian realities which is not the issue of a great interest among internationalscientific community. It was also pointed out that the Ukrainian scientific community was concerned rather with the drastic and suddenchanges in the requirenments, than with the very fact to publish the results of its own researches on the Web ofScience and Scopus platforms. Accordingly, it was proposed to launch national scientometric platforms, following theexperience of China, India, Russia, Japan and Korea in this issue, and the results of a national scientometric platformshould be included in the licensing, accreditation and certification requirements. It should also be beard in mindthat if the assessment of scientific performance is based solely on the number of citations of a scientist, it can leadto the «artificial winding» by using self-citation. To avoid such negative consequences the assessment of a scientists'performance should combine their citation rate, training and certification, expert work, etc.Conclusions and the prospects of the further research. When evaluating scientists' activity results the priorityshould be given to promoting the development of those scientific researches, which are in significant demand inUkrainian society, and the support for our scientists should be in particular focuse of the government. The increase ofUkrainian science «visibility» on international level, may be achieved by stimulation at the state level the initiative of aheightening in the number of registered domestic scientific publications on the Web of Science and Scopus platforms. The evaluation of scientific work results, which is based only on the number of citations, or indicators of the numberof articles posted on the platforms of Web of Science and Scopus, may cause false understanding of the significance ofscientific developments and loss of innovation authenticity of the national science. To motivate scientists and scholarsand increase their efficiency, it is necessary to develop an adequate model for evaluating the results of their researchwork, which should be based on a reasonable combination of different types of scientific activities: publication andcitation of scientific papers, training, expert work, etc. This may be a prospective issue for the further research.Keywords: evaluation of scientific result; public science policy; metrics of Ukrainian science. ; Питання ефективної оцінки результатів наукової роботи українських учених викликає тривалі дискусії. Упровадження на законодавчому рівні застосування наукометричних показників для оцінки наукової роботи українських учених привело до поляризації цього дискурсу. За мету статті було поставлено дослідження обґрунтованості використання публікаційної активності вченого у виданнях, які індексуються в міжнародних наукометричних базах як оцінки результатів наукової роботи. Науковим базисом представленого дослідження стали роботи вітчизнянихта зарубіжних учених, а також дані платформ Scopus та Google Scholar. Аналіз наукових профілів українських учених у різних галузях науки показав, що через національну або регіональну спрямованість соціальних і гуманітарних наук спостерігається їх низька, порівняно з природничими науками, цитованість. Автори вважають, що не правильно оцінювати результати наукової роботи вчених лише на основі публікацій у виданнях, які індексуються в міжнародних наукометричних базах. Стаття показує, що державна наукова політика, яка оцінює кваліфікацію вчених лише шляхом публікації в наукометричних виданнях, ризикує втратити національний напрям досліджень. Подальші дослідження мають бути спрямовані на розробку адекватної оцінки наукової роботи українських учених, яка буде органічно враховувати галузь знань та значущість наукових розробок для міжнародної та вітчизняної наукової спільноти. Ключові слова: оцінка наукового результату; державна наукова політика; метрики української науки.

ABSTRACTThis study aims to determine the effect of beauty vloggers and celebgram endorsers on brand image and its impact on purchase intention of Make Over products. This type of research uses an explanatory research approach with a quantitative approach. With the data collection method using a questionnaire with a sample of 100 respondents distributed online using the path analysis method. Based on the results of data analysis, it is concluded that beauty vlogger has a significant effect on brand image and purchase intention, celebgram endorser has a significant effect on brand image, celebgram endorser has not significant effect on purchase intention and brand image has a significant effect as a mediating variable between beauty vlogger and purchase intention. Keywords: Beauty Vlogger, Celebgram Endorser, Brand Image, Purchase Intention and Make Over.DAFTAR PUSTAKAAditya, Kadek Yoga & I Made Wardana. 2017. Peran Brand Equity Dalam Memediasi Pengaruh Word Of Mouth Terhadap Purchase intention. E-Jurnal Manajemen Unud, 6 (2), hal.830-856.Assael, Henry. 2001. Consumer Behavior 6th Edition. New York: Thomson-Learning.Chen, Jui-Lung & Dermawan, Apritika. 2020. The Influence of YouTube Beauty Vloggers on Indonesian Consumers' Purchase Intention of Local Cosmetic Products. International Journal of Business and Management; Vol. 15, No. 5Choi, G.Y. & Behm-Morawitz, E. 2017. Giving a new makeover to STEAM: Establishing youtube beauty gurus as digital literacy educators through messagges and effects on viewers, Computers ini Human Behavior, 73 : 80-91.Durianto, Darmadi . 2013. Strategi Menaklukan Pasar Melalui Riset Ekuitas dan Perilaku Merek (cet. ke-10). Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.Ghozali, Imam. 2016. Structural Equation Modeling, Metode Alternatif dengan Partial Least Square (PLS). Edisi 4. Semarang : Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.Hardjanti, A., & Siswanto, H. 2014. Pengaruh dimensi endorser credibility dan brand credibility terhadap dimensi concumer-based brand equity. Jurnal iImiah Widya, 2(3), 42–50.Hassan, S., & Jamil, R. (2014). Influence of Celebrity Endorsement on Consumer Purchase Intention for Existing Products: A Comparative Study. Journal of Management Info, 4(1), 1-23.Huang, Shiu Li & Ku, Hsiou Hsuan. 2016. Brand Image Management for Nonprofit Organizations: Exploring The Relationships Between Websites, Brand Images and Donations. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, Vol 17 no 1.Hutapea. 2016. Pengaruh Beauty Vlogger dan Brand Image: Survei Pengaruh Beauty Vlogger Sebagai Endorser Terhadap Brand Image The Body shop. Departemen Ilmu Komunikasi Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Politik (Skripsi dipublikasikan) Universitas Gadjah Mada,YogyakartaJalilvand, Mohammad Reza & Samiei, Neda .2012. "The effect of electronic word of mouth on brand image and purchase intention: An empirical study in the automobile industry in Iran", Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol. 30 Issue: 4, pp.460-476Jung, Eun Lee & Watkins, Brandi. 2016. Youtube vloggers' influence on consumer luxury brand perceptions and intentions Journal of Business Research 69 5753–5760.Kotler, Philip & Kevin Lane Keller. 2016. Marketing Management, 15th Edition New Jersey: Pearson Pretice Hall, Inc.Nugroho, Adi Rifqi. 2013. Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Keputusan Pembelian Dengan Sistem Pre Order Secara Online (Studi Kasus Pada Online Shop Chopper Jersey). Semarang: Fakultas Ekonomika dan Bisnis Universitas Diponegoro.Orlando, Dillon. 2015. Analisa Pengaruh Brand Image dan Brand Awareness Terhadap Purchase Intention Sepeda Motor "Kawasaki Ninja 250 Fi". Jurnal Manajemen Pemasaran Petra. Vol. 3 No. 1 1-9.Pixability Company. 2014. Beauty on Youtube: How Youbube is radically transforming the beauty industry and what that means for brand. Diakses pada tanggal 18 Januari 2021 pukul 02:34 WIB https://www.pixability.comPutri, Maharani Nindiya & Listiani, Endri. 2018. Electronic Word of Mouth (E-WOM) is Used by Beauty Vloggers and Its Effect on Purchase Intention. Journal of Management Communication Volume 4, No. 2.Rachmadi, K.R & Nurhajati. 2018. Pengaruh Vlogger Review Sebagai Celebrity Endorser Terhadap Purchase Intention dengan Brand Image Sebagai Intervening Variabel pada Produk Kosmetik dan Perawatan Wajah. JIMMU. Volume III- Nomor 1.Rahmi, Y, & Sekarsih, L. 2017. The Influence of Beauty Vlog on Perceived Source Credibility and Purchase Intention. Makara Hubs-Asia, 21(1): 13-23.Ruhamak, M.Dian & Rahayu, Budi. 2016. Pengaruh Word Of Mouth Terhadap Purchase Intention melalui Brand Image pada Lembaga Kursus Bahasa Inggris Dynamic English Course Pare. Jurnal Ekonomi Universitas Kadiri. Vol. 1, No. 2, 188 – 204Sabdosih, Zakiya. 