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Food safety depends on strong partnerships. CDC and the regulatory agencies (the Food and Drug Administration [FDA] and the US Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service [FSIS]) play complementary roles in the federal food safety effort. State and local health departments also play critical roles in all aspects of food safety. CDC provides the vital link between illness in people and the food safety systems of government agencies and food producers. CDC does this by: Monitoring human illness--tracking the occurrence of foodborne diseases; Defining the public health burden of foodborne illness; Attributing illness to specific foods and settings; Investigating outbreaks and sporadic cases--managing the DNA 'fingerprinting' network for foodborne illness-causing germs in all states to detect outbreaks; Empowering state and local health departments; Targeting prevention measures to meet long-term food safety goals; Informing food safety action and policy--the new Food Safety Modernization Act and the egg safety regulation were driven in part by CDC data and investigative findings. ; Current food safety challenges -- What is CDC's role in food safety? -- Winnable battles in food safety -- Germs (and some foods) responsible for most foodborne illnesses ; "CS234569A." ; "August 2012." ; Mode of access: World Wide Web as an Acrobat .pdf file (1.09 MB, 2 p.). ; Text document (PDF).

AbstractThe assumptions underlying quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) are simple and biologically plausible, but QMRA predictions have never been validated for many pathogens. The objective of this study was to validate QMRA predictions against epidemiological measurements from outbreaks of waterborne gastrointestinal disease. I screened 2,000 papers and identified 12 outbreaks with the necessary data: disease rates measured using epidemiological methods and pathogen concentrations measured in the source water. Eight of the 12 outbreaks were caused by Cryptosporidium, three by Giardia, and one by norovirus. Disease rates varied from 5.5 × 10−6 to 1.1 × 10−2 cases/person‐day, and reported pathogen concentrations varied from 1.2 × 10−4 to 8.6 × 102 per liter. I used these concentrations with single‐hit dose–response models for all three pathogens to conduct QMRA, producing both point and interval predictions of disease rates for each outbreak. Comparison of QMRA predictions to epidemiological measurements showed good agreement; interval predictions contained measured disease rates for 9 of 12 outbreaks, with point predictions off by factors of 1.0–120 (median = 4.8). Furthermore, 11 outbreaks occurred at mean doses of less than 1 pathogen per exposure. Measured disease rates for these outbreaks were clearly consistent with a single‐hit model, and not with a "two‐hit" threshold model. These results demonstrate the validity of QMRA for predicting disease rates due to Cryptosporidium and Giardia.

Drinking water supply and sanitation have had a strong association with military institutions in South Asia from the colonial period to the present. This paper shows how military-state-society relationships created spaces of differential water access and sanitation burdens in mid-19th-century cantonments in ways that involved complex gender relations. In comparison with previous research, we argue that privileged military enclaves were segregated but never fully separated from larger urban water and sanitation systems. We use historical geographic methods to review the evolving role of military sanitation regulations in cantonments from late-18th-century policies of the East India Company (EIC) through mid-19th-century rule by the British Crown, during which time military cantonments, regulations, and formal monitoring reports were established. Close reading of the British Army Medical Department&rsquo ; s Statistical, Sanitary, and Medical Reports (Sanitary Reports) in the 1860s then shows how military-state-society relations diverged from civilian public health programs in ways that persist to some extent to the present day. Health advisors, some of them women, pursued an ideology and tactics to &ldquo ; guard the sons of empire,&rdquo ; from what they perceived to be a disease-filled landscape of &ldquo ; lurking evils,&rdquo ; &ldquo ; choleric attacks,&rdquo ; and &ldquo ; native offensives.&rdquo ; We conclude with a discussion of both continuities and change in the relationships between military and civilian public health reforms beyond the barracks.

In many suburban municipalities of developing countries, the household drinking water comes mainly from groundwater including, wells, streams and springs. These sources are vulnerable because poor hygienic conditions and sanitation prevail causing persistence and recurrent waterborne diseases. In this research, a survey study on water resource use and an epidemiological survey of waterborne diseases were conducted among users of water points and medical institutions in suburban communes of Selembao and Kimbanseke (Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo). In addition, physicochemical (temperature, pH, O 2 , electrical conductivity, and soluble ions: Na + , K + , PO 4 3− , SO 4 2− , NO 3 − , NO 2 − ) and bacteriological (FIB: faecal indicator bacteria) analyses of water from 21 wells and springs were performed according to the seasonal variations. FIB included Escherichia coli ( E. coli ), Enterococcus and Total Coliforms. The survey results indicate that more than 75% of the patients admitted to local medical institutions between 2016 and 2019 are affected by waterborne diseases, including typhoid fever, amoebic dysentery, diarrhoea, gastroenteritis disorders and cholera. Except for NO 3 − in some sites, the water physicochemical parameter values are within WHO permissible limits for drinking/domestic water quality. On the contrary, the results revealed high FIB levels in water from unmanaged wells and springs during rainy and dry seasons. The microbiological pollution was significantly higher in the rainy season compared to the dry season. Interestingly, no FIB contamination was observed in water samples from managed/developed wells. The results from this study will guide local government decisions on improving water quality to prevent recurrent waterborne diseases.