2013. Pengaruh Variabel Celebrity Endorser terhadap Citra Merek L'oreal (Studi Produk L'oreal Paris Total Repair di Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Brawijaya Malang. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FEB Vol 1, No.2Schiffman, Leon & Kanuk, Leslie Lazar. 2010. Perilaku Konsumen. Jakarta: PT Indeks.Setiadi, Nugroho J. 2013. Perilaku Konsumen Perspektif Kontemporer pada Motif, Tujuan, dan Keinginan Konsumen. Jakarta: PT. Kharisma Putra Utama.Shimp, Terence A., 2002. Periklanan promosi : aspek tambahan komunikasi pemasaran terpadu; Jilid I. Jakarta: Erlangga.Sinaga, R.E.M & Kusumawati, A. 2018. Pengaruh Youtube Beauty Vlogger Terhadap Minat Beli Konsumen dan Dampaknya Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Produk (Studi pada Pengguna Kosmetik Maybelline di Indonesia). Jurnal Administratsi Bisnis (JAB). Vol. 63 No. 1Solimun., Fernandes, A. A. R., Nurjannah. 2017. Metode Statistika Multivariat: Pemodelan Persamaan Struktural (SEM). Malang: UB Press.Stefani, Selfi. 2013. Analisis Pengaruh Iklan Televisi, Celebrity Endorser, Kualitas Produk dan Citra Merek terhadap Keputusan Pembelian pada Produk Kosmetik Berlabel Halal Wardah. Skripsi Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah.Sugiyono. 2016. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitataif dan Kombinasi (Mixed Methods).Bandung: Alfabeta.Sujana, Made Shinta Ayu Saraswati & Giantari, I Gusti Ayu Ketut. 2017. Peran Brand Image Memediasi Celebrity Endorser dengan Purchase Intention. Forum Keuangan dan Bisnis Indonesia (FKBI), Vol. 6Sunarti, Wibowo, Edi & Utami, Setyaningsih Sri. 2019. Pengaruh Beauty Vlogger Terhadap Minat Beli Produk Kosmetik Wardah dengan Citra Merek sebagai Variabel Mediasi (Survei pada Mahasiswa Universitas Slamet Riyadi Surakarta). Jurnal Ekonomi dan Kewiraushaan Vol. 19 No. 4.Thusyanthy, Vadivelu & Tharanikaran, Vadivelu. 2015. The Relationship Variables to Celebrity Endorsement and Brand Equity A Comprehensive Review. Journal of Business and Management, 10 (11): pp: 212-221

Over the past ten years, the public authorities have supported the photovoltaic industry to meet greenhouse gas emission reduction targets. The support policies have resulted in unprecedented development of this sector, leading to a significant reduction in production costs. This trend combined with the increase of the retail rates enabled to reach the grid parity in some European countries. Households are now encouraged to invest in a photovoltaic power plant in order to consume a part of their consumption. These households are called prosumers. The photovoltaic investment depends mainly on the grid pricing. This tariff is based mainly on the energy withdrawal from the grid. However, this kind of tariff does not reflect the costs of the electricity grid operators, which are mainly fixed in the short and medium term. The drop in revenue due to self-consumption leads to a deficit for the grid operators, which must be covered by an increase in the grid tariff. This situation leads to cross-subsidies from standard consumers to self-consumers.The objective of this thesis is to answer this problem and it consists of 4 chapters. In the first chapter, an analysis of policies supporting self-consumption was carried out for the following countries: Germany, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Spain and France. This study is based on bibliographical and documentary research to identify the strengths and weaknesses of these policies. In the second chapter, we study the indirect costs of the self-consumption development for the consumers. For this purpose, an estimate of cross-subsidies in France between 2017 and 2021 is proposed. This estimate is based on the calculation of the volumes of self-consumption aggregated at the national level by modelling the load curves of different consumers and company profiles. In Chapter 3, the current support mechanism is evaluated according to two criteria, namely the revenue generated by self-consumption and the support costs for the ratepayers. A simulation model has been developed to determine the profitability of a photovoltaic installation coupled with a battery under different grid tariffs. In chapter 4, an estimation of the profits related to the self-supply is made. A battery charge optimisation model has been developed with the objective of maximising the revenue from the consumption savings for the prosumer.The thesis shows that self-consumption support policies have neglected the indirect costs related to network pricing. It is necessary to modify the grid pricing in order, on the one hand, to limit cross-subsidies and, on the other hand, to take advantage of the benefits that self-consumption can bring to the network. Signals need to be sent in order to increase the value of self-consumption. Nevertheless, this is only possible by changing the current subsidy scheme, which does not encourage battery adoption. The results show that a premium for battery investment would limit the cross-subsidies but would limit the development of self-consumption. ; Depuis une dizaine d'années, les pouvoirs publics ont soutenu la filière photovoltaïque pour répondre à des objectifs de réduction d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Les politiques de soutien mises en place se sont traduites par un développement sans précédent de cette filière entrainant une baisse significative des coûts de production. La baisse a été telle que, dans de nombreux pays, les coûts de production photovoltaïque sont inférieurs au prix de détail de l'électricité. Les ménages sont désormais incités à investir dans une centrale photovoltaïque pour autoconsommer une partie de leur consommation. Ce phénomène que l'on nomme autoconsommation dépend en grande partie de la structure du tarif de réseau. Actuellement, ce tarif est basé principalement sur l'énergie soutirée sans différentiation temporelle. Or, ce type de tarif ne reflète pas les coûts des gestionnaires de réseaux électriques qui sont essentiellement fixes à court et moyen terme. La baisse des recettes induit par l'autoconsommation engendre un déficit pour les gestionnaires de réseau qui doit être recouvert par une hausse du tarif réseau. Cet effet entraine des subventions croisées des consommateurs standards vers les autoconsommateurs.L'objectif de cette thèse est de répondre à cette problématique et elle se compose de 4 chapitres. Dans le premier chapitre, une analyse des politiques de soutien à l'autoconsommation a été réalisée pour les pays suivants : l'Allemagne, le Royaume-Uni, le Danemark, l'Espagne et la France. Cette étude repose sur un travail de recherche bibliographique et documentaire afin d'identifier les forces et les faiblesses de ces politiques. Dans le 2e chapitre, on étudie les coûts indirects du développement de l'autoconsommation pour les consommateurs. Pour cela, une estimation des subventions croisées en France entre 2017 et 2021 est proposée. Cette estimation repose sur le calcul des volumes d'autoconsommation agrégés à la maille nationale à partir de la reconstitution des courbes de charge de différents profils de consommateurs et d'entreprises. Dans le chapitre 3, le mécanisme de soutien actuel est évalué selon 2 critères qui sont les revenus générés par l'autoconsommation et les coûts de soutien pour la collectivité. Un modèle de simulation a été développé pour déterminer la rentabilité d'une installation photovoltaïque couplée avec une batterie sous différents tarifs réseaux. Dans le chapitre 4, une estimation des gains liés à l'effacement de consommation est réalisée. Un modèle d'optimisation de la charge de la batterie a été développé dont l'objectif est la maximisation des revenus issus de l'effacement pour l'autoconsommateur.La thèse montre que les politiques de soutien à l'autoconsommation ont négligé les coûts indirects liés à la tarification des réseaux. Il est nécessaire de modifier la structure du tarif réseau pour, d'une part, limiter les subventions croisées et, d'autre part, pour profiter des bénéfices que peut apporter l'autoconsommation pour le réseau ou pour le système électrique en général. Des signaux tarifaires sont nécessaires pour augmenter la valeur de l'autoconsommation mais cela n'est possible que par la modification du schéma actuel de subvention qui n'encourage pas à l'adoption de batteries. Les résultats montrent qu'une prime à l'investissement de la batterie serait moins couteux pour la collectivité mais limiterait le développement de l'autoconsommation.

Kiinan ja Afrikan maiden välinen taloudellinen yhteistyö on saanut osakseen kasvavaa huomiota viimeisen kahdenvuosikymmenen aikana. Yhteistyöstä ovat olleet kiinnostuneet poliittiset päättäjät, media sekä tutkijat. Kiinan taloudellisen toiminnan vaikutuksista on Afrikan kehitykselle keskusteltu tutkijoiden toimesta runsaasti. Yksi Kiina– Afrikka -keskustelun kiistanalaisista kysymyksistä koskee Kiinan taloudellisten toimien vaikuttavuutta Afrikan inhimillisen pääoman kehitykselle. Useita aiheellisia kysymyksiä on esitetty Kiinan investointien mahdollisesta myönteisestä vaikutuksesta lisätä Afrikan liike-elämän arvoa ja yleisemmin tukea inhimillisen pääoman kehittymistä Afrikassa. Tämä väitöskirja tutkii Kiinan ja Afrikan maiden taloudellista yhteistyötä riippuvuusteorian ja inhimillisen pääoman teorian näkökulmasta. Tutkimus kohdistuu erityisesti siihen, vaikuttaako kiinalainen taloudellinen toiminta inhimilliseen pääomaan Afrikassa ja osana Afrikan maiden hallitusten osaamiseen liittyvää kehittämispolitiikkaa. Tutkimuksessa sovelletaan sekä käsitteellistä että empiiristä lähestymistapaa. Osatutkimukset yksi ja kaksi ovat käsitteellisiä artikkeleita ja pyrkivät erittelemään Kiinan ja Afrikan maiden välistä taloudellista yhteistyötä ja sen muotoja. Nojaten riippuvuusteoriaan osatutkimus yksi analysoi Kiinan läsnäoloa Afrikassa ja luo perustan taloudellisen yhteistyön merkityksen ymmärtämiselle osana Afrikan taloudellista kehitystä. Osatutkimus kaksi hyödyntää riippuvuusteoriaa ja inhimillisen pääoman teoriaa ja esittää viitekehystä maiden välisten uusien taloudellisten kanssakäymisten mahdollisten seurausten tutkimiselle. Se myös havainnollistaa, miten viitekehystä voidaan hyödyntää tutkittaessa Kiinan ja Afrikan taloudellisen kanssakäymisen mahdollisia seurauksia. Osatutkimukset kolme ja neljä ovat empiirisiä tapaustutkimuksia, jotka selvittävät kiinalaisten suuryritysten myötävaikutusta Afrikan inhimilliselle pääomalle ja hallituksen toiminnalle. Osatutkimukset keskittyvät Huawein toimintaan Nigeriassa. Tulokset osoittavat, että Kiinan ja Afrikan maiden taloudellinen yhteistyö merkitsee kasvavaa strategista keskinäisriippuvuutta Kiinan ja Afrikan maiden välillä. Kanssakäyminen on taloudellisesti pragmaattista, ja tarjoaa Afrikan maille vaihtoehdon kehityskumppaneiden valinnassa. Taloudellinen yhteistyö tuo sekä mahdollisuuksia että haasteita Afrikalle, mutta se tarjoaa mahdollisuuksia toteuttaa kunkin kansantalouden kehitystä tukevia kehityskulkuja. Kuitenkin se haastaa valtioita pitkäjänteiseen kehityspolitiikkaan, joka hillitsee kanssakäymisen mahdollisia kielteisiä vaikutuksia. Tutkimus osoittaa, että Kiinan ja Afrikan välinen taloudellinen yhteistyö tarjoaa mahdollisuuksia myös Afrikan inhimillisen pääoman kehitykselle. Huawein tapaustutkimuksen löydökset viittaavat siihen, että Afrikassa toimivat kiinalaiset suuryritykset ovat hyvässä asemassa voidakseen tukea inhimillisen pääoman kehittymistä paikallista työllisyyttä edistämällä, koulutuksella ja taitojen kasvattamisella sekä teknologian ja osaamisen siirroilla kohdemaissa tapahtuvan toimintansa ja sijoitustensa kautta. On merkittävää, että nämä mahdollisuudet vaihtelevat sektorien ja maiden välillä johtuen sektori- ja kontekstisidonnaisten olosuhteiden eriäväisyyksistä. Afrikan maiden hallitukset voivat onnistuneesti hyödyntää kiinalaista taloudellista toimintaa omien maidensa inhimillisen pääoman kehittämisen tukena. Tämä kuitenkin edellyttää toiminnan integrointia isäntämaan kansallisiin kehitysohjelmiin ja -politiikkalinjauksiin. Tutkimus antaa panoksensa Kiinan ja Afrikan maiden välisen taloudellisen yhteistyön ymmärtämiselle ja tarjoaa tapauspohjaista empiiristä näyttöä mahdollisista vaikutuksista inhimilliselle pääomalle Afrikassa. ; China's economic engagement with Africa has garnered considerable attention in academic and policy circles as well as in the global media over the past two decades. The implications of the engagement for Africa's development have been a subject of debate in popular and academic literature, with experts offering differing views on Africa's development trajectory. Among the contentious issues in China–Africa discourse is the impact of Chinese engagement on human capital development (HCD) in Africa. Many valid questions have been raised about the potential of Chinese investments to add value to African industries and contribute to HCD in Africa. Drawing on dependency theory and human capital theory, this dissertation investigates China's economic engagement with Africa. Specifically, it examines in what ways, if any, Chinese economic engagement contributes to HCD in Africa and the role of the host African governments in leveraging the engagement for HCD. This study employs both a conceptual research and an empirical research approach. The empirical part of the dissertation investigates the contributions and implications of the engagement for HCD by drawing on the case of a Chinese multinational company, Huawei, operating in Nigeria. This dissertation comprises two main parts: Part I is the synthesis, also referred to as the summary, and Part II consists of four original research articles, referred to as sub-studies. Together, they address the aims of this study. Sub-studies 1 and 2 are conceptual are in nature and are aimed at unpacking the China– Africa economic engagement. Relying on dependency theory, Sub-study 1 analyses China's presence in Africa and creates a basis for understanding the engagement and what it means for Africa's development trajectory. Sub-study 2 draws on dependency theory and human capital theory to propose a framework for investigating the potential outcomes of new forms of economic engagements between countries. It also illustrates how the framework can be utilised to study the potential outcomes of the China–Africa economic engagement. Sub-studies 3 and 4 are empirical works that investigate the contributions of Chinese enterprises to HCD in Africa and the role of the host government in leveraging the engagement for HCD. Sub-studies 3 and 4 focus on the case of Huawei. The findings show that China–Africa engagement signifies a growing interdependency between China and African countries, driven by their strategic interests and objectives. The engagement is economically pragmatic, offering African countries an alternative in their choice of development partners. The engagement presents both opportunities and challenges for Africa – opportunities to realise concrete economic gains that foster development in their respective economies and a challenge to steer the engagement in a direction that is beneficial for Africa's development and mitigate the potential negative effects of the engagement. This study finds that the China–Africa economic engagement also offers opportunities for HCD in Africa. Findings from the Huawei case study indicate that Chinese enterprises operating in Africa are well placed to contribute to HCD by way of local employment generation, training and skill building and technology and knowledge transfer through their operations and investments in their host country. Importantly, these opportunities tend to vary across sectors and countries because of the differences in sectoral and contextual conditions. With the help of local content policies and strategies for active collaboration with Chinese enterprises, host African governments can successfully leverage Chinese economic engagement for HCD in their countries. This study contributes to one's understanding of the China–Africa economic engagement and provides case-based empirical evidence on the possible implications for HCD in Africa.

ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas Koordinasi Pelaksanaan Pekerjaan Terkait Infrastruktur Jalan Antara Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Dengan Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (Studi Di Kabupaten Sambas). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan hukum normatif dan sosiologis. Kesimpulan dari tesis ini adalah Bentuk Koordinasi Antara Dinas Pekerjaan Umum (PU) Dengan Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) Dalam Pelaksanaan Pekerjaan Infrastruktur Jalan sebagai berikut :a.Kerjasama Lintas Lembaga terkait : Kerjasama antara antara Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Kabupaten Sambas dengan Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum di Kabupaten Sambas terkait yaitu : antara Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Kabupaten Sambas dengan Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum di Kabupaten Sambas dan Instansi terkait selama ini telah terjalin dengan baik terutama keterlibatan dalam melaksanakan koordinasi dalam pekerjaan terkait infrastruktur jalan,b.Komunikasi lintas lembaga : Komunikasi yang telah diterapkan Dinas Pekerjaan Umum (PU) Dengan Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) dan Instansi terkait dengan lintas lembaga terkait dalam rangka koordinasi permasalahan yang memerkukan pemecahanya atau keputusan bersama biasanya dapat dilakukan secara formal dan informal, c.Mekanisme Koordinasi : Mekanisme koordinasi yang dilakukan pemerintah Kabupaten Sambas ini dapat dikatakan telah sesuai dengan pernyataan bahwa koordinasi adalah proses penyatupaduan sasaran-sasaran dan kegiatan-­kegiatan dari unit-unit yang terpisah bagian atau bidang funsional dari suatu organisasi untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi secara efisien, d.Koordinator dalam Pelaksanaan Koordinasi : Koordinator dalam pelaksanaan koordinasi lintas lembaga Pelaksanaan pekerjaan infrastruktur jalan di Kabupaten Sambas. Perlunya adanya Koordinasi Pelaksanaan Pekerjaan Terkait Infrastruktur Jalan Antara Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Dengan Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum Di Kabupaten Sambas. Fakto-faktor yang menyebabkan koordinasi tidak berjalan dengan baik antara Dinas Pekerjaan Umum (PU) dengan Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) dalam pelaksanaan pekerjaan infrastruktur jalan ialah Faktor Koordinasi yang buruk : Koordinasi yang buruk antara Dinas Pekerjaan Umum (PU) dan PDAM merupakan salah satu faktor penting yang menyebabkan terjadinya kerusakan berlarut dijalan. Baik PUPR dan PDAM memiliki Asumsi dan pendapat masing-masing terkait perbaikan jalan. Akibat dari lempar tanggung jawab itulah menyebabkan kondisi jalan makin parah, dan aliran air ke konsumen terganggu, akibat tidak ada pihak-pihak yang ingin melakukan perbaikan dan faktor tumpang tindih tupoksi.Upaya-upaya yang harus dilakukan agar koordinasi antara Dinas Pekerjaan Umum (PU) dengan Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) dalam melaksanakan pekerjaan infrastruktur jalan dapat berjalan dengan baik adalah :a.Menjalankan Komunikasi yang efektif : dalam melaksanakan pekerjaan infrastruktur jalan di kabupaten sambas perlunya kominasi yang efektif sebagai upaya yang harus dilakukan agar koordinasi antara Dinas Pekerjaan Umum (PU) dengan Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) dalam melaksanakan pekerjaan infrastruktur jalan dapat berjalan dengan baik,b.Sumber daya/resources; meliputi : a) Staf yang cukup (jumlah mutunya) b) Informasi yang dibutuhkan guna mengambil keputusan. c) Kewenangan atau authority yang cukup dalam melaksanakan tanggung jawab. d). Fasilitas yang dibutuhkan dalam pelaksanaan, c.Disposisi; yaitu sikap dan komitmen dari para pelaksana terhadap program khususnya dari mereka yang menjadi implementer dari program, terutama adalah aparatur birokrasi.Kata Kunci: Koordinasi, Pelaksanaan, Infrastruktur, Pekerjaan Umum, Air ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the Coordination of Implementation of Work Related to Road Infrastructure between Public Works Offices and Regional Water Companies (Study in Sambas District). The method used in this study is normative and sociological legal approaches. The conclusion of this thesis is the Form of Coordination Between Public Works Agency (PU) and Regional Water Supply Companies (PDAM) in the Implementation of Road Infrastructure Works as follows: in the Sambas Regency concerned, namely: between the Sambas District Public Works Office and the Regional Water Supply Company in Sambas Regency and related institutions so far it has been well established, especially involvement in coordinating work related to road infrastructure, b. Cross agency communication: Communication that has been implemented by the Public Works Agency (PU) with Regional Water Companies (PDAMs) and related institutions with cross-related institutions in the context of coordinating problems that require resolution or joint decisions can usually be done formally and informally, c. Coordination mechanism: Coordinating mechanism this Sambas Regency government can be said to be in accordance with the statement that coordination is the process of integrating the goals and activities of units that are separate parts or functional fields of an organization to achieve organizational goals efficiently, d. Coordinator in Implementation Coordination: Coordinator in implementing cross-agency coordination Implementation of road infrastructure work in Sambas District. The Need for Coordination of Implementation of Work Related to Road Infrastructure between the Public Works Agency and Regional Water Companies in Sambas District. Factors that lead to poor coordination between the Public Works Agency (PU) and Regional Water Companies (PDAMs) in carrying out road infrastructure work are poor coordination factors: Poor coordination between the Public Works Agency (PU) and PDAMs is wrong one important factor that causes protracted damage on the road. Both PUPR and PDAM have their own assumptions and opinions regarding road repairs. The consequence of throwing responsibility is that the road conditions are getting worse, and the flow of water to consumers is disrupted, because there are no parties who want to make improvements and overlapping factors tupoksi. Efforts must be made so that coordination between the Public Works Agency (PU) with Regional Water Companies (PDAMs) in carrying out road infrastructure works that can run well are: a. Run effective communication : in carrying out road infrastructure work in Sambas district the need for effective commissions is an effort that must be made so that coordination between the Public Works Agency (PU) and Regional Water Supply Companies (PDAMs) in carrying out road infrastructure works can run well, b. Resources ; include: a) Sufficient staff (number of quality) b) Information needed to make decisions. c) Authority or authority that is sufficient in carrying out responsibilities. d). Facilities needed in the implementation, c.Disposition; namely the attitude and commitment of the implementers of the program, especially from those who become implementers of the program, especially the bureaucratic apparatus.Keywords : Coordination, Implementation, Infrastructure, Public works, Water

ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas Koordinasi Pelaksanaan Pekerjaan Terkait Infrastruktur Jalan Antara Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Dengan Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (Studi Di Kabupaten Sambas). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan hukum normatif dan sosiologis. Kesimpulan dari tesis ini adalah Bentuk Koordinasi Antara Dinas Pekerjaan Umum (PU) Dengan Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) Dalam Pelaksanaan Pekerjaan Infrastruktur Jalan sebagai berikut :a.Kerjasama Lintas Lembaga terkait : Kerjasama antara antara Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Kabupaten Sambas dengan Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum di Kabupaten Sambas terkait yaitu : antara Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Kabupaten Sambas dengan Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum di Kabupaten Sambas dan Instansi terkait selama ini telah terjalin dengan baik terutama keterlibatan dalam melaksanakan koordinasi dalam pekerjaan terkait infrastruktur jalan,b.Komunikasi lintas lembaga : Komunikasi yang telah diterapkan Dinas Pekerjaan Umum (PU) Dengan Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) dan Instansi terkait dengan lintas lembaga terkait dalam rangka koordinasi permasalahan yang memerkukan pemecahanya atau keputusan bersama biasanya dapat dilakukan secara formal dan informal, c.Mekanisme Koordinasi : Mekanisme koordinasi yang dilakukan pemerintah Kabupaten Sambas ini dapat dikatakan telah sesuai dengan pernyataan bahwa koordinasi adalah proses penyatupaduan sasaran-sasaran dan kegiatan-­kegiatan dari unit-unit yang terpisah bagian atau bidang funsional dari suatu organisasi untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi secara efisien, d.Koordinator dalam Pelaksanaan Koordinasi : Koordinator dalam pelaksanaan koordinasi lintas lembaga Pelaksanaan pekerjaan infrastruktur jalan di Kabupaten Sambas. Perlunya adanya Koordinasi Pelaksanaan Pekerjaan Terkait Infrastruktur Jalan Antara Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Dengan Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum Di Kabupaten Sambas. Fakto-faktor yang menyebabkan koordinasi tidak berjalan dengan baik antara Dinas Pekerjaan Umum (PU) dengan Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) dalam pelaksanaan pekerjaan infrastruktur jalan ialah Faktor Koordinasi yang buruk : Koordinasi yang buruk antara Dinas Pekerjaan Umum (PU) dan PDAM merupakan salah satu faktor penting yang menyebabkan terjadinya kerusakan berlarut dijalan. Baik PUPR dan PDAM memiliki Asumsi dan pendapat masing-masing terkait perbaikan jalan. Akibat dari lempar tanggung jawab itulah menyebabkan kondisi jalan makin parah, dan aliran air ke konsumen terganggu, akibat tidak ada pihak-pihak yang ingin melakukan perbaikan dan faktor tumpang tindih tupoksi.Upaya-upaya yang harus dilakukan agar koordinasi antara Dinas Pekerjaan Umum (PU) dengan Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) dalam melaksanakan pekerjaan infrastruktur jalan dapat berjalan dengan baik adalah :a.Menjalankan Komunikasi yang efektif : dalam melaksanakan pekerjaan infrastruktur jalan di kabupaten sambas perlunya kominasi yang efektif sebagai upaya yang harus dilakukan agar koordinasi antara Dinas Pekerjaan Umum (PU) dengan Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) dalam melaksanakan pekerjaan infrastruktur jalan dapat berjalan dengan baik,b.Sumber daya/resources; meliputi : a) Staf yang cukup (jumlah mutunya) b) Informasi yang dibutuhkan guna mengambil keputusan. c) Kewenangan atau authority yang cukup dalam melaksanakan tanggung jawab. d). Fasilitas yang dibutuhkan dalam pelaksanaan, c.Disposisi; yaitu sikap dan komitmen dari para pelaksana terhadap program khususnya dari mereka yang menjadi implementer dari program, terutama adalah aparatur birokrasi.Kata Kunci: Koordinasi, Pelaksanaan, Infrastruktur, Pekerjaan Umum, Air ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the Coordination of Implementation of Work Related to Road Infrastructure between Public Works Offices and Regional Water Companies (Study in Sambas District). The method used in this study is normative and sociological legal approaches. The conclusion of this thesis is the Form of Coordination Between Public Works Agency (PU) and Regional Water Supply Companies (PDAM) in the Implementation of Road Infrastructure Works as follows: in the Sambas Regency concerned, namely: between the Sambas District Public Works Office and the Regional Water Supply Company in Sambas Regency and related institutions so far it has been well established, especially involvement in coordinating work related to road infrastructure, b. Cross agency communication: Communication that has been implemented by the Public Works Agency (PU) with Regional Water Companies (PDAMs) and related institutions with cross-related institutions in the context of coordinating problems that require resolution or joint decisions can usually be done formally and informally, c. Coordination mechanism: Coordinating mechanism this Sambas Regency government can be said to be in accordance with the statement that coordination is the process of integrating the goals and activities of units that are separate parts or functional fields of an organization to achieve organizational goals efficiently, d. Coordinator in Implementation Coordination: Coordinator in implementing cross-agency coordination Implementation of road infrastructure work in Sambas District. The Need for Coordination of Implementation of Work Related to Road Infrastructure between the Public Works Agency and Regional Water Companies in Sambas District. Factors that lead to poor coordination between the Public Works Agency (PU) and Regional Water Companies (PDAMs) in carrying out road infrastructure work are poor coordination factors: Poor coordination between the Public Works Agency (PU) and PDAMs is wrong one important factor that causes protracted damage on the road. Both PUPR and PDAM have their own assumptions and opinions regarding road repairs. The consequence of throwing responsibility is that the road conditions are getting worse, and the flow of water to consumers is disrupted, because there are no parties who want to make improvements and overlapping factors tupoksi. Efforts must be made so that coordination between the Public Works Agency (PU) with Regional Water Companies (PDAMs) in carrying out road infrastructure works that can run well are: a. Run effective communication : in carrying out road infrastructure work in Sambas district the need for effective commissions is an effort that must be made so that coordination between the Public Works Agency (PU) and Regional Water Supply Companies (PDAMs) in carrying out road infrastructure works can run well, b. Resources ; include: a) Sufficient staff (number of quality) b) Information needed to make decisions. c) Authority or authority that is sufficient in carrying out responsibilities. d). Facilities needed in the implementation, c.Disposition; namely the attitude and commitment of the implementers of the program, especially from those who become implementers of the program, especially the bureaucratic apparatus.Keywords : Coordination, Implementation, Infrastructure, Public works, Water

In the article on the basis of analysis of experience of modern local wars and armed conflicts, it is shown that one of main terms of effective management troops (by forces), in particular implementation of measures of the logistic providing of their actions in modern soldiery operations is the corresponding informational and inhalational providing of organs of military management which is given by means of automated control systems.For this reason in military powers of all without an exception developed states one of priority directions there is development of effective methods of automation of processes of treatment of information, creation of facilities of informative and intellectual support of acceptance of administrative decisions in a military sphere in particular in the field of the logistic providing of Military Powers of Ukraine.The results of researches and military practice of maintenance of armies of leading countries of the world and providing of their necessities testify that to 70% of general charges is on the logistic providing of their activity.For an effective management the processes of logistic support Military Powers of Ukraine a system ІТ-solutions is needed in relation to creation of architecture automated control systems LS of Military Powers of Ukraine, namely ‑ to the choice of informatively-programmatic platform of corresponding functionality and scale, construction of the informative to the infrastructure system LS and creation of on the whole automated control systems logistic providing processes.Therefore on a present tense a task is certain guidance of the state and Military Powers of Ukraine in relation to creation of automated control systems and account of logistic facilities and resources.In accordance with maintenance of term "Logistic", which gets in the document of NATO to "Dictionary of terms and determinations of ААР-6", basic directions of logistic activity and her task are certain in Military Powers of Ukraine, and coming from the brought determination over and construction of logistic structure of Military Powers of Ukraine, the basic objects of automation are certain.Going out experience of developments similar automated control systems in military powers of leading countries of the world, drawn conclusion, that measures on creation and introduction of automated control systems the logistic providing of Military Powers of Ukraine must be conducted on the basis of industrial ERP systems of military-oriented, which are widely used in military powers of leading countries of the world and NATO.Such platform, for example, SAP for defense. And development of automated control systems logistic support Military Powers Ukraine, as shown in the article, it is expedient to conduct introduction of company SAP in accordance with methodology - Accelerated SAP. ; В статье на основе анализа опыта современных локальных войн и вооруженных конфликтов, показано, что одним из главных условий эффективного управления войсками (силами), в частности выполнением мероприятий логистического обеспечения их действий в современных военных операциях является соответствующее информационно-аналитическое обеспечение органов военного управления, которое предоставляется с помощью автоматизированных систем управления.