Understanding, predicting and controlling the dynamics of cholera and other waterborne diseases are crucial goals of public health policies. Appropriate quantitative models to forecast epidemic development and to evaluate possible intervention scenarios would be specially needed during epidemic outbreaks, when preparedness and efficient allocation of resources are key to emergency management. Moreover, these tools ought to be spatially explicit, because waterborne disease epidemics usually display spatially inhomogeneous patterns. Here we describe spatially explicit epidemiological models and methods for real-time forecast of waterborne disease epidemics and design of intervention strategies for epidemic prevention and control. Applications to two cholera epidemics in South Africa and Haiti are briefly illustrated.

Abstract
Florida's environments are suitable reservoirs for many disease-causing agents. Pathogens and toxins in Florida waterways have the potential to infect mosquito vectors, animals, and human hosts. Through a scoping review of the scientific literature published between 1999 and 2022, we examined the presence of water-related pathogens, toxins, and toxin-producers in the Florida environment and the potential risk factors for human exposure. Nineteen databases were searched using keywords relating to the waterborne, water-based toxins, and water-related vector-borne diseases which are reportable to the Florida Department of Health. Of the 10,439 results, 84 titles were included in the final qualitative analysis. The resulting titles included environmental samples of water, mosquitoes, algae, sand, soil/sediment, air, food, biofilm, and other media. Many of the waterborne, water-related vector-borne, and water-based toxins and toxin-producers of public health and veterinary importance from our search were found to be present in Florida environments. Interactions with Florida waterways can expose humans and animals to disease and toxins due to nearby human and/or animal activity, proximal animal or human waste, failing or inadequate water and/or sanitation, weather patterns, environmental events, and seasonality, contaminated food items, preference of agent for environmental media, high-risk populations, urban development and population movement, and unregulated and unsafe environmental activities. A One Health approach will be imperative to maintaining healthy waterways and shared environments throughout the state to protect the health of humans, animals, and our ecosystems.

AbstractIn the first half of the twentieth century, deaths from infectious disease, especially among the very young, fell dramatically in American cities. However, as infant mortality fell and life expectancy rose, racial inequality in urban infectious disease mortality grew. In this paper, we show that the fall in mortality and the rise in racial inequality in mortality reflected two countervailing processes. The dramatic decline in infant mortality from waterborne diseases drastically reduced the total urban infectious disease mortality rate of both Black and white Americans while having a comparatively small effect on the total racial disparity in urban infectious disease mortality. In contrast, the unequal fall in tuberculosis mortality, particularly in the prime of life, widened racial inequality in infectious disease mortality in US cities.

Several Yemenese towns had been shelled and bombed in the Karabakh Region in 2000-2001 by neighboring states. Bombing and/or natural disasters due to earthquakes and floods have been related to outbreaks of waterborne diseases due to destruction of water pipelines and damaging wells for individual water supply. We compare 2 Regions: 1 in tropical; the other in a mild climate afflicted by similar war intervention-shelling and bombing from neighboring countries, Yemen and Karabakh Arzach Autonomous Region of Armenia in 2020.

River networks are critically important ecosystems. This interdisciplinary book provides an integrated ecohydrological framework blending laboratory, field, and theoretical evidence that changes our understanding of river networks as ecological corridors. It describes how the physical structure of the river environment impacts biodiversity, species invasions, population dynamics, and the spread of waterborne disease. State-of-the-art research on the ecological roles of the structure of river networks is summarized, including important studies on the spread and control of waterborne diseases, biodiversity loss due to water resource management, and invasions by non-native species. Practical implications of this research are illustrated with numerous examples throughout. This is an invaluable go-to reference for graduate students and researchers interested in river ecology and hydrology, and the links between the two. Describing new related research on spatially-explicit modeling of the spread of waterborne disease, this book will also be of great interest to epidemiologists and public health managers.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-97). ; Access to safe drinking water is a basic human right (Hodgson and Manus, 2006). Consequently, safe drinking-water that complies with national - and international standards and norms is of the utmost importance in order to prevent incidences of outbreaks of waterborne diseases. Increases in the global population have placed increasing pressure on water resources. This in turn has resulted in high occurrences of waterborne disease outbreaks (Ford and Colwell, 1996). As a result, there is a need for effective water resource management in order to protect water resources as well as avoid preventable fatalities from water-related illnesses. In order to maintain control over the spread of water-related illness and disease, education on a local, national and international level is needed to facilitate knowledge sharing. Waterborne diseases have the ability to affect different sectors of society, as well as hinder economic progress. As a result, importance should be placed on the overall benefits to be achieved, in order to prompt governments to invest in the water and sanitation sector (Ford and Colwell, 1996).