Именно поэтому в вооруженных силах, всех без исключения, развитых государств одним из приоритетных направлений есть разработка эффективных методов автоматизации процессов обработки информации, создания средств информационной и интеллектуальной поддержки принятия управленческих решений в военной сфере, в частности и в сфере логистического обеспечения Вооруженных Сил Украины.Результаты исследований и военная практика содержания армий ведущих стран мира и обеспечения их потребностей свидетельствуют, что 70% общих расходов приходится на логистическое обеспечение.Для эффективного управления процессами ЛО ВС Украины необходимо системное ІТ-рішення относительно создания архитектуры автоматизированной системы управления логистическим обеспечением Вооруженных Сил Украины, а именно – выбор информационно-программной платформы соответствующей функциональности и масштаба, построение информационной инфраструктуры системы ЛО и создания в целом АСУ процессами логистического обеспечения.Поэтому в настоящее время руководством государства и ВС Украины определено задание относительно создания автоматизированных систем управления и учета логистических средств и ресурсов.Исходя из опыта разработок подобных АС в вооруженных силах ведущих стран мира, сделан вывод о том, что мероприятия по созданию и внедрению автоматизированной системы управления логистическим обеспечением Вооруженных Сил Украины должны проводиться на основе промышленных ERP-систем военного назначения, которые широко используются в вооруженных силах ведущих стран мира и НАТО. Разработку АСУ ЛЗ ЗС Украины, как определенно в статье, целесообразно проводить в соответствии с методологией внедрение компании SAP ‑ Accelerated SAP. ; В статті на основі аналізу досвіду сучасних локальних війн і збройних конфліктів, показано, що однією з головних умов ефективного управління військами (силами), зокрема виконанням заходів логістичного забезпечення їх дій в сучасних військових операціях є відповідне інформаційно-аналітичне забезпечення органів військового управління, що надається за допомогою автоматизованих систем управління.Саме тому в збройних силах, всіх без винятку, розвинених держав одним з пріоритетних напрямків є розробка ефективних методів автоматизації процесів обробки інформації, створення засобів інформаційної та інтелектуальної підтримки прийняття управлінських рішень у воєнній сфері, зокрема, і у сфері логістичного забезпечення Збройних Сил України.Результати досліджень і військова практика утримання армій провідних країн світу та забезпечення їх потреб свідчать, що до 70% загальних витрат приходиться на логістичне забезпечення їх діяльності.Для ефективного управління процесами ЛЗ ЗС України необхідне системне ІТ-рішення стосовно створення архітектури автоматизованої системи управління логістичним забезпеченням Збройних Сил України, а саме – вибору інформаційно-програмної платформи відповідної функціональності та масштабу, побудови інформаційної інфраструктури системи ЛЗ та створення у цілому автоматизованої системи управління процесами логістичного забезпечення.Тому на теперішній час керівництвом держави та Збройних Сил України визначено завдання щодо створення автоматизованих систем управління та обліку логістичних засобів та ресурсів.Відповідно до змісту терміну "Логістика," що надається у документі НАТО "Словнику термінів та визначень ААР-6", визначено основні напрями логістичної діяльності та її завдання в Збройних Силах України, а виходячи з приведеного визначення і побудови структури логістики ЗС України, визначені основні об'єкти автоматизації.Виходячи із досвіду розробок подібних АС у збройних силах провідних країн світу, зроблено висновок, що заходи щодо створення та впровадження автоматизованої системи управління логістичним забезпеченням Збройних Сил України мають проводитись на основі промислових ERP-систем військового призначення, які широко використовуються в збройних силах провідних країн світу та НАТО. Розробку АСУ ЛЗ ЗС України, як визначено в статті, доцільно проводити відповідно до методології впровадження компанії SAP – Accelerated SAP.

ABSTRACT Ragil Anwar Riyadi. Analisis Perbandingan Kinerja Reksadana Syariah Dengan Menggunakan Model Sharpe, Treynor Dan Jensen (Studi Pada Reksadana Syariah Jenis Saham Di Indonesia Dan Malaysia Periode 2017-2018). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah 1) Untuk menganalisis perbedaan kinerja reksadana syariah dengan menggunakan model sharpe pada reksadana syariah jenis saham di Indonesia dan Malaysia Periode 2017-2018., 2) Untuk menganalisis perbedaan kinerja reksadana syariah dengan menggunakan model treynor pada reksadana syariah jenis saham di Indonesia dan Malaysia Periode 2017-2018. 3). Untuk menganalisis perbedaan kinerja reksadana syariah dengan menggunakan model jensen pada reksadana syariah jenis saham di Indonesia dan Malaysia Periode 2017-2018. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah jenis penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Teknik Pengumpulan Data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah data sekunder. sedangkan teknik analisis data dan uji hipotesis yang digunakan statistik deskriptif, pengukuran kinerja, uji beda dua rata-rata. Berdasarkan hasil analisis uji beda dua rata-rata dengan menggunakan SPSS diperoleh nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,001 < 0,05 disimpulkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan kinerja reksadana syariah dengan menggunakan model sharpe pada reksadana syariah jenis saham di Indonesia dan Malaysia Periode 2017-2018. Berdasarkan hasil analisis uji beda dua rata-rata dengan menggunakan SPSS diperoleh nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,041 < 0,05 disimpulkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan kinerja reksadana syariah dengan menggunakan model treynor pada reksadana syariah jenis saham di Indonesia dan Malaysia Periode 2017-2018. Berdasarkan hasil analisis uji beda dua rata-rata dengan menggunakan SPSS diperoleh nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,049 < 0,05 disimpulkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan kinerja reksadana syariah dengan menggunakan model jensen pada reksadana syariah jenis saham di Indonesia dan Malaysia Periode 2017-2018. Kata Kunci: Kinerja Reksa Dana Syariah di Indonesia, Kinerja Reksa Dana Syariah di Malaysia ABSTRAK Ragil Anwar Riyadi. Comparative Analysis of the Performance of Sharia Mutual Funds Using the Sharpe, Treynor and Jensen Models (Study on Sharia Mutual Funds in Indonesia and Malaysia in the 2017-2018 Period). The purpose of this study is 1) To analyze the differences in funds by using the Sharpe model on sharia and Malaysia for the 2017-2018 period., 2) To analyze the differences in unds using the treynor model on sharia and Malaysia for 2017-2018. 3). To analyze differences in funds by using the Jensen model on Islamic types of and Malaysia for the 2017-2018 period. In this research is descriptive research with a quantitative approach. Data collection techniques used in this study are secondary data. while the data analysis techniques and hypothesis testing are used descriptive statistics, performance measurement, average two difference test. Based on the results of the analysis of the average two different test using SPSS obtained 0.001 <0.05, are differences in funds using the sharpe model on sharia mutual fund types of shares in Indonesia and Malaysia for the 2017-2018 period. Based on the results of the analysis of the average two different test using SPSS obtained of 0.041 <0.05, it are differences in funds using the treynor model on sharia mutual fund types of shares in Indonesia and Malaysia for 2017-2018. Based on the results of the analysis of the average two different test using SPSS obtained 0.049 <0.05, are differences in using the jensen model on sharia mutual fund types of shares in Indonesia and Malaysia for the 2017-2018 period. Keywords: Performance of Sharia Mutual Funds in Indonesia, Sharia Mutual Fund Performance in Malaysia 1. PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah Sejatinya besarnya populasi masyarakat muslim di Indonesia mampu mendongkrak pertumbuhan reksadana syariah karena potensi pasarnya yang cukup menjanjikan. Namum faktanya, pertumbuhan reksadana syariah di industri pasar modal Indonesia belum mampu menarik minat masyarakat untuk berinvestasi pada sektor reksadana. Dikutip dari Repulika.co.id, mencatat saat ini perkembangan industri investasi khususnya reksa dana syariah mengalami tren yang positif. Sumber : Otoritas Jasa Keuangan, Mei 2019 Gambar 1.1. Perkembangan Reksadana Syariah di Indonesia Gambar 1.1 menunjukkan bahwa setiap tahunya pertumbuhan yang signifikan. Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) memperkirakan pertumbuhan industri reksadana pada tahun ini meningkat cukup besar. reksadana tahun-tahun sebelumnya. Di lingkup ASEAN, Indonesia merupakan kiblat perekonomian, di mana lebih dari 50% PDB negara-negara yang tergabug di dalam ASEAN adalah PDB Indonesia. Namun, dari segi perkembangan instrumen keuangan dan pasar modal syariah, Indonesia termasuk negara yang tertinggal dalam segi pengalaman dan intensitas dari Malaysia. Pada bursa saham syariah Malaysia pun sudah terdaftar lebih dari 800 perusahaan dan 550 diantaranya berada pada papan atas, atau termasuk golongan saham yang lebih likuid. Malaysia ditunjang oleh keadaan politik yang menganut sistem kerajaan Islam, sehingga produk ekuitas dan obligasi berbasis syariah lah yang paling banyak didukung dan dikembangkan di negara ini. Malaysia juga lah yang pertama kali mendirikan Islamic Capital Market di ASEAN yang berawal dari instrumen syariah yang telah ada sejak tahun 1993, dan kemudian berlanjut ke pendirian Islamic Stockbroking Company, BIMB Securities Sdn Bhd. Sampai saat ini, Malaysia memiliki banyak kemajuan di bidang keuangan syariah dibanding dengan Indonesia. Menurut data dari Federation of Investment Managers Malaysia (FIMM) terdapat 228 tahun 2019, jumlah mengalami peningkatan dibandingkan tahun 2016 dengan jumlah 201 reksadana syariah. Sedangkan di Indonesia menurut OJK (otoritas jasa keuangan) jumlah reksadana syariah per-januari 2019 sebesar 223, hal ini mengalami peningkatan signifikan dari tahun 2016 sebesar 136 reksadana syariah (https://money.kompas.com). Selain itu tercatat NAB (nilai aktiva bersih) Reksadana Syariah Malaysia sebesar 90.737 ringgit malaysia atau sebesar 31.527.815 rupiah, lebih rendah dari NAB reksa Reksadana Syariah Indonesia yang mencapai 37.300.970 rupiah. Sstatistik tersebut menunjukkan bahwa reksadana syariah Malaysia lebih unggul secara kuantitas dibanding reksadana syariah Indonesia, namun secara jumlah NAB (nilai aktiva tetap) reksadana syariah Malaysia kalah dengan NAB. Menurut Sharpe, kinerja reksadana di masa datang dapat diprediksi dengan menggunkan dua ukuran. Dalam prngukuran kinerja reksadana (mutual fund) Treynor menggunakan avarage ukur risiko. Beta menunjkkan return. Berbeda dengan Treynor's Model dan Sharpe's investasi reksadana sepancang excess return positif, menerima investasi reksadana apabila dapat menghasilkan return yang melebihi expexted. Return yang dimaksudkan adalah avarage return masa lalu, sedangkan expected return, yang dihitung dengan capital asset pricing model (CAPM).

Aim of the work. To study modern psychological and clinical-psychopathological features of the formation of alcohol dependence in men as a basis for their rehabilitation.Materials and methods. The study carried out a comprehensive clinical-psychopathological and psychodiagnostic survey of 150 male patients aged 20 to 55 years, in which according to the diagnostic criteria of the ICD-10, a syndrome of alcohol dependence was established. 94 patients were treated at the Kharkiv Regional Clinical Narcological Hospital No. 9, and 56 patients at the Clinic of Psychiatry and Narcology of the Military Medical Clinical Center of the Northern Region.Results of the research. In 35.2±1.5% of civilian patients and 40.2±1.9% of military men, interspersed with the domination of the dysphoric-explosive component, in 43.5±2.1% and 35.1±1.6 % of alcohol dependent, respectively, anxiety-depressive component in 21.6±1.1% of civilian and 24.7±1.4% of military aggressive component of intoxication.For civilians, the main motive for alcohol abuse was "for a company", "to support a friend", "a desire to obtain physical and psychological satisfaction from the action of alcohol". For the military, the main motive was to "eliminate combat stress," "drown out pain", "to get rid of important military memories", "the desire to level off with alcohol, negative emotional experiences (tension, anxiety, fear, anguish)".In the surveyed soldiers with alcohol addiction there is a complete and obvious manifestation of stress disorder, compared with civilians who have a slight manifestation and lack of traumatic stress.The surveyed patients are dominated by non-constructive forms of coping strategies.Based on the data obtained during the work we systematized modern predictors of the formation of alcohol addiction in men in modern conditions, which are considered as targets of psycho-correction and psycho-educational effects in the construction of the system of rehabilitation of patients.Conclusions1. Clinical and psychopathological features of the formation of alcohol dependence in men, in the aspect of their rehabilitation, are specific depending on the predominant personally significant motives of alcohol use, loss of situational control, dysphoria, affective reactions, anxiety and depressive disorders.2. Pathological psychological predictors of the formation of alcohol addiction in men are the effectiveness of behavior, conflict, the prevalence of non-constructive forms of coping strategies. The main factor of the risk of alcohol dependence in the military is a complete and obvious manifestation of stress disorder ; Цель работы: Изучить современные психологические и клинико-психопатологические особенности формирования алкогольной зависимости у мужчин как основу их реабилитации.Материалы и методы В исследовании проведено комплексное клинико-психопатологическое и психодиагностическое обследование 150 пациентов мужского пола от 20 до 55 лет, в которых согласно диагностических критериев МКБ-10 установлено синдром зависимости от алкоголя. 94 больных находились на лечении в Харьковской областной клинической наркологической больнице № 9, 56 больных - в клинике психиатрии и наркологии Военно-медицинского клинического центра Северного региона.Результаты исследования У 35,2±1,5% гражданских больных и у 40,2±1,9% военных отмечалось опьянение с доминированием дисфорически-эксплозивным компонентом, у 43,5±2,1% и 35,1±1 6% алкозависимых соответственно - тревожно-депрессивного компонента, у 21,6±1,1% гражданских и 24,7±1,4% военных агрессивного компонента опьянения.Для гражданских больных основными мотивами злоупотребления алкоголем были: «за компанию», «поддержать друга», желание получения физического и психологического удовлетворения от действия алкоголя. Для военных основным мотивом было «снять боевой стресс», «заглушить боль», «избавиться от важных военных воспоминаний», желание нивелировать с помощью алкоголя негативные эмоциональные переживания (напряжение, тревогу, страх, тоску).У обследованных военных с алкогольной зависимостью отмечается полное и гражданскими у которых отмечается незначительное проявление и отсутствие травматического стресса.У обследованных больных преобладают неконструктивные формы копинг стратегий.Основываясь на полученных в ходе работы данных нами систематизированы современные предикторы формирования алкогольной зависимости у мужчин в современных условиях, которіе рассматриваются как мишени психокоррекционного и психообразовательного воздействия при построении системы реабилитации больных.Выводы1. Клинико-психопатологическими особенностями формирования алкогольной зависимости у мужчин, в аспекте их реабилитации является специфическая в зависимости от преобладающих лично значимых мотивов употребления алкоголя потеря ситуационного контроля, дисфории, аффективные реакции, тревожно-депрессивные расстройства.2. Патологическими псимиихологическими предикторами формирования алкогольной зависимости у мужчин являются: аффективность поведения, конфликтность, превалирование неконструктивных форм копинг-стратегий. Основным фактором риска возникновения алкогольной зависимости у военных является полное и явное проявление стрессового расстройства ; Мета роботи: Вивчити сучасні психологічні та клініко-психопатологічні особливості формування алкогольної залежності у чоловіків як основу їх реабілітації.Матеріали та методи У дослідженні проведено комплексне клініко-психопатологічне і психодіагностичне обстеження 150 пацієнтів чоловічої статі від 20 до 55 років, в яких згідно діагностичних критеріїв МКХ-10 встановлено синдром залежності від алкоголю. 94 хворих знаходились на лікуванні у Харківської обласної клінічної наркологічної лікарні № 9, 56 хворих - у клініці психіатрії та наркології Військово-медичного клінічного центру Північного регіону.Результати дослідження У 35,2±1,5 % цивільних хворих та у 40,2±1,9 % військових відмічалося сп'яніння з домінуванням дисфорично-експлозивного компоненту, у 43,5±2,1 % та 35,1±1,6 % алкозалежних відповідно - тривожно-депресивного компоненту у 21,6±1,1 % цивільних і 24,7±1,4 % військових агресивного компоненту сп'яніння.Для цивільних хворих основним мотивом зловживання алкоголем були: «за компанію», «підтримати друга», бажання одержання фізичного й психологічного задоволення від дії алкоголю. Для військових основним мотивом було «зняти бойовий стрес», «заглушити біль», «позбавитись від важних військових спогадів», бажання нівелювати за допомогою алкоголю негативні емоційні переживання (напругу, тривогу, страх, тугу).У обстежених військових з алкогольною залежністю відмічається повний та явний прояви стресового розладу, у порівнянні з цивільними у яких відмічається незначний прояв та відсутність травматичного стресу.У обстежених хворих переважають неконструктивні форми копінг- стратегій.Базуючись на отриманих у ході роботи даних нами систематизовані сучасні предиктори формування алкогольної залежності у чоловіків в сучасних умовах, які розглядаються як мішені психокорекційного та психоосвітнього впливу при побудові системи реабілітації хворих.Висновки1. Клініко-психопатологічними особливостями формування алкогольної залежності у чоловіків, в аспекті їх реабілітації є специфічна в залежності від переважних особисто-значущих мотивів вживання алкоголю, втрата ситуаційного контролю, дисфорії, афективні реакції, тривожно-депресивні розлади.2. Патологічними психологічними предикторами формування алкогольної залежності у чоловіків є: афективність поведінки, конфліктність, превалювання неконструктивних форм копінг-стратегій. Основним чинником ризику виникнення алкогольної залежності у військових е повний та явний прояв стресового розладу

La industria cinematográfica canadiense en general y, muy especialmente, la centrada en el fantástico y otros géneros afines, produce contados exponentes hasta mediados los años setenta (una quincena en el ámbito de terror), por factores como la inexistencia de un mercado o la arraigada supeditación a la industria estadounidense. La Canadian Film Development Corporation, instituida en 1967, representa la primera política cinematográfica importante del gobierno liberal para financiar el cine canadiense comercial. La imposición de un incentivo fiscal del 100% en 1974, denominado Capital Cost Allowance, fomenta la producción privada, y conduce a una polémica etapa conocida como la Tax Shelter Era, que enseguida cobra efecto y, en una primera fase, inunda el mercado de productos. Algunos de los films producidos en esta época logran reconocimiento crítico o éxito comercial, pero muchos otros son valorados como indistinguibles de mediocres películas estadounidenses, y otros ni siquiera consiguen o pretenden estrenarse. En 1982, la regulación federal es reducida a la mitad, y esta etapa concluye. La productora independiente Cinépix (Quebec), muy concentrada en el cine de género, especialmente en un subgénero del terror, el slasher, es la que mayor rendimiento económico y artístico obtiene durante la Tax Shelter Era. Sus logros artísticos, no obstante, no son reconocidos hasta transcurridas más de tres décadas desde su producción, cuando parte de la crítica cinematográfica y la academia canadienses emprenden una necesaria rehabilitación, basada en un revisionismo libre de perjuicios hacia el cine de género, y no en el impulso nacionalista que ha condicionado la historiografía canadiense. La Tax Shelter Era no representa un desastre cultural e industrial para el cine canadiense, sino que sienta los cimientos para edificar una industria solvente e inventiva. Cinépix ejemplifica cómo ese modelo de financiación público-privada hace plausible comercializar un conjunto heterogéneo y altamente influyente de títulos de terror, sin renunciar a conceder a los directores la posibilidad de introducir comentarios sociales y políticos, siempre en un contexto de producción industrial. ; The Canadian film industry in general and, very especially, the one focused in the fantastic and other related genres, produces just a few exponents until the middle seventies (fifteen in the field of horror), because of factors such as the lack of a market or the rooted subordination to the American industry. The Canadian Film Development Corporation, established in 1967, represents the first important film policy of the liberal government to fund Canadian commercial cinema. The imposition of a fiscal incentive of 100% in 1974, denominated Capital Cost Allowance, fosters the private production, and results in a polemical stage known as the "Tax Shelter Era", which immediately becomes effective and, in a first phase, floods the market with products. Some of the films produced at this time have critical recognition or commercial success, but many are rated as indistinguishable from mediocre American movies, and others do not even achieve or pretend to release. In 1982, the federal regulation is reduced by half, and this stage concludes. The independent production company Cinépix (Quebec), very focused in genre cinema, especially in a subgenre of horror, the slasher, is the one that obtains the highest economic and artistic profitability during the "Tax Shelter Era". However, it is not recognized until more than three decades after their production, when part of the Canadian film criticism and academia undertake a necessary rehabilitation, based on a revisionism free of prejudices to genre cinema, and not on the nationalist impulse that has conditioned the Canadian historiography. The "Tax Shelter Era" does not represent a cultural and industrial disaster for Canadian cinema, but it lays the foundations to build a solvent and inventive industry. Cinépix exemplifies how this public-private funding model makes plausible to market an heterogeneous and highly influential group of horror titles, without giving up to grant the directors the possibility to incorporate social and political commentaries, always in a context of industrial production. ; La indústria cinematogràfica canadenca en general i, molt especialment, la centrada en el fantàstic i altres gèneres afins, produeix comptats exponents fins mediats els anys setanta (una quinzena en l'àmbit de terror), per factors com la inexistència d'un mercat o l'arrelada supeditació a la indústria estatunidenca. La Canadian Film Development Corporation, instituïda en 1967, representa la primera política cinematogràfica important del govern liberal per a finançar el cinema canadenc comercial. La imposició d'un incentiu fiscal del 100% en 1974, denominat Capital Cost Allowance, fomenta la producció privada, i condueix a una polèmica etapa coneguda com la Tax Shelter Era, que de seguida cobra efecte i, en una primera fase, inunda el mercat de productes. Alguns dels films produïts en aquesta època aconsegueixen reconeixement crític o èxit comercial, però molts altres són valorats com a indistingibles de mediocres pel·lícules estatunidenques, i uns altres ni tan sols aconsegueixen o pretenen estrenar-se. En 1982, la regulació federal és reduïda a la meitat, i aquesta etapa conclou. La productora independent Cinépix (Quebec), molt concentrada al cinema de gènere, especialment en un subgènere del terror, el slasher, és la que major rendiment econòmic i artístic obté durant la Tax Shelter Era. Els seus assoliments artístics, no obstant això, no són reconeguts fins transcorregudes més de tres dècades des de la seva producció, quan part de la crítica cinematogràfica i l'acadèmia canadenques emprenen una necessària rehabilitació, basada en un revisionisme lliure de perjudicis cap al cinema de gènere, i no en l'impuls nacionalista que ha condicionat la historiografia canadenca. La Tax Shelter Era no representa un desastre cultural i industrial per al cinema canadenc, sinó que estableix els fonaments per a edificar una indústria solvent i inventiva. Cinépix exemplifica com aquest model de finançament públic-privat fa plausible comercialitzar un conjunt heterogeni i altament influent de títols de terror, sense renunciar a concedir als directors la possibilitat d'introduir comentaris socials i polítics, sempre en un context de producció industrial.